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Mahmood T, Sarfraz RM, Mahmood A, Salem-Bekhit MM, Ijaz H, Zaman M, Akram MR, Taha EI, Sahu RK, Benguerba Y. Preparation, In Vitro Characterization, and Evaluation of Polymeric pH-Responsive Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Release. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10498-10516. [PMID: 38463273 PMCID: PMC10918657 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of the current research is to formulate a smart drug delivery system for solubility enhancement and sustained release of hydrophobic drugs. Drug solubility-related challenges constitute a significant concern for formulation scientists. To address this issue, a recent study focused on developing PEG-g-poly(MAA) copolymeric nanogels to enhance the solubility of olmesartan, a poorly soluble drug. The researchers employed a free radical polymerization technique to formulate these nanogels. Nine formulations were formulated. The newly formulated nanogels underwent comprehensive tests, including physicochemical assessments, dissolution studies, solubility evaluations, toxicity investigations, and stability examinations. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) investigations confirmed the successful encapsulation of olmesartan within the nanogels, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies verified their thermal stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the presence of pores on the surface of the nanogels, facilitating water penetration and promoting rapid drug release. Moreover, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies indicated that the prepared nanogels exhibited an amorphous structure. The nanogel carrier system led to a significant enhancement in olmesartan's solubility, achieving a remarkable 12.3-fold increase at pH 1.2 and 13.29-fold rise in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 (NGP3). Significant swelling was observed at pH 6.8 compared to pH 1.2. Moreover, the formulated nexus is nontoxic and biocompatible and depicts considerable potential for delivery of drugs and protein as well as heat-sensitive active moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Mahmood
- College
of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Rai M. Sarfraz
- College
of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Asif Mahmood
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Chakwal, Chakwal 48800, Pakistan
| | - Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hira Ijaz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pak-Austria
Fachhochschule Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang, Khanpur Road, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaman
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad R. Akram
- College
of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Ehab I. Taha
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ram K. Sahu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan
Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras Campus, Tehri Garhwal 249161, India
| | - Yacine Benguerba
- Laboratoire
de Biopharmacie Et Pharmacotechnie (LPBT), Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, Setif 19000, Algeria
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Pérez-Flores JG, García-Curiel L, Pérez-Escalante E, Contreras-López E, Olloqui EJ. Arabinoxylans matrixes as a potential material for drug delivery systems development - A bibliometric analysis and literature review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25445. [PMID: 38352745 PMCID: PMC10862686 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AX) have become a focal point in the pharmaceutical sector owing to their physicochemical, biological, and functional properties. The purpose of this paper was to present a summary of the utilization of AX as drug release matrices through a bibliometric analysis (BA) and a literature review to spotlight the AX functional characteristics and their technological applications to promote this line of research. The BA was carried out using data from a Web of Science database research, specifically emphasizing the analysis of authors' keywords. This approach was chosen due to its significance in comprehensively understanding a particular research field and its relevance for in-depth knowledge of a research field. The BA outcomes revealed limited information concerning the AX applications in both release matrices and as excipients in the formulation and development of drug delivery systems (DDS), so there is a need for additional scientific and technological research in these areas to address the existing information gaps. However, the literature review shows that the native and modified AX from different delivery release systems, such as macrogels (including films, tablets, and hard gelatin capsules) and multi-particulate systems (including micro and nanogels), present an excellent potential as release matrices of biomolecules and drugs, such as doxorubicin, diclofenac sodium, caffeine, gentamicin, tizanidine hydrochloride, and insulin. In conclusion, AX have a wide potential for application in the pharmaceutical industry, so this work is expected to be a reference point for future research by scientists, technologists, and entrepreneurs who cope with the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Guadalupe Pérez-Flores
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción s/n, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, 42060, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, Mexico
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Laura García-Curiel
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción s/n, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, 42060, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Pérez-Escalante
