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Haddadi M, Atefmehr L, Motlaghzadeh S, Hejami F, Elyasi FS, Zafarian N, Taghiabadi Z, Aboofazeli A, Yarahmady H, Modaresi P, Dadgar A, Arbabinia M, Naderisemiromi M, Najafpour S, Sharifi A, Gholami A, Mamandi A, Letafati A. Prevailing of HPV-16 and 52 genotype in 2022-2023 in Sanandaj, Iran. Virol J 2024; 21:106. [PMID: 38715018 PMCID: PMC11077814 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human papillomavirus (HPV) presents a potential threat to the onset of carcinogenesis in the cervix, anogenital regions, and oropharynx. HPV encompasses over 200 types, with at least 12 having the potential to cause cancer, impacting the majority of sexually active individuals. In this current research, we explore the occurrence and spread of HPV genotypes. MATERIAL AND METHODS During this cross-sectional study conducted in Sanandaj, Iran from Feb 2022 to Aug 2023, diverse samples including oral, vaginal, and genital were collected from individuals referred to private laboratories in Sanandaj, Iran. After sample collection and DNA extraction (FAVORGEN, Taiwan), they were subjected to PCR and genotyping (MehrViru, Iran). The subsequent statistical analysis unveiled infection rates across different demographics and age groups. STATA (version 17) were used for statistical analysis. We examined infection rates across demographics using t-tests and Odds Ratio. RESULTS Overall, 26% (249) out of 950 cases tested positive for HPV, with 69% of these classified as high-risk. Among the examined population, 98% (933) were female, and 2% (17) were male. Females aged 31-40 exhibited the highest percentage of HPV prevalence (115/460) in the study with the majority of positive cases belonging to HR genotypes. The overall most frequent genotypes identified were 6, 16, 52, 53, 51, 58, and 56. HPV-16 exhibited the highest frequency among HR genotypes, accounting for 42 (17%) occurrences, followed by HPV-52 with a frequency of 32 (13%). CONCLUSION Our findings emphasize the significant prevalence of HPV among females, particularly in the 21-30 age group. The identification of high-risk genotypes, underscores the importance of targeted interventions for specific age cohorts. The age-stratified analysis highlights a consistent predominance of high-risk HPV across age groups, indicating the need for age-specific preventive measures. These results contribute valuable information for designing effective screening and vaccination strategies, to alleviate the impact of diseases associated with HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haddadi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Atefmehr
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Motlaghzadeh
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hejami
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Elyasi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Zafarian
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Taghiabadi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Aboofazeli
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Yarahmady
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Modaresi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aniseh Dadgar
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mersede Arbabinia
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sonya Najafpour
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asra Sharifi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anvar Gholami
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arvin Mamandi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arash Letafati
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Bakhshani A, Ganjali R, Tabatabaeizadeh SE. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotypes among Women During 2015-2020 in Mashhad, Iran. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2023; 26:419-426. [PMID: 38301103 PMCID: PMC10685731 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2023.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, and human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination are important in the incidence of cervical cancer. METHODS This study was performed on Liquid Base Cytology (LBC) samples of 1214 women in Mashhad who were referred for cervical cancer screening in 2015-2020. Samples were examined by Single-Step PCR and Reverse Line Blot for HPV genotyping. RESULTS 386 women (31.8%) were HPV PCR positive. HPV genotyping of 277 samples showed that HPV 31 (3%), 16 (2.5%), 51 (2.2%), 18 (2%), and 66 (1.8%) were the most prevalent high-risk HPV (hrHPV) genotypes. Among low-risk HPV (lrHPV) genotypes, HPV 6 (9.2%), 53 (4.7%), and 42 (2.8%) were the most common genotypes. The range of multiple infections varied between two to eight genotypes and the prevalence of multiple HPV infections (12.4%) was higher than single infections (10.4%). For women with single HPV infections, HPV 31 and 66 were equally the most common hrHPV genotypes, followed by HPV 16 and 39. In women with multiple HPV infections, HPV 31 was the most common hrHPV genotype, followed by HPV 51 and 16. For both the single and multiple HPV infections, HPV 6 was the most common lrHPV genotype, followed by HPV 53 and 42. CONCLUSION In conclusion, due to the high prevalence of HPV single and multiple infections, the need for governmentally supported HPV vaccination and through cervical cancer screening should be emphasized to prevent cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Bakhshani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Razi University of Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran
