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Bellemare F, Laguë I, Arenzon V, Khaldoun L, Geoffrion S. Exploring the needs of healthcare workers receiving psychological first aid during the COVID19 pandemic. Work 2024:WOR230116. [PMID: 38943416 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers (HCW; e.g., nurses, social workers) work in stressful conditions, a situation that has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. A review of the supportive role of Psychological first aid (PFA) suggested that it can protect HCW from psychological distress. Despite the growing interest of PFA among public health organizations, there is a dearth of literature on its potential impact for the psychological well-being of HCW and its implementation within organizations. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate whether PFA met the psychological needs of HCW in Montreal, Quebec. METHODS A sample of 15 HCW who received PFA by a peer within their organization were recruited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Qualitative research using thematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS Five themes were identified: 1) PFA satisfied participants' psychosocial needs; 2) PFA provided by peers allowed participants to feel understood and supported; 3) High availability and multiple modalities facilitated PFA access; 4) Occupational and organizational cultures hindered PFA access; and 5) Recommendations to promote the use of the PFA service. CONCLUSION Results describe four psychosocial needs met by the PFA intervention: to have resources/strategies, to be validated, to obtain a better understanding of the psychological reactions they were experiencing, and to be guided and supported in their difficulties at work. Overall, these findings illustrate how PFA goes beyond the reduction of distress symptoms in the aftermath of a potentially traumatic event. The relevance to further the assessment of PFA's positive effects on psychological adaptation and/or recovery is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bellemare
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Canada
- Trauma Studies Center, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Canada
| | - Isabelle Laguë
- School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Canada
- Trauma Studies Center, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Canada
| | - Valerie Arenzon
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Canada
- Trauma Studies Center, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Canada
| | - Lydia Khaldoun
- School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Canada
- Trauma Studies Center, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Canada
| | - Steve Geoffrion
- School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Canada
- Trauma Studies Center, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Canada
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Matos L, Indart MJ, Park CL, Leal I. "I'm Going to Tell You Something I Never Told Anyone": Ethics- and Trauma-Informed Challenges of Implementing a Research Protocol with Syrian Refugees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1261. [PMID: 36674012 PMCID: PMC9859552 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As research subjects, refugees have numerous potential vulnerabilities. This study aimed to examine the ethics- and trauma-informed challenges of implementing a mental health research protocol with Syrian refugees living in Portugal. Guided by the integrated meaning-making model, the research project "Journeys in Meaning" employed a mixed-methods cross-sectional design to explore posttraumatic cognitive processing in refugees using two phases of data collection: two focus groups (Phase 1) to test the protocol and 39 in-depth individual interviews (Phase 2) to implement the protocol. Results examine the strategies used to address the following: methodological challenges related to protocol design, participant recruitment, and language; ethics- and trauma-informed challenges aimed at minimizing harm and maximizing benefit to participants that followed social justice principles; and perceived compassion fatigue on the part of the researcher following repeated empathetic exposure to traumatic content. Findings suggest the need for adaptive approaches to research with refugee populations that challenge strict compliance with the traditional principles of "do no harm" and researcher neutrality, and that accommodate individual and community complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Matos
- William James Center for Research, ISPA—Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Monica J. Indart
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Crystal L. Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Isabel Leal
- William James Center for Research, ISPA—Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal
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Secondary trauma, burnout and resilience among mental health professionals from India: A review of research. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 76:103227. [PMID: 35952486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While globally there has been growing research interest in the negative psychological consequences faced by helping professionals, literature among Indian Mental Health Professionals (MHPs) is sparse, and predominantly focussed on health care workers. This systematic review aims to synthesize and summarize current Indian literature on burnout, secondary traumatic stress and resilience among Indian MHPs. The review explores 14 research studies published in peer-reviewed journals between January 2005 to January 2022. Studies in the areas of secondary traumatic stress, burnout, vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue, and resilience have been included in the review. The term resilience within this paper includes compassion satisfaction, vicarious post-traumatic growth, well-being, coping, and stress management. The mental health professionals considered were psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, psychiatric social workers, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists and counsellors. Studies were reviewed for their methodological considerations, the mental health population being studied, and the primary outcomes. Data related to sociodemographic variables, psychological impacts, risk and protective factors that influence burnout, secondary trauma and resilience among mental health professionals in India have been reported. The review summarizes conceptual, methodological, and analytical gaps and generates recommendations that contribute to theoretical and practice-based improvements in this area of research and practice.