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Contreras-López
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Enrique J. Olloqui
- CONAHCyT, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Puebla, Boulevard Forjadores, 72760, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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Noureen S, Noreen S, Ghumman SA, Abdelrahman EA, Batool F, Aslam A, Mehdi M, Shirinfar B, Ahmed N. A novel pH-responsive hydrogel system based on Prunus armeniaca gum and acrylic acid: Preparation and evaluation as a potential candidate for controlled drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106555. [PMID: 37543064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
pH-responsive hydrogels have become effective and attractive materials for the controlled release of drugs at pre-determined destinations. In the present study, a novel hydrogel system based on Prunus armeniaca gum (PAG) and acrylic acid (AA) was prepared by a free radical mechanism using N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as cross-linker and potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator. A series of hydrogels varying PAG, AA, and MBA concentration was developed to determine the impact of these components. Formulated hydrogels were characterized for pH-responsive swelling, drug release, gel content, and porosity. Structural analysis was performed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. TGA study was applied to assess thermal stability. Oral acute toxicity and in vivo drug release were performed in rabbits. Hydrogels exhibited pH-dependent swelling and drug release. Swelling, drug loading and release, and porosity increased by increasing PAG and AA concentration while decreased by increasing MBA. The gel content of formulations was increased by increasing all three components. FTIR studies confirmed the development of copolymeric networks and the loading of drug. XRD studies revealed that hydrogels were amorphous, and the crystalline drug was changed into an amorphous form during loading. TGA results indicated that hydrogels were stable up to 600 °C. Acute oral toxicity results confirm that hydrogels were nontoxic up to a dose of 2 g/kg body weight in rabbits. The pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed that hydrogels prolonged the availability of the drug and the peak plasma concentration of the drug was obtained in 6 h as compared to the oral solution of the drug. Tramadol hydrochloride (THC) was used as a model drug. Hence, pH-responsive swelling and release, nontoxic nature and improved pharmacokinetics support that PAG-based hydrogels may be considered as potential controlled-release polymeric carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Noureen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan.
| | | | - Ehab A Abdelrahman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Fozia Batool
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Afeefa Aslam
- Department Of Pharmacy, Comsats University, Abbottabad 22020, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mehdi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Bahareh Shirinfar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom.
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Suhail M, Chiu IH, Lai YR, Khan A, Al-Sowayan NS, Ullah H, Wu PC. Xanthan-Gum/Pluronic-F-127-Based-Drug-Loaded Polymeric Hydrogels Synthesized by Free Radical Polymerization Technique for Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Gels 2023; 9:640. [PMID: 37623095 PMCID: PMC10453617 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart and intelligent xanthan gum/pluronic F-127 hydrogels were fabricated for the controlled delivery of atomoxetine HCl. Different parameters such as DSC, TGA, FTIR, XRD, SEM, drug loading, porosity, swelling index, drug release, and kinetics modeling were appraised for the prepared matrices of hydrogels. FTIR confirmed the successful synthesis of the hydrogel, while TGA and DSC analysis indicated that the thermal stability of the reagents was improved after the polymerization technique. SEM revealed the hard surface of the hydrogel, while XRD indicated a reduction in crystallinity of the reagents. High gel fraction was achieved with high incorporated contents of the polymers and the monomer. An increase in porosity, drug loading, swelling, and drug release was observed with the increase in the concentrations of xanthan gum and acrylic acid, whereas Pluronic F-127 showed the opposite effect. A negligible swelling index was shown at pH 1.2 and 4.6 while greater swelling was observed at pH 7.4, indicating a pH-responsive nature of the designed hydrogels. Furthermore, a higher drug release was found at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.2 and 4.6, respectively. The first kinetics order was followed by the prepared hydrogel formulations. Thus, it is signified from the discussion that smart xanthan gum/pluronic F-127 hydrogels have the potential to control the release of the atomoxetine HCl in the colon for an extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhail
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (I.-H.C.); (H.U.)
| | - I-Hui Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (I.-H.C.); (H.U.)
| | - Yi-Ru Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (I.-H.C.); (H.U.)
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Khawaja Fareed Campus (Railway Road), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan;
| | | | - Hamid Ullah
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (I.-H.C.); (H.U.)
| | - Pao-Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (I.-H.C.); (H.U.)
