Intranasal drug delivery of sumatriptan succinate-loaded polymeric solid lipid nanoparticles for brain targeting

Optimisation and in-vivo evaluation of extracted Karanjin loaded liposomal topical formulation for treatment of psoriasis in tape-stripped mouse model

AIM

The present work is focus on development of anti-psoriasis activity of Karanjin (isolated from Pongamia pinnata seed oil) loaded liposome based lotion for enhancement of skin permeation and retention.

METHOD

Karanjin was isolated using liquid-liquid extraction method and characterised by HPLC analysis and partition coefficient. Further, isolated Karanjin was loaded into liposomes using thin-film hydration technique and optimised by Box-Behnken design. Selected optimised batch was characterised their mean diameter, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency, morphology (by TEM), FTIR and ex-vivo skin retention. Additionally, Karanjin loaded liposomes were formulated into lotion and characterise their rheological, spreadability, texture, ex-vivo skin permeation & retention, stability and anti-psoriatic activity in mouse tail model.

RESULT

The yield of Karanjin from seed oil was 0.1% w/v and have lipophilic nature. The optimised liposomal formulation showed 195 ± 1.8 nm mean diameter, 0.271 ± 0.02 PDI, -27.0 ± 2.1 mV zeta potential and 61.97 ± 2.5% EE. TEM image revel the spherical shap of liposome surrounded by single phospholipid bilayer and no interection between drug and excipients. Further, lotion was prepared by 0.1% w/v carbopol and found to 615 mPa.sec viscosity, good thixotropic behaviour, spreadability and texture. There was 22.44% increase in drug permeation for Karanjin loaded liposomal lotion compared to pure Karanjin lotion, confirm by ex-vivo permeation and retention. While, in-vivo study revel the liposomal lotion of Karanjin was found to have 16.09% higher drug activity then 5% w/w conventional Karanjin lotion.

CONCLUSION

Karanjin loaded liposomal lotion have an effective anti-psoriatic agent and showed better skin permeation and retention than the conventional Karanjin lotion.

Nasal Delivery to the Brain: Harnessing Nanoparticles for Effective Drug Transport

The nose-to-brain drug-delivery system has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome the challenges associated with conventional drug administration for central nervous system disorders. This emerging field is driven by the anatomical advantages of the nasal route, enabling the direct transport of drugs from the nasal cavity to the brain, thereby circumventing the blood-brain barrier. This review highlights the significance of the anatomical features of the nasal cavity, emphasizing its high permeability and rich blood supply that facilitate rapid drug absorption and onset of action, rendering it a promising domain for neurological therapeutics. Exploring recent developments and innovations in different nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and nanogels unveils their diverse functions in improving drug-delivery efficiency and targeting specificity within this system. To minimize the potential risk of nanoparticle-induced toxicity in the nasal mucosa, this article also delves into the latest advancements in the formulation strategies commonly involving surface modifications, incorporating cutting-edge materials, the adjustment of particle properties, and the development of novel formulations to improve drug stability, release kinetics, and targeting specificity. These approaches aim to enhance drug absorption while minimizing adverse effects. These strategies hold the potential to catalyze the advancement of safer and more efficient nose-to-brain drug-delivery systems, consequently revolutionizing treatments for neurological disorders. This review provides a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical-industry professionals seeking to advance the development of effective and safe therapies for central nervous system disorders.

Design and evaluations of a nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with dopamine hydrochloride for intranasal bypass drug delivery in Parkinson's disease

AIM

The goal of this study is to optimisation and evaluation of dopamine-loaded NLC (NLC-DOPA) for achieve dopamine concentrations into brain for treatment of Parkinson's disease which causes progressive neuronal death.

METHOD

NLC-DOPA prepared by homogenisation method using solid lipids (Cholesterol and Soya lecithin), liquid lipid (Oleic acid) and surfactant (Poloxamer- 188) as major excipients, optimised by central composite design using design expert-13 software. The optimised formulations were characterised by particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, SEM, TEM, FTIR, DSC, XRD, stability study and in-vitro drug release. The histopathology of rat brain tissues and goat nasal tissues were performed. The ex-vivo (permeability and nasal ciliotoxicity study) and in vivo pharmacodynamics study were also accomplished to determine its efficacy and potency of NLC.