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Su X, Wong V, Liang K. Validating the decent work scale incorporated with a social recognition component among young adult social workers. Front Psychol 2022; 13:985664. [PMID: 36248524 PMCID: PMC9554093 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.985664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The decent work notion has sparkled a keen academic interest in studying the psychological influence of decent work on workers in organizational contexts. Duffy’s decent work notion has left a window for addressing the interpersonal barriers on or factors for enhancing people’s equal access to decent work, which may enhance the capacity of the decent work notion and the psychology of working theory to promote inclusiveness within the organizational context through leveraging the interpersonal mechanisms. Against this backdrop, a across-sectional study was conducted to validate a decent work scale incorporated with a social recognition component among young adult social workers aged 21–29 in Hong Kong (N = 362). The results of confirmatory factor analyses supported the six-factor-higher-order model of the decent work scale incorporated with a social recognition component. Decent work incorporated with social recognition correlated with job demands, job resources, and work engagement in the expected directions, and the results of average variance extracted analyses supported the discriminant validity of the decent work scale incorporated with social recognition. The value added by decent work in enhancing work engagement after controlling the effects of job resources justifies the concurrent validity of the concept. The expanded notion of decent work incorporated with the social recognition component is deemed applicable to informing further research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Su
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Xuebing Su,
| | - Victor Wong
- Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Victor Wong,
| | - Kun Liang
- Department of Social Work, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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5
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Laupacis M, Acai A, MacMillan HL, Vanstone M, Stewart D, Dimitropoulos G, Kimber M. A Qualitative Description of Resident Physicians' Understanding of Child Maltreatment: Impacts, Recognition, and Response. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063319. [PMID: 35329006 PMCID: PMC8949331 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Child maltreatment (CM) is a public health problem with devastating effects on individuals, families, and communities. Resident physicians have varied formal education in CM, and report feeling inadequately trained in identifying and responding to CM. The purpose of this study is to explore residents’ understanding of the impacts of CM, and their perceptions of their role in recognizing and responding to CM to better understand their educational needs. This study analyzed qualitative data obtained from a larger project on family violence education. Twenty-nine resident physicians enrolled in pediatric, family medicine, emergency medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, and psychiatry training programs in Alberta, Ontario, and Québec participated in semi-structured interviews to elicit their ideas, experiences, and educational needs relating to CM. Conventional (inductive) content analysis guided the development of codes and categories. Residents had thorough knowledge about the impacts of CM and their duty to recognize CM, but there was less consistency in how residents understood their role in responding to CM. Residents identified the need for more education about recognizing and responding to CM, and the need for educational content to be responsive to training, patient and family factors, and systemic issues. Despite knowledge about the impacts of CM and laws pertaining to mandated reporting, residents reported challenges with responding to concerns of CM. Findings of this study emphasize the need for better training in response to CM. Future educational interventions should consider a multidisciplinary, experiential approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Laupacis
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (M.L.); (H.L.M.)
- McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Anita Acai
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Harriet L. MacMillan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (M.L.); (H.L.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Meredith Vanstone
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Donna Stewart
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
| | - Gina Dimitropoulos
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Melissa Kimber
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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First Responder Resiliency ECHO: Innovative Telementoring during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094900. [PMID: 34064501 PMCID: PMC8124662 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The First Responder ECHO (Extension for Community Outcomes) program was established in 2019 to provide education for first responders on self-care techniques and resiliency while establishing a community of practice to alleviate the enormous stress due to trauma and substance misuse in the community. When the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic hit the United States (US) in March 2020, a tremendous strain was placed on first responders and healthcare workers, resulting in a program expansion to include stress mitigation strategies. From 31 March 2020, through 31 December 2020, 1530 unique first responders and frontline clinicians participated in the newly expanded First Responder Resiliency (FRR) ECHO. The robust curriculum included: psychological first aid, critical incident debriefing, moral distress, crisis management strategies, and self-care skills. Survey and focus group results demonstrated that, while overall stress levels did not decline, participants felt more confident using psychological first aid, managing and recognizing colleagues who needed mental health assistance, and taking time for self-care. Although first responders still face a higher level of stress as a result of their occupation, this FRR ECHO program improves stress management skills while providing weekly learning-listening sessions, social support, and a community of practice for all first responders.