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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5
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Younas F, Zaman M, Aman W, Farooq U, Raja MAG, Amjad MW. Thiolated Polymeric Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications: A Review. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3172-3186. [PMID: 37622704 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230825100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are a three-dimensional (3D) network of hydrophilic polymers. The physical and chemical crosslinking of polymeric chains maintains the structure of the hydrogels even when they are swollen in water. They can be modified with thiol by thiol epoxy, thiol-ene, thiol-disulfide, or thiol-one reactions. Their application as a matrix for protein and drug delivery, cellular immobilization, regenerative medicine, and scaffolds for tissue engineering was initiated in the early 21st century. This review focuses on the ingredients, classification techniques, and applications of hydrogels, types of thiolation by different thiol-reducing agents, along with their mechanisms. In this study, different applications for polymers used in thiolated hydrogels, including dextran, gelatin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), cyclodextrins, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginate, poloxamer, polygalacturonic acid, pectin, carrageenan gum, arabinoxylan, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), gellan gum, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Younas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Aman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umer Farooq
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Wahab Amjad
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA 15213, USA
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6
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Suhail M, Chiu IH, Liu JY, Ullah H, Lin IL, Minhas MU, Tsai MJ, Wu PC. Fabrication and In vitro Evaluation of Carbopol/Polyvinyl Alcohol-based pH-sensitive Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2489-2500. [PMID: 37881070 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128268132231016061548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diclofenac sodium has a short half-life (about 1.5 hours), requiring repeated administration, and as a result, serious complications, such as GI bleeding, peptic ulcer, and kidney and liver dysfunction, are generated. Hence, a sustained/controlled drug delivery system is needed to overcome the complications caused by the administration of diclofenac sodium. AIMS This study aimed to fabricate and evaluate carbopol/polyvinyl alcohol-based pH-sensitive hydrogels for controlled drug delivery. OBJECTIVE pH-sensitive carbopol/polyvinyl alcohol graft-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels (Cp/PVA-g-PAa hydrogels) were developed for the controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium. METHODS The combination of carbopol/polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic acid, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was used as polymer, monomer, and cross-linker, respectively. The effects of the formulation's composition on porosity, swelling index, and release pattern of diclofenac sodium from the developed hydrogels were investigated. RESULTS An increase in porosity and swelling was observed with the increasing amounts of carbopol and acrylic acid, whereas polyvinyl alcohol showed the opposite effect. Due to the formation of a highly viscous system, the drug release decreased with the increasing concentrations of carbopol and polyvinyl alcohol while increased with increasing acrylic acid concentration. The pH-responsive properties of the fabricated hydrogels were demonstrated by dynamic swelling and drug release studies at three different pH values. Higher dynamic swelling and diclofenac sodium (model drug) release were found at high pH values compared to low pH values, i.e., pH 7.4 > 4.6 > 1.2, respectively. Cytotoxicity studies reported no toxic effect of the prepared hydrogels, thus indicating that the prepared hydrogels are safe to be used on clinical basis. CONCLUSION The prepared carbopol/polyvinyl alcohol crosslinked hydrogel can be used as a promising carrier for the controlled release of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhail
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - I-Hui Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hamid Ullah
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Lin
- Department of Medicine Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Jun Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 709, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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pH Responsive Hydrogels for the Delivery of Capecitabine: Development, Optimization and Pharmacokinetic Studies. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120775. [PMID: 36547299 PMCID: PMC9778381 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to achieve a sustained release profile of capecitabine (CAP), an anticancer agent frequently administered in conventional dosage form due to its short plasma half-life. A drug-loaded smart pH responsive chitosan/fenugreek-g-poly (MAA) hydrogel was synthesized by an aqueous free radical polymerization technique. The developed network was evaluated for capecitabine loading %, swelling response, morphology, structural and compositional characteristics, and drug release behavior. Significantly higher swelling and in vitro drug release rate were exhibited by formulations at pH 7.4 than at pH 1.2, demonstrating the pH responsive character of hydrogels. Swelling percentage and CAP loading ranged within 74.45-83.54% and 50.13-72.43%, respectively. Maximum release, up to 93%, was demonstrated over 30 h, evidencing the controlled release pattern of CAP from hydrogels. The optimized formulation was further screened for acute oral toxicity studies. No signs of oral, dermal, or ocular toxicities were noticed, confirming safety evidence of the network. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated the sustained release response of CAP from hydrogels as confirmed by a significant increase in plasma half-life (t1/2) (13 h) and AUC (42.88 µg h/mL) of CAP. Based on these findings, fabricated hydrogels are strongly recommended as a biocompatible carrier for colorectal delivery of active agents.