- Norouzpour Pathobiology Laboratory, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rashin Ganjali
- Norouzpour Pathobiology Laboratory, Mashhad, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed-Elias Tabatabaeizadeh
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
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Lotfi F, Khodabandeh F, Jafari A, Rezaee M, Rahimi H, Shiravani Z, Keshavarz K. Economic burden of cervical cancer and premalignant lesions associated with human papilloma virus: a societal perspective. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2023; 23:439-447. [PMID: 36876411 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2023.2186400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, the cause of which is mostly human papilloma virus (HPV). The aim of this study was to determine the economic burden of cervical cancer and premalignant lesions associated with HPV infection from a societal perspective. METHODS The study is a partial economic evaluation (cost of illness), which was conducted cross-sectionally in the referral university clinic in Fars province in 2021. The prevalence-based and bottom-up approaches used to calculate the costs, the indirect costs were calculated by human capital approach. RESULTS The mean cost of premalignant lesions associated with HPV infection was USD 2,853 per patient, which 68.57% was direct medical costs. In addition, the mean cost of cervical cancer was USD 39,327 per patient, the largest share of which (57.9%) was related to indirect costs. The mean annual cost of cervical cancer patients in the country was estimated at USD 40,884,609 as well. CONCLUSION Cervical cancer and premalignant lesions associated with HPV infection imposed a significant economic burden on the health system and patients. The results of the present study can help health policymakers with efficient and equitable prioritization and allocation of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Lotfi
- National Center for Health Insurance Research, Tehran, Iran.,Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khodabandeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdosaleh Jafari
- Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Rahimi
- School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Zahra Shiravani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Khosro Keshavarz
- Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Emergency Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Evaluation Frequency of Human Papillomavirus and Its Related Genotypes in Women of the General Population Living in 11 Provinces of Iran. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 2022:8668557. [PMID: 35528803 PMCID: PMC9072042 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8668557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Persistent infection with one of the most high-risk genotypes of human papillomavirus causes all cases of cervical cancer and a significant proportion of other genital cancers. The HPV virus, unlike any other infection that leads to cancer, is transmitted only through sexual intercourse and is less affected by the general changes and development in lifestyle and medical standards, so only vaccination and screening can prevent the HPV virus and cancers caused by it. Therefore, determining the prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes are of utmost importance in screening strategies regarding cervical cancer and vaccination decisions against HPV that vary based on the geographical and cultural characteristics of the study area. As a result, this study aimed to determine the frequency of human papillomavirus and the distribution of this virus's genotypes in the general population of women living in 11 provinces of Iran. Materials and Methods This study is a community-based survey study. Sampling was done by the cluster sampling method. Women aged 15–59 years old from the general population living in 11 provinces of Iran were included in the study after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using a questionnaire and vaginal examination. The study was performed on 2562 vaginal specimens that were referred to the laboratory of the present study. HPV genome was detected by the nested MY-GP method and papillomavirus genotyping was performed using the PCR multiplex method to identify 19 papillomavirus genotypes. Results The general prevalence of HPV in the 11 provinces was obtained at 2.4% (108 out of 2562 people). The highest prevalence of the virus was in the age group of 25–34 years. The prevalence of HPV was statistically significant among different provinces. Hormozgan province with 22 cases (5.9%) had the highest and Isfahan province with 6 cases (2.2%) had the lowest incidence of HPV. The prevalence of high-risk HPV and medium-risk HPV is 3%, and the prevalence of low-risk HPV was estimated to be 2.1% of the total female population. Also, the highest prevalence was related to genotype 16. Conclusion According to the high prevalence of the HPV virus in young age groups in Iran, it is necessary to pay attention to screening programs to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.
