Effects of repeated fumonisin B1 exposure on markers of oxidative stress in liver, kidneys, and lungs of C57BL/6 mice

The natural occurrence, toxicity mechanisms and management strategies of Fumonisin B1：A review

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) contaminates various crops, causing huge losses to agriculture and livestock worldwide. This review summarizes the occurrence regularity, toxicity, toxic mechanisms and management strategies of FB1. Specifically, FB1 contamination is particularly serious in developing countries, humid and hot regions. FB1 exposure can produce different toxic effects on the nervous system, respiratory system, digestive system and reproductive system. Furthermore, FB1 can also cause systemic immunotoxicity. The mechanism of toxic effects of FB1 is to interfere with the normal pathway of sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis by acting as a competitive inhibitor of ceramide synthase. Meanwhile, the toxic products of sphingolipid metabolic disorders can cause oxidative stress and apoptosis. FB1 also often causes feed contamination by mixing with other mycotoxins, and then exerts combined toxicity. For detection, lateral flow dipstick technology and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay are widely used in the detection of FB1 in commercial feeds, while mainstream detection methods such as high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are widely used in the laboratory theoretical study of FB1. For purification means of FB1, some natural plant extracts (such as Zingiber officinale and Litsea Cubeba essential oil) and their active compounds have been proved to inhibit the toxic effects of FB1 and protect livestock due to their antifungal and antioxidant effects. Natural plant extract has the advantages of high efficiency, low cost and no contamination residue. This review can provide information for comprehensive understanding of FB1, and provide reference for formulating reasonable treatment and management strategies in livestock production.

Research Progress on Fumonisin B1 Contamination and Toxicity: A Review

Fumonisin B1 (FB1), belonging to the member of fumonisins, is one of the most toxic mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioide. FB1 has caused extensive contamination worldwide, mainly in corn, rice, wheat, and their products, while it also poses a health risk and is toxic to animals and human. It has been shown to cause oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, cellular autophagy, and apoptosis. This review focuses on the current stage of FB1 contamination, its toxic effects of acute toxicity, immunotoxicity, organ toxicity, and reproductive toxicity on animals and humans. The potential toxic mechanisms of FB1 are discussed. One of the main aims of the work is to provide a reliable reference strategy for understanding the occurrence and toxicity of FB1.

Contamination With Fumonisin B and Deoxynivalenol Is a Threat to Egg Safety and Contributes to Gizzard Ulcerations of Newborn Chickens

Fumonisin B (FB) and other fumonisins, deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins (secondary metabolites of fungi) present at high levels of contamination in poultry diets and threatening the sustainability of the poultry industry and egg safety for consumers. However, residual mycotoxins in breeder eggs and their effects on chicken progeny and gizzard ulcerations remain unclear. To unveil mycotoxin contaminations from daily diets to breeder eggs, 293 poultry feed samples were collected from three large-scale poultry provinces across Northern China to Southern China. Average levels of 1,628 ± 4.36 μg/kg of FB₁, 593 ± 11.16 μg/kg of DON, 69 ± 9.21 μg/kg of ZEN, 52 ± 7.33 μg/kg of OTA, and 24 ± 5.85 μg/kg of AFB₁ were found in feedstuffs and poultry diets using commercial ELISA kits. In terms of residual mycotoxins in breeder eggs, FB₁ and DON contaminations dominated residues in egg albumen and yolk samples. Out of 221 breeder eggs, the average residual of FB₁ in albumen were 320.6 ± 10.12 μg/kg (Hebei), 420.2 ± 10.98 μg/kg (Guangdong), and 549.4 ± 10.27 (Guangxi). Moreover, higher residual of DONs were determined in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces compared to Hebei province. ZEN, ochratoxins A (OTA), and aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) contamination at low levels were found in the above samples collected from afronmentioned three provinces. Based on residual mycotoxins in breeder eggs, SPF embryonated eggs aged 11 days were inoculated into albumen with different doses of FB₁, FB₂ or DON, or a combination of FB₁ and DON, or a combination of FB₁ with FB₂ and FB₃. A lower hatching rate was observed in the chicken progenies with the combination of 24 μg of FB₁ and 0.1 μg of DON compared to other treatments. Moreover, typical gizzard ulcerations with hemorrhagic lungs were observed in the progeny of breeder eggs post-inoculation of 24 μg of FB₁ and synergetic inoculation of FB₁ and DON. Finally, residual FB mycotoxins were detected in the gizzards and in the lungs of the progenies. Based on the above evidence, feed-borne FB₁ and DON are dominant mycotoxins in breeder eggs and threatening food security using breeder eggs as a Trojan horse. More importantly, the residual of FB₁ alone and in combination with of DON contamination are associated with low hatching rate and gizzard ulcerations in chicken progenies, hampering sustainable development perspectives of the poultry industry.