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Facile synthesis of β-cyclodextrin-cyclophosphamide complex-loaded hydrogel for controlled release drug delivery. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Suhail M, Ullah H, Vu QL, Khan A, Tsai MJ, Wu PC. Preparation of pH-Responsive Hydrogels Based on Chondroitin Sulfate/Alginate for Oral Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102110. [PMID: 36297545 PMCID: PMC9606947 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates pH-sensitive hydrogels based on biocompatible, biodegradable polysaccharides and natural polymers such as chondroitin sulfate and alginate in combination with synthetic monomer such as acrylic acid, as controlled drug carriers. Investigations were conducted for chondroitin sulfate/alginate-graft-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel in various mixing ratios of chondroitin sulfate, alginate and acrylic acid in the presence of ammonium persulfate and N',N'-Methylene bisacrylamide. Crosslinking and loading of drug were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermal stability of both polymers was enhanced after crosslinking as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter thermogram of developed hydrogel. Similarly, surface morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, whereas crystallinity of the polymers and developed hydrogel was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, swelling and drug-release studies were investigated in acidic and basic medium of pH 1.2 and 7.4 at 37 °C, respectively. Maximum swelling and drug release were detected at pH 7.4 as compared to pH 1.2. Increased incorporation of hydrogel contents led to an increase in porosity, drug loading, and gel fraction while a reduction in sol fraction was seen. The polymer volume fraction was found to be low at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.2, indicating a prominent and greater swelling of the prepared hydrogels at pH 7.4. Likewise, a biodegradation study revealed a slow degradation rate of the developed hydrogel. Hence, we can conclude from the results that a fabricated system of hydrogel could be used as a suitable carrier for the controlled delivery of ketorolac tromethamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhail
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hamid Ullah
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Quoc Lam Vu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 284 Luong Ngoc Quyen Str., Thai Nguyen City 24000, Vietnam
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Khawaja Fareed Campus (Railway Road), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ming-Jun Tsai
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-J.T.); (P.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-2121 (M.-J.T.); +886-7-3121-101 (P.-C.W.)
| | - Pao-Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-J.T.); (P.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-2121 (M.-J.T.); +886-7-3121-101 (P.-C.W.)
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10
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Preparation, In Vitro Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Polymeric pH-Responsive Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Release. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091864. [PMID: 36145612 PMCID: PMC9506008 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current investigation was based on the development of pH-responsive hydrogels of chondroitin sulfate, carbopol, and polyvinyl alcohol polymerized with acrylic acid in the presence of ammonium persulfate and ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate for controlled drug delivery. A free radical polymerization technique was used for the preparation of these pH-responsive hydrogels. The gel fraction of the prepared hydrogels was increased with the increase in the chondroitin sulfate, carbopol, polyvinyl alcohol, and acrylic acid content, while the sol-fraction was decreased. Swelling and drug release studies were performed in various pH conditions. Greater swelling and drug release were observed at high pH values (pH 4.6 and 7.4) as compared to low pH value (pH 1.2), representing the pH-responsive nature of the synthesized hydrogels. Porosity and drug loading were increased with the incorporation of high concentrations of hydrogel contents except polyvinyl alcohol, which showed reverse effects. Similarly, biodegradation study reported a slow degradation rate of the prepared hydrogels with the increase in hydrogel constituents. Cytotoxicity study proved the safe use of developed hydrogels as no toxic effect was shown on T84 human colon cancer cells. Similarly, various characterizations, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, were performed for prepared hydrogels. Hence, we could demonstrate that the prepared hydrogels can be used as a promising drug carrier for the controlled delivery of drugs.