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Munteanu E, Barron I. Asylum Caseworkers' Experience Working in Lesvos: A Grounded Theory Analysis. JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-BASED SOCIAL WORK (2019) 2021; 18:249-283. [PMID: 32996876 DOI: 10.1080/26408066.2020.1797605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assisting asylum applicants through their procedure for international protection implies a commitment that most caseworkers accept with deep satisfaction. However, working with asylum applicants who disclose the claim for protection and stories of their journey can be challenging and distressing. The study aimed to understand the experience of caseworkers with the asylum applicants in Lesvos, specifically, the challenges they face and their perception of the qualities that facilitated or inhibited coping. METHOD A grounded theory analysis within a constructivist framework involved interviews with thirteen caseworkers, cultural mediators, and operations officers in Levos and Malta. FINDINGS A two-phase analysis was conducted due to unexpected findings. The first phase of the analysis uncovered the challenges posed by the work itself, and the caseworkers' personal characteristics which were either helping or hindering addressing these challenges. The second analysis revealed a four-step process as perceived by the asylum caseworkers: starting from the work context, facing challenges, finding ways to respond to them, and finally, the effect that this process had on the caseworkers' perspective about themselves and life. CONCLUSION For those who developed adaptative coping, interviews indicated a process of transformation in the caseworkers' perception, a new sense of self and world view, including the development of self-awareness, personal power, the relation to work and the refugees, and a deeper cultural understanding. Recommendations are provided for caseworkers' mental-health and operational support as well as for future research.
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Supporting the Mental Health and Well-Being of First Responders from Career to Retirement: A Scoping Review. Prehosp Disaster Med 2021; 36:475-480. [PMID: 33928892 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x21000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION First responders are at greater risk of mental ill health and compromised well-being compared to the general population. It is important to identify strategies that will be effective in supporting mental health, both during and after the first responder's career. METHODS A scoping review was conducted using the PubMed database (1966 to October 1, 2020) and the Google Scholar database (October 1, 2020) using relevant search terms, truncation symbols, and Boolean combination functions. The reference lists of all relevant publications were also reviewed to identify further publications. RESULTS A total of 172 publications were retrieved by the combined search strategies. Of these, 56 met the inclusion criteria and informed the results of this overview paper. These publications identified that strategies supporting first responder mental health and well-being need to break down stigma and build resilience. Normalizing conversations around mental health is integral for increasing help-seeking behaviors, both during a first responder's career and in retirement. Organizations should consider the implementation of both pre-retirement and post-retirement support strategies to improve mental health and well-being. CONCLUSION Strategies for supporting mental health and well-being need to be implemented early in the first responder career and reinforced throughout and into retirement. They should utilize holistic approaches which encourage "reaching in" rather than placing an onus on first responders to "reach out" when they are in crisis.
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Lenzi M, Santinello M, Gaboardi M, Disperati F, Vieno A, Calcagnì A, Greenwood RM, Rogowska AM, Wolf JR, Loubière S, Beijer U, Bernad R, Vargas-Moniz MJ, Ornelas J, Spinnewijn F, Shinn M. Factors Associated with Providers' Work Engagement and Burnout in Homeless Services: A Cross-national Study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 67:220-236. [PMID: 33137234 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of homeless service users' characteristics and the contextual challenges faced by services can make the experience of working with people in homelessness stressful and can put providers' well-being at risk. In the current study, we investigated the association between service characteristics (i.e., the availability of training and supervision and the capability-fostering approach) and social service providers' work engagement and burnout. The study involved 497 social service providers working in homeless services in eight different European countries (62% women; mean age = 40.73, SD = 10.45) and was part of the Horizon 2020 European study "Homelessness as Unfairness (HOME_EU)." Using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), findings showed that the availability of training and supervision were positively associated with providers' work engagement and negatively associated with burnout. However, results varied based on the perceived usefulness of the training and supervision provided within the service and the specific outcome considered. The most consistent finding was the association between the degree to which a service promotes users' capabilities and all the aspects of providers' well-being analyzed. Results are discussed in relation to their implications for how configuration of homeless services can promote social service providers' well-being and high-quality care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Lenzi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Santinello
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Gaboardi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Disperati
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessio Vieno
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Calcagnì
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Judith R Wolf
- Impuls-Netherlands Center for Social Care Research, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Loubière
- School of medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, EA 3279: CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of life Center, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Department of Research and Innovation, Support Unit for Clinical Research and Economic Evaluation, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Ulla Beijer