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Vazifehdoost M, Eskandari F, Sohrabi A. Trends in Co-circulation of Oncogenic HPV Genotypes in Single and Multiple Infections among Unvaccinated Community. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3376-3385. [PMID: 35261047 PMCID: PMC9314791 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cocirculation of multiple human papillomavirus (HPV) infections with low, probably high, and high‐risk genotypes are to be associated with various grades of infections and cancer progression. The oncogenic high‐risk HPVs are distributed and cocirculated throughout the world. This study was investigated to identify HPV genotypes related to genital disorders in unvaccinated women. The subjects were referred from clinics to a molecular lab for HPV testing in Iran as a low‐coverage vaccinated country. HPVs DNAs of cervical scrapping and genital tissue specimens of 1,133 un‐vaccinated women were genotyped using an in vitro diagnostic line probe (reverse hybridization) assay. In addition, phylogenetic trees were constructed on 100 MY09/MY11 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons of common genotypes of HPV L1 gene by Sanger sequencing. The mean age of the population study was 32.7 ± 8.0 and the mean age of HPV‐positive cases was 31.6 ± 7.8. HPV DNA was detected in 57.8% (655/1133) of women subjects and 42.2% (478/1133) of cases were undetected. Among 655 HPV‐positive cases, 639 subjects (56.4%) were related to defined genotypes and 16 subjects (1.4%) were untypeable. The highest prevalence rate of HPV genotypes was identified in the 25–34 years. The top 6 dominant HPVs in single and multiple genotypes were HPV6 (284/655 [43.4%]), HPV16 (111/655 [16.9%]), HPV31 (72/655 [11%]), HPV53 (67/655 [10.2%]), HPV11 (62/655 [9.5%]), and HPV52 (62/655 [9.5%]). Moreover, single, multiple and untypeable HPV genotypes were diagnosed as follows: 1 type (318/655 [48.5%]), 2 types (162/655 [24.8%]), 3 types (83/655 [12.7%]), 4 types (42/655 [6.5%]), more than 5 types (34/655 [5.3%]), and 1.4% un‐typeable subjects. The sequenced partial L1 gene of HPV genotypes (GenBank databases under the accession numbers: MH253467‐MH253566) confirmed and determined the cocirculated HPV genotypes' origins and addressed helpful insights into the future viral epidemiology investigations. Multiple HPV infections and cocirculation of various oncogenic HPV genotypes among the normal population (women and men) with asymptomatic forms are still challenging in unvaccinated communities. The preventive and organized surveillance programs for HPV screening are needed to be considered and compiled by health policy makers of low or unvaccinated countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manijheh Vazifehdoost
- Reference Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biology, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Sohrabi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nobels väg 12A, Solna Campus, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ye M, Li S, Luo P, Tang X, Gong Q, Mei B. Genetic variation of E6, E7 and L1 genes of human papillomavirus 51 from Central China. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2811-2823. [PMID: 35048388 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Ye
- Department of Laboratory MedicineJingzhou Hospital, Yangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Laboratory MedicineJingzhou Hospital, Yangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Laboratory MedicineJingzhou Hospital, Yangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Xuan Tang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineJingzhou Hospital, Yangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Bing Mei
- Department of Laboratory MedicineJingzhou Hospital, Yangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
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Molina-Pineda A, López-Cardona MG, Limón-Toledo LP, Cantón-Romero JC, Martínez-Silva MG, Ramos-Sánchez HV, Flores-Miramontes MG, de la Mata-González P, Jave-Suárez LF, Aguilar-Lemarroy A. High frequency of HPV genotypes 59, 66, 52, 51, 39 and 56 in women from Western Mexico. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:889. [PMID: 33238902 PMCID: PMC7690193 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus infection is an important factor associated with cervical cancer (CC) development. The prevalence and genotype distribution vary greatly worldwide. Examining local epidemiological data constitutes an important step towards the development of vaccines to prevent CC. In this work, we studied the prevalence of HPV genotypes in women from Western Mexico with the COBAS 4800 and/or Linear Array Genotyping Test (LA). METHODS The samples analysed in this study represent a population from Western Mexico, which includes six different states. Our approach was first to test for HPV in cervical samples from women who attended their health clinic for routine gynaecological studies (open-population, n = 3000) by utilizing COBAS 4800. Afterwards, 300 of the HPV-positive samples were randomly selected to be genotyped with LA; finally, we genotyped samples from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN 1, n = 71) and CC (n = 96) with LA. Sociodemographic data of the diverse groups were also compared. RESULTS The overall HPV prevalence among the open-population of women as determined by COBAS 4800 was 12.1% (n = 364/3000). Among the HPV-positive samples, single infections (SI) with HPV16 were detected in 12.4% (n = 45/364), SI with HPV18 were detected in 1.4%, and infection with at least one of the genotypes included in the high-risk HPV pool was detected in 74.5% of the cases. LA analysis of the samples showed that in addition to HPV genotypes 16 and 18, there was a high prevalence of HPV genotypes 59, 66, 52, 51, 39 and 56 in women from Western Mexico. With respect to the sociodemographic data, we found statistically significant differences in the number of pregnancies, the use of hormonal contraceptives and tobacco intake. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that there is a high prevalence of HPV genotypes which are not covered by the vaccines currently available in Mexico; therefore, it is necessary to include HPVs 59, 66, 51, 39 and 56 in the design of future vaccines to reduce the risk of CC development. It is also essential to emphasize that the use of hormonal contraceptives and tobacco smoking are risk factors for CC development in addition to the presence of HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Molina-Pineda
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe López-Cardona
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica y Genética, Hospital Regional Dr. Valentín Gómez Farías, ISSSTE, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Laura Patricia Limón-Toledo
- Clínica de Displasias, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente-IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Cantón-Romero
- Servicio de Ginecología Oncológica, UMAE Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Holanda Vanesa Ramos-Sánchez
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Flores-Miramontes
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pedro de la Mata-González
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica y Genética, Hospital Regional Dr. Valentín Gómez Farías, ISSSTE, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis F Jave-Suárez
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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