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11
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Facile synthesis of three-dimensional porous hydrogel and its evaluation. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Suhail M, Fang CW, Chiu IH, Hung MC, Vu QL, Lin IL, Wu PC. Designing and In Vitro Characterization of pH-Sensitive Aspartic Acid-Graft-Poly(Acrylic Acid) Hydrogels as Controlled Drug Carriers. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080521. [PMID: 36005122 PMCID: PMC9407557 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen is an odorless and white crystalline powder drug, used in the management of fever, pain, and headache. The half-life of acetaminophen is very short; thus, multiple intakes of acetaminophen are needed in a day to maintain a constant pharmacological action for an extended period of time. Certain severe adverse effects are produced due to the frequent intake of acetaminophen, especially hepatotoxicity and skin rashes. Therefore, a drug carrier system is needed which not only prolongs the release of acetaminophen, but also enhances the patient compliance. Therefore, the authors prepared novel aspartic acid-graft-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels for the controlled release of acetaminophen. The novelty of the prepared hydrogels is based on the incorporation of pH-sensitive monomer acrylic acid with polymer aspartic acid in the presence of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Due to the pH-sensitive nature, the release of acetaminophen was prolonged for an extended period of time by the developed hydrogels. Hence, a series of studies was carried out for the formulated hydrogels including sol-gel fraction, FTIR, dynamic swelling, polymer volume analysis, thermal analysis, percent porosity, SEM, in vitro drug release studies, and PXRD analysis. FTIR analysis confirmed the grafting of acrylic acid onto the backbone of aspartic acid and revealed the development of hydrogels. The thermal studies revealed the high thermal stability of the fabricated hydrogels as compared to pure aspartic acid. An irregular surface with a few pores was indicated by SEM. PXRD revealed the amorphous state of the developed hydrogels and confirmed the reduction in the crystallinity of the unreacted aspartic acid by the formulated hydrogels. An increase in gel fraction was observed with the increasing concentration of aspartic acid, acrylic acid, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate due to the availability of a high amount of free radicals. The porosity study was influenced by the various compositions of developed hydrogels. Porosity was increased due to the enhancement in the concentrations of aspartic acid and acrylic acid, whereas it decreased with the increase in ethylene glycol dimethacrylate concentration. Similarly, the pH-responsive properties of hydrogels were evaluated by dynamic swelling and in vitro drug release studies at two different pH levels (1.2 and 7.4), and a greater dynamic swelling and acetaminophen release were exhibited at pH 7.4 as compared to pH 1.2. An increase in swelling, drug loading, and drug release was seen with the increased incorporation of aspartic acid and acrylic acid, whereas a decrease was detected with the increase in the concentration of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Conclusively, the formulated aspartic acid-based hydrogels could be employed as a suitable nonactive pharmaceutical ingredient for the controlled delivery of acetaminophen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhail
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wun Fang
- Divison of Pharmacy, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81342, Taiwan
| | - I-Hui Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chia Hung
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Quoc Lam Vu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 284 Luong Ngoc Quyen Str., Thai Nguyen 24000, Vietnam
| | - I-Ling Lin
- Department of Medicine Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121-101
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Suhail M, Chiu IH, Hung MC, Vu QL, Lin IL, Wu PC. In Vitro Evaluation of Smart and pH-Sensitive Chondroitin Sulfate/Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Delivery. Gels 2022; 8:gels8070406. [PMID: 35877491 PMCID: PMC9323728 DOI: 10.3390/gels8070406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibuprofen is an antipyretic and analgesic drug used for the management of different inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Due to a short half-life and rapid elimination, multiple doses of ibuprofen are required in a day to maintain pharmacological action for a long duration of time. Due to multiple intakes of ibuprofen, certain severe adverse effects, such as gastric irritation, bleeding, ulcers, and abdominal pain are produced. Therefore, a system is needed which not only prolongs the release of ibuprofen but also overcomes the drug’s adverse effects. Hence, the authors have synthesized chondroitin sulfate/sodium polystyrene sulfonate–co-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels by the free radical polymerization technique for the controlled release of ibuprofen. Sol-gel, porosity, swelling, and drug release studies were performed on the fabricated hydrogel. The pH-responsive behavior of the fabricated hydrogel was determined by both swelling and drug release studies in three different pH values, i.e., pH 1.2, 4.6, and 7.4. Maximum swelling and drug release were observed at pH 7.4, as compared to pH 4.6 and 1.2. Similarly, the structural arrangement and crosslinking of the hydrogel contents were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluated the hard and irregular surface with a few macrospores of the developed hydrogel, which may be correlated with the strong crosslinking of polymers with monomer content. Similarly, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated the high thermal stability of the formulated hydrogel, as compared to pure polymers. A decrease in the crystallinity of chondroitin sulfate and sodium polystyrene sulfonate after crosslinking was revealed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Thus, considering the results, we can demonstrate that a developed polymeric network of hydrogel could be used as a safe, stable, and efficient carrier for the controlled release of ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhail
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (M.S.); (I.-H.C.); (M.-C.H.)