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria J Vargas-Moniz
- APPsyCI-Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Ornelas
- APPsyCI-Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Freek Spinnewijn
- FEANTSA, European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Marybeth Shinn
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Readiness of Allied Professionals to Join the Mental Health Workforce: A Qualitative Evaluation of Trained Lay Trauma Counsellors' Experiences When Refugee Youth Disclose Suicidal Ideation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041486. [PMID: 33557361 PMCID: PMC7914504 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent refugee crisis presented a huge challenge for the Swedish mental health workforce. Hence, innovative mental health workforce solutions were needed. Unaccompanied refugee minors (URM) are a particularly vulnerable refugee group. Teaching Recovery Techniques (TRT) was introduced as a community-based intervention utilising trained lay counsellors in a stepped model of care for refugee youth experiencing trauma symptoms. Professionals (e.g., teachers, social workers) can deliver the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy-based intervention after a brief training. A point of debate in this workforce solution is the readiness of trained lay counsellors to deal with potentially demanding situations like disclosure of suicidal ideation. This study aimed to explore the TRT trained lay counsellors’ experiences of procedures upon URM’s disclosure of suicidal ideation. Individual semi-structured interviews with TRT trained lay counsellors were conducted, then analysed using systemic text condensation. The analysis revealed four themes: “Importance of safety structures”, “Collaboration is key”, “Let sleeping dogs lie” and “Going the extra mile”. Dealing with suicidal ideation is challenging and feelings of helplessness occur. Adding adequate supervision and specific training on suicidal ideation using role play is recommended. Collaboration between agencies and key stakeholders is essential when targeting refugee mental health in a stepped care model.
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Studying trauma: Indirect effects on researchers and self - And strategies for addressing them. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wymer B, Guest JD, Deaton JD, Newton TL, Limberg D, Ohrt JH. Early career clinicians’ supervision experiences related to secondary traumatic stress when treating child survivors of sexual abuse. CLINICAL SUPERVISOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07325223.2020.1767253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Wymer
- Department of Education and Human Development, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessie D. Guest
- Department of Educational Studies, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer D. Deaton
- Department of Educational Studies, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Therese L. Newton
- Department of Advanced Studies and Innovations, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dodie Limberg
- Department of Educational Studies, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Ohrt
- Department of Educational Studies, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Jones CT, Branco SF. Trauma‐Informed Supervision: Clinical Supervision of Substance Use Disorder Counselors. JOURNAL OF ADDICTIONS & OFFENDER COUNSELING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jaoc.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connie T. Jones
- Department of Counseling and Educational DevelopmentThe University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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James C. Towards trauma-informed legal practice: a review. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 27:275-299. [PMID: 32944127 PMCID: PMC7476614 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1719377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vicarious or secondary trauma experience has always been part of legal practice although many do not acknowledge the risk it can have on the mental health, well-being and performance of legal professionals. The listening to, observing and then detailing of traumatic events for the purposes of legal process in some cases may harm lawyers who need to work closely with clients, victims and witnesses. This article reviews the research on trauma in many areas of professional human services that could inform and improve our understanding of legal practice. It examines the discursive history of trauma and recent studies on lawyer well-being, before discussing the controversies about recognising vicarious trauma and the stigma against mental health concerns in the legal profession. The article concludes by reviewing options to assist law firms in considering trauma-informed policy, practices and supervision strategies and to help individual lawyers recognise the value of self-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin James
- School of Legal Practice, ANU College of Law, Australian National University, NSW, Australia
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Hallinan S, Shiyko MP, Volpe R, Molnar BE. Reliability and Validity of the Vicarious Trauma Organizational Readiness Guide (VT-ORG). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 64:481-493. [PMID: 31532011 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Vicarious Trauma Organizational Readiness Guide (VT-ORG) is an assessment of an organization's readiness to address vicarious trauma (VT), which is exposure to the traumatic experiences of people served. This study reports on the psychometric properties of the VT-ORG. Employees of first responder agencies (e.g., law enforcement, fire, emergency services) and victim assistance agencies are at a high risk for vicarious traumatization, which can lead to PTSD, substance use, and suicidal ideation, among other negative impacts. Organizations that do not address VT may see such effects as employee turnover, reduced efficiency, and negative work environments. The VT-ORG is an assessment tool designed to help organizations complete the first step of organizational change-conducting a needs assessment. Study participants were 3,018 employees across 13 first responder and victim assistance agencies who completed the 67-item VT-ORG and additional measures for evaluation of its validity and reliability. The VT-ORG was found to have excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .98). A structural equation model demonstrated that the subscales of the VT-ORG predicted criterion measures of turnover intention, compassion satisfaction, and organizational resilience, with an overall model fit of CFI = .99, RMSEA = .053. This study found the VT-ORG to be a reliable and valid assessment of organizational responses to vicarious trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Hallinan
