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Mali A, Bhanwase A. In vivo pharmacokinetic study of carmustine in rats after giving single-dose of carmustine API solution, flexible liposomes, in situ nasal gel, optimized flexible liposomes embedded in situ nasal gel, and marketed formulation. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2024:S0003-4509(24)00135-4. [PMID: 39270836 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2024.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carmustine is used in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). GBM is a well-known life-threatening type of cancerous tumor. GBM covers 60.00% among all primary brain tumors, with an occurrence of 74,000 cases across the globe. Management for GBM is still very difficult because most of the medicines are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The present work observed that flexible liposomes embedded in situ nasal gel of carmustine is the best brain-targeted medicine delivery system for the management of GBM through the nasal route. AIM To evaluate in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters of carmustine formulations administered through nasal routes in Wistar rats. METHODS In this work, different pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for carmustine formulations viz. carmustine API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) solution, flexible liposomes, in situ thermoreversible intranasal gel, optimized flexible liposomes embedded in situ thermoreversible intranasal gel via intranasal administration in rats, and compared with marketed intravenous injection of carmustine administered through intravenous route. Carmustine was estimated with the help of a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) approach. Three to four-months-old normal Wistar rats of either sex, having a weight of 200-250 grams were used in this study. RESULTS Intranasal administration of optimized flexible liposomes embedded in situ nasal gel showed greater Cmax (∼two-fold), AUC0→t (∼three-fold), AUC0→∞ (∼six-fold), and decreased Tmax (1h) data in the brain, than commercial intravenous injection of carmustine. The plasma concentration of carmustine administered through nasal route was found to be comparatively lower than intravenous administration, indicating lower systemic exposure to carmustine via the nasal route. CONCLUSION In vivo pharmacokinetics results revealed that the optimized flexible liposomes embedded in situ nasal gel of carmustine can effectively deliver carmustine to brain by nasal drug delivery system in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audumbar Mali
- School of Life Sciences, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, 413255 Solapur, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Anil Bhanwase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPM's College of Pharmacy, 413101 Akluj, Maharashtra, India
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Safarov R, Fedotova O, Uvarova A, Gordienko M, Menshutina N. Review of Intranasal Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Delivery Systems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1180. [PMID: 39338342 PMCID: PMC11435088 DOI: 10.3390/ph17091180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been an increased interest in the development of intranasal delivery systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) not only for treating local nasal diseases but also for treating systemic diseases, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and vaccine delivery. The nasal cavity possesses a unique set of anatomical characteristics for delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients, but there are several limitations that recent research in the field of the intranasal administration of APIs aims to overcome. For the effective delivery of nasal preparations, active pharmaceutical ingredients are incorporated into various micro- and nanosystems. Some of the most commonly encountered API delivery systems in the scientific literature include liposomal systems, polymer particles with mucoadhesive properties, in situ gels, nano- and microemulsions, and solid lipid particles. This article provides a review of research on the development of nasal preparations for treating local nasal cavity diseases (in particular, for antibiotic delivery), systemic diseases (analgesics, drugs for cardiovascular diseases, antiviral and antiemetic drugs), CNS disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression), and vaccine delivery. The literature data show that active research is underway to reformulate drugs of various pharmacotherapeutic groups into a nasal form.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Fedotova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia (A.U.)
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Suresh A, Narayan R, Tummala HP, Matcha S, Mallayasamy S, Nayak Y, Puralae Channabasavaiah J, Nayak UY. Enhancing the oral bioavailability of asenapine maleate with bio-enhancer: An in-silico assisted in-vivo pharmacokinetic study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Applications of innovative technologies to the delivery of antipsychotics. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:401-421. [PMID: 34601123 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychosis is a high-incidence pathology associated with a profound alteration in the perception of reality. The limitations of drugs available on the market have stimulated the search for alternative solutions to achieve effective antipsychotic therapies. In this review, we evaluate innovative formulations of antipsychotic drugs developed through the application of modern pharmaceutical technologies, including classes of micro and nanocarriers, such as lipid formulations, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), solid dispersions, and cyclodextrins (CDs). We also consider alternative routes of administration to the oral and parenteral ones currently used. Improved solubility, stability of preparations, and pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters confirm the potential of these new formulations in the treatment of psychotic disorders.