| | - I-Hui Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (M.S.); (I.-H.C.); (M.-C.H.)
| | - Ming-Chia Hung
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (M.S.); (I.-H.C.); (M.-C.H.)
| | - Quoc Lam Vu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 284 Luong Ngoc Quyen Str., Thai Nguyen City 24000, Vietnam;
| | - I-Ling Lin
- Department of Medicine Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Pao-Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (M.S.); (I.-H.C.); (M.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101
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Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant, and Antihyperglycemic Capacity of Ferulated Arabinoxylan Extracted from “Chicha de Jora” Bagasse: An Ancestral Fermented Beverage from Zea mays L. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4015886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bagasse is a byproduct generated during the process of making the traditional Andean drink named “chicha de jora” in Peru, which is a potential source for the extraction of ferulated arabinoxylan (FAX). The aim of this study was to extract and characterize the FAX from bagasse and determine its antioxidant and antihyperglycemic capacity in vitro. As a result, FAX of molecular weight ≥3.5 kDa presented moisture content, pH, total ash, proteins, and total phenolic content with values of 8.00%, 5.81, 2.68%, 3.78%, and 5.72 mg EAG/g, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography identified the monosaccharides L-arabinose and D-xylose. HPLC-MS/MS analysis of FAX confirmed the presence of methyl-pentofuranosides or methyl-pentopyranosides. The FT-IR spectrum presented characteristic bands of FAX. The FAX showed antioxidant capacity determined by the DPPH assay (IC50 = 6.59 mg/mL and TEAC = 7.7844 μmol/g sample), ABTS (IC50 = 6.50 mg/mL and TEAC 35.34 μmol/g sample), and FRAP (14.08 μmol AA/g and 36.63 μmol FeSO4/g). On the other hand, FAX showed glucose adsorption capacity, inhibition of glucose diffusion, and inhibition of the enzyme α-amylase (IC50 = 4.73 mg/mL). The results showed that the FAX extracted from the bagasse generated during the production of the “chicha de jora” has in vitro antioxidant and antihyperglycemic capacity.