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- The Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Robert Volpe
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beth E Molnar
- The Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Bridger KM, Binder JF, Kellezi B. Secondary Traumatic Stress in Foster Carers: Risk Factors and Implications for Intervention. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2019; 29:482-492. [PMID: 32431483 PMCID: PMC7222129 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-019-01668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fostering, a professional or semi-professional role that is in increasing demand, involves potential exposure to material related to children's trauma in a domestic setting. Yet, professional vulnerability to secondary traumatic stress (STS) is under-researched in foster carers, as is the suitability of associated intervention techniques. We therefore investigated incidence of STS and psychological predictors relevant to secondary and primary stress appraisal in UK foster carers. METHODS British foster carers (n = 187; 81% female; aged 23-72 years; mean length of experience 9 years) were approached through a range of organizations managing paid foster caring in the UK for a survey study. Self-report measures were obtained on STS, burnout and compassion satisfaction from the Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) scale, as well as on primary trauma and variables previously recommended for inclusion in training targeting secondary trauma: empathy, resilience and self-care. RESULTS High levels of STS and burnout were found among foster carers. In multivariate model testing, STS was directly and positively predicted by burnout, compassion satisfaction and primary trauma (R 2 = 0.54, p < 0.001). Resilience, empathy and self-care did not show direct associations with STS, but self-care had a significant indirect effect on STS. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the view that STS is a substantial risk factor in foster caring. While self-care is confirmed as a promising factor in intervention, the roles of empathy and resilience are more ambiguous.
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Lemieux-Cumberlege A, Taylor EP. An exploratory study on the factors affecting the mental health and well-being of frontline workers in homeless services. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2019; 27:e367-e378. [PMID: 30864195 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Frontline workers in homeless services work in a high-intensity, emotionally consuming environment, with frequent exposure to traumatic material with potentially significant consequences for their own mental health. This, in turn, may have a negative impact on the quality of care provided to homeless service users. Prevention of this trajectory may be achieved through psychologically informed environments for staff. This study aimed to explore factors that may influence the development of burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS), depression, anxiety and stress in this population. Elevated levels of burnout and STS were predicted, as was an association between the predictor variables of professional experience, educational background, continuing professional development, access to organisational support structures and the outcome measures of compassion satisfaction, burnout, STS, depression, anxiety and stress. An online cross-sectional survey design using the Professional Quality of Life Scale (Version V) and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 and scales designed for this study capturing occupational variables were distributed via email and national networks to a wide range of services across Scotland and the rest of the UK. Over 4 months in 2017, 112 frontline homelessness workers in health, social care and third sector organisations completed the survey. Results did not indicate elevated levels of burnout or STS, though depression and stress were found to be significantly elevated compared to population norms and were associated with burnout, compassion satisfaction and secondary traumatic stress. High levels of various types of supervision support and CPD were identified. There was no association between these and burnout or stress. We highlight the elevated levels of stress and depression and make a research recommendation to parse types of supervision to assess for optimal effectiveness and efficiency in ensuring that staff working in high-stress homelessness settings receive optimal support to deliver high quality services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliénor Lemieux-Cumberlege
- Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emily P Taylor
- Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Ashley-Binge S, Cousins C. Individual and Organisational Practices Addressing Social Workers’ Experiences of Vicarious Trauma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09503153.2019.1620201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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La Mott J, Martin LA. Adverse childhood experiences, self-care, and compassion outcomes in mental health providers working with trauma. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:1066-1083. [PMID: 30720876 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the moderating effects of self-care on various compassion outcomes among mental health providers. METHOD Mental health providers (n = 371; 94.1% female; mean age = 47.12) were surveyed regarding their level of self-care, history of adverse childhood experiences, and the degree of burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion satisfaction experienced. RESULTS Results indicated that providers who endorsed a history of adverse childhood experiences (82.5%) also endorsed greater negative compassion outcomes than those who did not have such a history. Endorsement of self-care activities was a significant predictor of compassion satisfaction and burnout in the expected directions. Self-care served as a moderator between adverse childhood experiences and burnout. CONCLUSIONS Self-care is an effective method for decreasing negative compassion outcomes among mental health providers who work with trauma. It is important to develop effective training programs that promote self-care in personal and professional settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julee La Mott