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Zhai J, Wang YE, Zhou X, Ma Y, Guan S. Long-term sustained release Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres of asenapine maleate with improved bioavailability for chronic neuropsychiatric diseases. Drug Deliv 2021; 27:1283-1291. [PMID: 32885707 PMCID: PMC8216481 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1815896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are severe chronic neuropsychiatric diseases, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Asenapine maleate (ASM) has been demonstrated as a safe and effective therapeutic agent under twice-daily administration. However, lower compliance is observed when patients are treated with ASM, which significantly limits its application in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Moreover, the low bioavailability of ASM caused by first-pass metabolism and poor aqueous solubility also impairs the treatment effect. A formulation of ASM with the property of long-term sustained release and improved bioavailability can be a solution to overcome these weaknesses. In this article, we prepared ASM-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (ASM-PLGA) microspheres through different techniques, including emulsification-solvent evaporation (ESE), Shirasu porous glass membrane emulsification (SPG-ME), and microfluidic method. In vitro and in vivo assessments demonstrated that uniform-sized microspheres generated by the microfluidic process sustainably released ASM throughout 40-days, showing low burst release and significantly improved bioavailability. The results suggest that ASM-PLGA microspheres prepared by the microfluidic method provide an efficient strategy to enhance the drug exposure of ASM as the treatment of chronic neuropsychiatric diseases. It is also evident that this microfluidic strategy has the potential to construct with other drugs, establishing long-acting formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiu Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-E Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixia Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Kotak V, Tanna N, Patel M, Patel R. Determination of Asenapine Maleate in Pharmaceutical and Biological Matrices: A Critical Review of Analytical Techniques over the Past Decade. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1755-1771. [PMID: 34061690 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1919858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Asenapine maleate is a second-generation atypical antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of schizophrenia, a neuropsychiatric disorder. It is available as a fast-dissolving sublingual tablet to avoid extensive first-pass metabolism with higher bioavailability as compared to oral formulations. Although, the established therapeutic solutions do not sufficiently satisfy the patient's safety and efficacy needs. Thus, the core research emphasis is to investigate strategies to produce novel formulations with enhanced safety and efficacy. This necessitates the development of robust, precise, and accurate methods for quantification of asenapine maleate in different sample matrices. Given the foregoing information, the current analysis concentrates on the different analytical techniques used to assess asenapine maleate in bulk, pharmaceutical formulations, and biological specimens. Reverse-phase HPLC coupled with UV detection is a majorly (nearly 50% of papers investigated) used technique for the estimation of asenapine maleate in formulations. On the other hand, for its quantification in the biological matrix, hyphenated techniques using mass spectrometry are widely used. This critical review reveals different analytical methodologies, including spectrophotometric, chromatographic, capillary electrophoresis techniques reported from 2011 to 2020, for the measurement of asenapine maleate in various sample matrices. The information presented in this review would be useful in future research for robust analytical method development for asenapine maleate utilizing a more scientific and risk-based approach. Also, it would aid to minimize analytical failure as well as method fine-tuning throughout the product life cycle. Further, this review may also direct scientists toward the development of methodologies for green research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwa Kotak
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Nisha Tanna
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Mrunali Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Rashmin Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Anand, Gujarat, India
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Validation of an RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Asenapine Maleate in Dissolution Media and Application to Study In Vitro Release from Co-Crystals. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asenapine maleate is an antipsychotic drug that is indicated in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. It has low aqueous solubility and high permeability (Class II drug) and undergoes an extensive first pass effect. These problems result in low oral bioavailability (<2%). To enhance its solubility/dissolution rate and hence bioavailability, co-crystals using different co-formers in different ratios were prepared and evaluated. To study the in vitro dissolution of the drug from these co-crystals into phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), an RP-HPLC method was developed and validated according to the ICH Q2R1 guidelines. The method was linear in the range 0.1–14 µg/mL (R > 0.9998) and accurate and precise. An ANOVA test indicated that calibration curves run on different days did not differ significantly. It was sensitive (lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) = 25.03 ng/mL), specific (the co-formers did not interfere with the determination of the drug), and robust to small changes in the mobile phase (pH, composition, and flow rate). The in vitro release of asenapine maleate from the co-crystals and the physical mixture was much enhanced when compared to the in vitro dissolution of the unprocessed drug. In conclusion, the developed and validated RP-HPLC method met the acceptance criteria and was applied successfully in evaluating the in vitro release of the drug.
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Kilicarslan M, Buke AN. An Overview: The Evaluation of Formation Mechanisms, Preparation Techniques and Chemical and Analytical Characterization Methods of the In Situ Forming Implants. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200616125009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the major developments of the last decade is the preparation of in situ implant formulations.