RESULT

The NLC-DOPA formulations were optimised in particle size and (EE)% with range from 85.53 ± 0.703 to 106.11 ± 0.822 nm and 82.17 ± 0.794 to 95.45 ± 0.891%, respectively. The optimised formulation F11 showing best goodness-fitted model kinetic, followed by Korsmeyer-Peppas equation and zero order kinetic. The SEM and TEM confirmed the spherical and smooth morphology of formulation. FTIR and DSC spectra were given compatibility of compound and XRD diffractograms confirmed the amorphous nature. An ex-vivo study was showed the high permeability coefficient (6.67*1 0 -4 cm/min, which is twice, compare to pure drug) and there was no damage in nasal mucosa, confirmed by the ciliotoxicity study. In-vivo study was shown significant effects of optimised NLC-DOPA on locomotor activity, force-swimming test and neurochemical assessment using rotenone induced Parkinson's model on Albino Wistar rats.

CONCLUSION

NLC-DOPA was prepared and optimised successfully with increased bioavailability of drug from the NLC into brain with reduce toxicity in effective treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Chemical Sensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Can Determine Drug Release Kinetics from Nanocarriers without Filtration, Centrifugation, and Dialysis Steps

With the development of drug delivery systems, the use of nanomaterials for slow, targeted, and effective drug release has grown significantly. To ensure the quality of performance, it is essential to obtain drug release profiles from therapeutic nanoparticles prior to in vivo testing. Typically, the methods of monitoring the drug release profile from nanoparticle drug delivery systems include one or more filtration, separation, and sampling steps, with or without membrane, which cause several systematic errors and make the process time-consuming. Here, the release rate of doxorubicin as a model drug from liposome as a nanocarrier was determined via highly selective binding of released doxorubicin to the doxorubicin-imprinted electropolymerized polypyrrole as a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). Incubation of the MIP-modified substrate with imprinted cavities complementary to doxorubicin molecules in the releasing medium leads to the binding of released doxorubicin molecules to cavities. The drug trapped in the cavities is determined by one of the analytical methods depending on its signaling properties. In this work, due to the favorable electrochemical properties of doxorubicin, the voltammetry method was used for quantitative analysis of released doxorubicin. The voltammetric oxidation peak current intensity of doxorubicin on the surface of the electrode was enhanced by increasing the release time. This membranelle platform allows fast, reliable, and simple monitoring of drug release profiles without any sample preparation, filtration, and centrifugation in buffer and blood serum samples.

Biosensor Detection of COVID-19 in Lung Cancer: Hedgehog and Mucin Signaling Insights

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a global pandemic, particularly affecting individuals with pre-existing lung conditions and potentially leading to pulmonary fibrosis. Age and healthcare system limitations further amplify susceptibility to both diseases, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The intricate relationship between Coronavirus disease 2019 and lung cancer highlights their clinical implications and the potential for early detection through biosensor techniques involving hedgehog and mucin signaling. This study highlights the connection between Coronavirus disease 2019 and lung cancer, focusing on the mucosa, angiotensin- altering enzyme 2 receptors, and their impact on the immune system. It details the inflammatory mechanisms triggered by Coronavirus disease 2019, which can result in pulmonary fibrosis and influence the cancer microenvironment. Various cytokines like Interleukins-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha are examined for their roles in both diseases. Moreover, the review delves into the Hedgehog signaling pathways and their significance in lung cancer, particularly their influence on embryonic cell proliferation and tissue integrity. Mucin signaling is another vital aspect, highlighting the diverse mucin expression patterns in respiratory epithelial tissues and their potential as biomarkers. The review concludes with insights into diagnostic imaging techniques like chest computed tomography, Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for early lung cancer detection, emphasizing the crucial role of biosensors in identifying specific biomarkers for early disease detection. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical impact of Coronavirus disease 2019 on lung cancer patients and the potential for biosensors utilizing hedgehog and mucin signaling for early detection. It underscores the ongoing need for research and innovation to address these critical healthcare challenges.