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Formulation, Characterization, and In Vitro Drug Release Study of β-Cyclodextrin-Based Smart Hydrogels. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040207. [PMID: 35448108 PMCID: PMC9031272 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel pH-responsive polymeric β-cyclodextrin-graft-poly(acrylic acid/itaconic acid) hydrogels were fabricated by the free radical polymerization technique. Various concentrations of β-cyclodextrin, acrylic acid, and itaconic acid were crosslinked by ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of ammonium persulfate. The crosslinked hydrogels were used for the controlled delivery of theophylline. Loading of theophylline was conducted by the absorption and diffusion method. The fabricated network of hydrogel was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crosslinking among hydrogel contents and drug loading by the fabricated hydrogel were confirmed by FTIR analysis, while TGA indicated a high thermal stability of the prepared hydrogel as compared to pure β-cyclodextrin and itaconic acid. The high thermal stability of the developed hydrogel indicated an increase in the thermal stability of β-cyclodextrin and itaconic acid after crosslinking. Similarly, a decrease in crystallinity of β-cyclodextrin and itaconic acid was observed after crosslinking, as evaluated by XRD analysis. SEM revealed an irregular and hard surface of the prepared hydrogel, which may be correlated with strong crosslinking among hydrogel contents. Crosslinked insoluble and uncrosslinked soluble fractions of hydrogel were evaluated by sol–gel analysis. An increase in gel fraction was seen with the increase in compositions of hydrogel contents, while a decrease in sol fraction was observed. Dynamic swelling and dissolution studies were performed in three various buffer solutions of pH 1.2, 4.6, and 7.4, respectively. Maximum swelling and drug release were observed at higher pH values as compared to the lower pH value due to the deprotonation and protonation of functional groups of the hydrogel contents; thus, the pH-sensitive nature of the fabricated hydrogel was demonstrated. Likewise, water penetration capability and polymer volume were evaluated by porosity and polymer volume studies. Increased incorporation of β-cyclodextrin, acrylic acid, and itaconic acid led to an increase in swelling, drug release, drug loading, and porosity of the fabricated hydrogel, whereas a decrease was detected with the increasing concentration of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Conclusively, the prepared hydrogel could be employed as a suitable and promising carrier for the controlled release of theophylline.
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Sumaira, Tulain UR, Erum A, Hussain MA, Sidra, Malik NS, Rashid A, Kausar R, Gohar N, Shahid N, Siddiqui M. Fabrication, Characterization and Toxicity Evaluation of Chemically Cross linked Polymeric Network for Sustained Delivery of Metoprolol Tartrate. Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:351-361. [PMID: 34912178 PMCID: PMC8667954 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.2003995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural mucilages are auspicious biodegradable polymeric materials. The aim of the present research work was to elucidate the characteristics of quince mucilage-based polymeric network for sustained delivery of metprolol tartrate and its toxicity evaluation. Mucilage was extracted by hot water extraction, and characterization of quince mucilage was accomplished by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Different batches of quince mucilage polymeric network were prepared by free radical polymerization by utilizing varying ratios of quince mucilage, acrylamide and crosslinker. Degree of swelling depends on concentration of mucilage, monomer and also on crosslinking density of polymeric network. FTIR illustrates proficient grafting, and morphological (scanning electron microscopy) analysis signified porous design. Hence, quince mucilage-based design was encouraging for sustained delivery of metprolol tartrate and acute toxicity evaluation proved that mucilage-based network was safe for oral drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Alia Erum
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Sidra
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Shamshad Malik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy, Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Rizwana Kausar
- Ilm College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Nitasha Gohar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nariman Shahid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mahwish Siddiqui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Batool N, Mahmood A, Sarfraz RM, Ijaz H, Zafar N, Hussain Z. Formulation and evaluation of interpenetrating polymeric network for controlled drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:931-946. [PMID: 34253096 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1954939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel Cytarabine-loaded agarose and fenugreek-based hydrogel were formulated via the crosslinking process. Graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) on agarose and fenugreek was carried out by using methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker and potassium persulfate as an initiator. The influence of different formulation ingredients (fenugreek, agarose, MBA, MAA) on swelling index, percentage drug release, and percentage gel content were investigated. It was observed that an increase in the concentration of fenugreek and agarose resulted in an increase in the swelling index (72.45-97.17%). However, an increase in the amount of MBA led to a decrease in the swelling index from 74.23% to 57.74%. A similar result tendency was noted in the case of drug release. FTIR was employed to elucidate effective grafting. The thermal behavior of hydrogel was evaluated through TGA and DSC analysis whereas surface morphology was elucidated through SEM. Release studies were performed at both acidic and basic pH, that is, 1.2 and 7.4. Hence, formulated biocompatible hydrogels proved to be a promising system for the controlled delivery of Cytarabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nighat Batool
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Asif Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Hira Ijaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.,Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nadiah Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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