Injectable, biocompatible and/or biodegradable polymer-based in situ implants are classified
differently due to implant formation based on in vivo solid depot or formation mechanisms inducing
liquid form, gel or solid depot. In this review, published studies to date regarding in situ forming implant
systems were compiled and their formation mechanisms, materials and methods used, routes of
administration, chemical and analytical characterizations, quality-control tests and in vitro dissolution
tests were compared in Tables and were evaluated. There are several advantages and disadvantages of
these dosage forms due to the formation mechanism, polymer and solvent type and the ratio used in
formulations and all of these parameters have been discussed separately. In addition, new generation
systems developed to overcome the difficulties encountered in in situ implants have been evaluated.
There are some approved products of in situ implant preparations that can be used for different indications
available on the market and the clinical phase studies nowadays. In vitro and in vivo data obtained
by the analysis of the application of new technologies in many studies evaluated in this review showed
that the number of approved drugs to be used for various indications would increase in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Kilicarslan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara,Turkey
| | - Ayse Nur Buke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara,Turkey
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Transdermal delivery of second-generation antipsychotics for management of schizophrenia; disease overview, conventional and nanobased drug delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Suresh A, Narayan R, Nayak UY. Recent advances in the development of asenapine formulations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1377-1393. [PMID: 32633149 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1792439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asenapine maleate (AM) is an atypical antipsychotic agent, that has been widely prescribed for the management of schizoaffective disorders. However, the bioavailability of AM is extremely poor due to the extensive first-pass metabolism. With the advancement in pharmaceutical technologies, significant strides have been made to create novel formulations to address the bioavailability problem of AM. AREAS COVERED This review article provides an insight into all the formulation approaches undertaken by researchers to increase the bioavailability of AM encompassing the works utilizing ultrasound mediated transdermal delivery, nose to brain delivery, intestinal lymphatic system targeting, in situ implants, etc. All the patents associated with AM formulation have also been discussed and summarized. EXPERT OPINION Numerous studies have been carried out on AM formulations over the recent years, many of these studies have shown significant improvement in bioavailability. We have also mentioned the unexplored domains which can be exploited for further enhancing the bioavailability of AM. Nonetheless, most of these studies are still limited to the research laboratory level and face multiple hurdles before making into the market. Attaining controllability and reproducibility for the production of novel formulations is needed to enable its transition from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Suresh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, India
| | - Reema Narayan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, India
| | - Usha Y Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, India
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Kumbhar SA, Kokare CR, Shrivastava B, Gorain B, Choudhury H. Preparation, characterization, and optimization of asenapine maleate mucoadhesive nanoemulsion using Box-Behnken design: In vitro and in vivo studies for brain targeting. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119499. [PMID: 32505580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the entry of therapeutics into the brain. Potential of the intranasal delivery tool has been explored in administering the therapeutics directly to the brain, thus bypassing BBB. The objective of this study was to develop and optimize an intranasal mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (MNE) of asenapine maleate (ASP) in order to enhance the nasomucosal adhesion and direct brain targetability for improved efficacy and safety. Box-Behnken statistical design was used to recognize the crucial formulation variables influencing droplet size, size distribution and surface charge of ASP-NE. ASP-MNE was obtained by incorporating GRAS mucoadhesive polymer, Carbopol 971 in the optimized NE. Optimized ASP-MNE displayed spherical morphology with a droplet size of 21.2 ± 0.15 nm and 0.355 polydispersity index. Improved ex-vivo permeation was observed in ASP-NE and ASP-MNE, compared to the ASP-solution. Finally, the optimized formulation was found to be safe in ex-vivo ciliotoxicity study on sheep nasal mucosa. The single-dose pharmacokinetic study in male Wistar rats revealed a significant increase in concentration of ASP in the brain upon intranasal administration of ASP-MNE, with a maximum of 284.33 ± 5.5 ng/mL. The time required to reach maximum brain concentration (1 h) was reduced compared to intravenous administration of ASP-NE (3 h). Furthermore, it has been established during the course of present study, that the brain targeting capability of ASP via intranasal administration had enhanced drug-targeting efficiency and drug-targeting potential. In the animal behavioral studies, no extrapyramidal symptoms were observed after intranasal administration of ASP-MNE, while good locomotor activity and hind-limb retraction test established its antipsychotic activity in treated animals. Thus, it can be concluded that the developed intranasal ASP-MNE could be used as an effective and safe tool for brain targeting of ASP in the treatment of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Ashok Kumbhar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, STES's Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandrakant R Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, STES's Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Birendra Shrivastava