- Department of Psychology, University of La Verne, La Verne, California
| | - Luci A Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of La Verne, La Verne, California
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Callahan K, Christman G, Maltby L. Battling Burnout: Strategies for Promoting Physician Wellness. Adv Pediatr 2018; 65:1-17. [PMID: 30053918 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Callahan
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, 1000 West Carson Street, Box 460, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Grant Christman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USC Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Boulevard #94, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Lauren Maltby
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, 1000 West Carson Street, Box 460, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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Nightingale S, Spiby H, Sheen K, Slade P. Posttraumatic stress symptomatology following exposure to perceived traumatic perinatal events within the midwifery profession: The impact of trait emotional intelligence. J Adv Nurs 2018; 74:2115-2125. [PMID: 29791758 DOI: 10.1111/jan.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore factors associated with, and predictors of, posttraumatic stress symptoms in midwives. To explore factors associated with, and potential moderating effects of, trait emotional intelligence. Secondary analysis explored predictors of resilience. BACKGROUND Midwives may experience vicarious trauma responses due to exposure to certain perinatal events in their professional lives. This may have adverse psychological outcomes for midwives, and women and children in their care. DESIGN A cross-sectional, online and paper survey of midwives in the United Kingdom was conducted. METHODS Between February and October 2016, 113 midwives who met inclusion criteria provided demographic information, and completed scales measuring posttraumatic stress symptoms, trait emotional intelligence, empathy, resilience, social support, and attitudes towards emotional expression. RESULTS Higher resilience and trait emotional intelligence scores were associated with reduced posttraumatic stress symptoms. Higher empathy, perceived social support, and resilience were associated with higher trait emotional intelligence. Lower resilience significantly predicted posttraumatic stress symptoms. Trait emotional intelligence did not moderate relationships between resilience and posttraumatic stress symptoms, but may protect against posttraumatic stress symptoms in midwives with higher empathy. Higher trait emotional intelligence, and lower empathy and need for support, significantly predicted resilience. Notably, when trait emotional intelligence was higher, the negative relationship between empathy and resilience was reduced. CONCLUSION Approximately one-fifth of midwives were experiencing posttraumatic stress symptoms at clinically significant levels. Trait emotional intelligence may protect against posttraumatic stress symptoms by supporting resilience, while enabling midwives to remain empathic. The negative correlation between resilience and empathy needs careful consideration by policy makers.
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Knight C. Trauma-informed supervision: Historical antecedents, current practice, and future directions. CLINICAL SUPERVISOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/07325223.2017.1413607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Knight
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Collins-Camargo C, Antle B. Child welfare supervision: Special issues related to trauma-informed care in a unique environment. CLINICAL SUPERVISOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07325223.2017.1382412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Becky Antle
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Amundson JK, Ross MW. The Wounded Healer: From the Other Side of the Couch. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2016; 59:114-21. [PMID: 27196014 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2016.1163657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
While concern for the "wounds" of the patient are paramount in clinical practice, there is both historical and contemporary literature on wounding in the professional. In what follows, these perspectives are presented. Issues related to transference/counter-transference, the "wounded healer," vicarious traumatization, nocebo potential in informed consent, and the use of treatment as crucible for one's own development as clinician are discussed.
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Baum N. Secondary Traumatization in Mental Health Professionals: A Systematic Review of Gender Findings. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2016; 17:221-35. [PMID: 25964278 DOI: 10.1177/1524838015584357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The issue of gender is largely ignored in studies of secondary traumatization (STS). This article addresses the question of gender differences in susceptibility to STS among clinicians who treat traumatized clients. It does so by systematically reviewing the very limited body of published findings on this subject to date. These are 10 published studies that measure STS by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and 4 studies that measure it using Stamm's Professionals Quality of Life Survey (ProQOL), which queries PTSD symptomatology along with other difficulties that may arise in helping traumatized clients. Almost all the studies based on PTSD symptomatology show greater female susceptibility. Although the pattern is less clear in the ProQOL studies, the article argues that the research to date does not really show mixed findings, as is repeatedly claimed, but greater susceptibility among female clinicians. It also points out that the findings do not mean that male clinicians are unaffected by their traumatized clients and notes the various manifestations of their distress reported in the reviewed studies. The article offers a variety of explanations for the heightened female susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehami Baum
- The Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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