Review on the Artificial Intelligence-based Nanorobotics Targeted Drug Delivery System for Brain-specific Targeting

Contemporary medical research increasingly focuses on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to maintain homeostasis in healthy individuals and provide solutions for neurological disorders, including brain cancer. Specialized in vitro modules replicate the BBB's complex structure and signalling using micro-engineered perfusion devices and advanced 3D cell cultures, thus advancing the understanding of neuropharmacology. This research explores nanoparticle-based biomolecular engineering for precise control, targeting, and transport of theranostic payloads across the BBB using nanorobots. The review summarizes case studies on delivering therapeutics for brain tumors and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages of nano-robotics. In conclusion, integrating machine learning and AI with robotics aims to develop safe nanorobots capable of interacting with the BBB without adverse effects. This comprehensive review is valuable for extensive analysis and is of great significance to healthcare professionals, engineers specializing in robotics, chemists, and bioengineers involved in pharmaceutical development and neurological research, emphasizing transdisciplinary approaches.

Grafting, characterization and enhancement of therapeutic activity of berberine loaded PEGylated PAMAM dendrimer for cancerous cell

Berberine is an anticancer medication that generates side effects due to its hydrophobicity and low cellular promiscuity as well as high dose requirement. Thus, have to prepare PEGylated dendrimer conjugates which increases the targeting and release of chemotherapeutic drugs at the tumor site although falling the adverse side effects. The circulation time of drug is enhanced by PEGylation. It is the covalent attachment of PEG to therapeutic protein or any molecule. PEGylated berberine dendrimer was prepared by biotinylation cross linking method and characterized by particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release and stability study. The Structure validation of berberine before and after grafting was confirmed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Further prepared PEGylated complex were proceeded for the cellular uptake study in AMJ-13, and BT-20 cells line by fluorescent microscopy study and MTT assay cytotoxicity study in MCF-7 cell line. The prepared PEGylated formulation showed nanometric size, desired zeta potential, and 69.56 ± 23% entrapment efficiency. The prepared PEGylated particle showed 70.23% release at 72 h with good stability at 90 days. The cellular uptake of formulation was highly appreciable which is clearly observed in AMJ-13 and BT-20 cells line. In comparison to pure drug, developed formulation has 10.8 M high efficiency for breast cancer cell line. PEGylation is easy and reasonable way, as it requires lesser time and is proved to be superior technique for treatment of cancer.

Development, evaluation, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution estimation of resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for prostate cancer targeting

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The study was to extend systemic circulation and biological half-life (t_1/2) of trans-resveratrol (RSV) using solid lipid nanoparticles (RSV-SLN) to improve its anti-cancer potential.

METHODS

RSV-SLN was prepared by solvent emulsification evaporation technique and proceeded for evaluation like particle size, PDI, zeta potential, in vitro release, in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular internalisation, haemolysis and erythrocyte membrane integrity, platelet aggregation and pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Moreover, cancer cells accumulation of RSV-SLN also needs to be evaluated for proving their targeting ability.

RESULT

Prepared SLN showed 126.85 ± 12.09 nm particle size, -24.23 ± 3.27 mV Zeta potential and 74.67 ± 4.76%. release at 48 h and haemocompatible. The cellular internalisation image showed the SLN reach in a cytoplasm and nucleus of PC3 prostate cells. RSV-SLN exhibited high t_1/2 (8.22 ± 1.36 h) and 7.19 ± 0.69 h MRT (Mean residence time) and lower clearance i.e. 286.42 ± 13.64 mL/min/kg. The bio-distribution of RSV-SLN was found to be extremely high in prostate cells and accumulate 7.56 times greater than that of RSV solution.

CONCLUSION

The developed RSV-SLN can be applied as potential carrier for delivery of drug of chemotherapeutics at an extend systemic circulation and targeting efficiency at tumour site.