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hira Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Managuli RS, Wang JTW, Faruqu FM, Pandey A, Jain S, Al-Jamal KT, Mutalik S. Surface engineered nanoliposomal platform for selective lymphatic uptake of asenapine maleate: In vitro and in vivo studies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Managuli RS, Wang JT, Faruqu FN, Kushwah V, Raut SY, Shreya AB, Al-Jamal KT, Jain S, Mutalik S. Asenapine maleate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: optimization and in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluations. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:889-910. [PMID: 30874464 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To prepare nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with asenapine maleate (ASPM) to increase its oral bioavailability by intestinal lymphatic uptake. MATERIALS & METHODS ASPM-NLCs were prepared by ultrasound dispersion technique, by adopting Design of Experiment approach, and characterized. RESULTS The optimized formulation exhibited good physicochemical parameters. Differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction studies indicated the amorphized nature of ASPM in lipid matrix. In vitro drug release study indicated the sustained release of drug from NLCs. ASPM-NLCs showed greater permeability across Caco2 cells and everted rat ileum. ASPM-NLCs showed greater cellular uptake, superior preclinical oral bioavailability and higher efficacy in reducing the L-DOPA-carbidopa-induced locomotor count compared with plain drug. CONCLUSION ASPM-NLCs were successfully developed that showed enhanced performance both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka S Managuli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Julie T Wang
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Farid N Faruqu
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sushil Y Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Ajjappla B Shreya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Khuloud T Al-Jamal
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
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Updates on thermosensitive hydrogel for nasal, ocular and cutaneous delivery. Int J Pharm 2019; 559:86-101. [PMID: 30677480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermosensitive hydrogels are in situ gelling systems composed of hydrophilic homopolymers or block copolymers which remain as solutions at room temperature and form gels after administration into the body. Its application in advanced drug delivery has gained significant attention in recent years. The tunable characteristics of thermosensitive hydrogels make them versatile and capable of incorporating both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds and macromolecules. The drug molecules can be included as free molecules or preformulated into nano- or micro-particles or liposomes. Although there were several reviews on the materials of thermosensitive hydrogels, the compatibility between the drug and thermosensitive material as well as its in vitro release mechanisms and in vivo performance have barely been investigated. The current review is proposed aiming to not only provide an update on the recent development in thermosensitive hydrogel formulations for nasal, ocular and cutaneous deliveries, but also identify the relationship between the drug characteristics and the loading strategies, and their impacts on the release mechanisms and the in vivo performance. Our current update for the first time highlights the essential features for successful development of in situ thermosensitive hydrogels to facilitate nasal, ocular or cutaneous drug deliveries.
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Patel MH, Mundada VP, Sawant KK. Novel Drug Delivery Approach via Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of Asenapine Maleate: Optimization, Characterization, Cell Uptake, and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Studies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:44. [PMID: 30617712 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asenapine maleate (AM)-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (AM-SMEDDS) was prepared to increase its oral bioavailability. AM-SMEDDS was developed using Capryol 90, Cremophor EL, and Transcutol HP as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively, by spontaneous emulsification method. Pseudoternary diagram showed maximum region at 3:1 ratio of Cremophor EL/Transcutol HP. The AM-SMEDDS showed globule size and zeta potential of 21.1 ± 1.2 nm and - 19.3 ± 1.8 mV, respectively. Globules were found to be of spherical shape and uniformly distributed by transmission electron microscopy. In vitro drug release study showed 99.2 ± 3.3% of drug release at the end of 8 h in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. Ex vivo drug release study showed only 15% of drug diffusion through stomach and ~ 85% drug was diffused through intestinal membrane. Confocal and flow cytometry study showed that cellular uptake of coumarin-6 loaded SMEDDS was significantly enhanced by Caco-2 cells as that of coumarin-6 solution. The relative bioavailability of AM-SMEDDS was found to be 23.53 times greater than AM suspension. Intestinal lymphatic transport study using Cycloheximide (CHX) showed that the AUCtotal of AM-SMEDDS reduced about 35.67% compared with that without the treatment of CHX indicating involvement of lymphatic system in intestinal absorption of AM-loaded SMEDDS. These findings demonstrated the potential of SMEDDS for oral bioavailability improvement of AM via lymphatic uptake. Graphical Abstract.
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Jacob S, Nair AB. Cyclodextrin complexes: Perspective from drug delivery and formulation. Drug Dev Res 2018; 79:201-217. [PMID: 30188584 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) have been widely investigated as a unique pharmaceutical excipient for past few decades and is still explored for new applications. They are highly versatile oligosaccharides which possess multifunctional characteristics, and are mainly used to improve the physicochemical stability, solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability of drugs. Stability constant, factors affecting complexation, techniques to enhance complexation efficiency, the preparation methods for molecular inclusion complexes and release of guest molecules are discussed in brief. In addition, different CD derivatives and their pharmacokinetics are elaborated. Further, the significance of CD complex in aqueous solubility, dissolution and bioavailability, stability, and taste masking is explained. The recent advancement of CDs in developing various drug delivery systems is enlightened. Indeed, the potential of CDs by means of inclusion complex formation have widen the applicability of these materials in various drug delivery systems including ocular, osmotic, mucoadhesive, transdermal, nasal, and targeted delivery systems. Feasibility studies have been performed on the benefit of these cyclic oligomers as nanocarriers, a strategy that can modify the drugs with improved physicochemical properties. Studies also demonstrated the feasibility of CDs to self-assemble in the form of stable nanoaggregates, which may extend the scope of CDs in drug delivery to the continually expanding list of new drug entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shery Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Giuliani A, Balducci AG, Zironi E, Colombo G, Bortolotti F, Lorenzini L, Galligioni V, Pagliuca G, Scagliarini A, Calzà L, Sonvico F. In vivo nose-to-brain delivery of the hydrophilic antiviral ribavirin by microparticle agglomerates. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:376-387. [PMID: 29382237 PMCID: PMC6058489 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1428242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal administration has been proposed as a potential approach for the delivery of drugs to the central nervous system. Ribavirin (RBV), an antiviral drug potentially useful to treat viral infections both in humans and animals, has been previously demonstrated to attain several brain compartments after nasal administration. Here, a powder formulation in the form of agglomerates comprising micronized RBV and spray-dried microparticles containing excipients with potential absorption enhancing properties, i.e. mannitol, chitosan, and α-cyclodextrin, was developed for nasal insufflation. The agglomerates were characterized for particle size, agglomeration yield, and ex vivo RBV permeation across rabbit nasal mucosa as well as delivery from an animal dry powder insufflator device. Interestingly, permeation enhancers such as chitosan and mannitol showed a lower amount of RBV permeating across the excised nasal tissue, whereas α-cyclodextrin proved to outperform the other formulations and to match the highly soluble micronized RBV powder taken as a reference. In vivo nasal administration to rats of the agglomerates containing α-cyclodextrin showed an overall higher accumulation of RBV in all the brain compartments analyzed as compared with the micronized RBV administered as such without excipient microparticles. Hence, powder agglomerates are a valuable approach to obtain a nasal formulation potentially attaining nose-to-brain delivery of drugs with minimal processing of the APIs and improvement of the technological and biopharmaceutical properties of micronized API and excipients, as they combine optimal flow properties for handling and dosing, suitable particle size for nasal deposition, high surface area for drug dissolution, and penetration enhancing properties from excipients such as cyclodextrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Giuliani
- a Department of Veterinary Medical Science , Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Ozzano , Italy
| | - Anna Giulia Balducci
- b Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy.,c Interdepartmental Center for Health Products - Biopharmanet TEC, University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Elisa Zironi
- a Department of Veterinary Medical Science , Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Ozzano , Italy
| | - Gaia Colombo
- d Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bortolotti
- d Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | | | - Viola Galligioni
- a Department of Veterinary Medical Science , Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Ozzano , Italy
| | - Giampiero Pagliuca
- a Department of Veterinary Medical Science , Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Ozzano , Italy
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- a Department of Veterinary Medical Science , Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Ozzano , Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- e IRET Foundation , Ozzano , (BO) , Italy.,f Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , Ozzano , Italy
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- b Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parma , Italy.,c Interdepartmental Center for Health Products - Biopharmanet TEC, University of Parma , Parma , Italy
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Surface-Modified Nanocarriers for Nose-to-Brain Delivery: From Bioadhesion to Targeting. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10010034. [PMID: 29543755 PMCID: PMC5874847 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of nasal drug delivery, nose-to-brain delivery is among the most fascinating applications, directly targeting the central nervous system, bypassing the blood brain barrier. Its benefits include dose lowering and direct brain distribution of potent drugs, ultimately reducing systemic side effects. Recently, nasal administration of insulin showed promising results in clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Nanomedicines could further contribute to making nose-to-brain delivery a reality. While not disregarding the need for devices enabling a formulation deposition in the nose’s upper part, surface modification of nanomedicines appears the key strategy to optimize drug delivery from the nasal cavity to the brain. In this review, nanomedicine delivery based on particle engineering exploiting surface electrostatic charges, mucoadhesive polymers, or chemical moieties targeting the nasal epithelium will be discussed and critically evaluated in relation to nose-to-brain delivery.
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