Solid-Phase Synthesis of 2-Aminoethyl Glucosamine Sulfoforms

HFIP in Organic Synthesis

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.

Glycosidic linkage, N-acetyl side-chain, and other structural properties of methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-mannopyranoside monohydrate and related compounds

The crystal structure of methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glycopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-mannopyranoside monohydrate, C₁₅H₂₇NO₁₁·H₂O, was determined and its structural properties compared to those in a set of mono- and disaccharides bearing N-acetyl side-chains in βGlcNAc aldohexopyranosyl rings. Valence bond angles and torsion angles in these side chains are relatively uniform, but C-N (amide) and C-O (carbonyl) bond lengths depend on the state of hydrogen bonding to the carbonyl O atom and N-H hydrogen. Relative to N-acetyl side chains devoid of hydrogen bonding, those in which the carbonyl O atom serves as a hydrogen-bond acceptor display elongated C-O and shortened C-N bonds. This behavior is reproduced by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicating that the relative contributions of amide resonance forms to experimental C-N and C-O bond lengths depend on the solvation state, leading to expectations that activation barriers to amide cis-trans isomerization will depend on the polarity of the environment. DFT calculations also revealed useful predictive information on the dependencies of inter-residue hydrogen bonding and some bond angles in or proximal to β-(1→4) O-glycosidic linkages on linkage torsion angles φ and ψ. Hypersurfaces correlating φ and ψ with the linkage C-O-C bond angle and total energy are sufficiently similar to render the former a proxy of the latter.

Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012

This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.

Study of the stereoselectivity of 2-azido-2-deoxyglucosyl donors: protecting group effects

A series of tolyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-thio-glucoside donors with different combinations of protecting groups were prepared. These donors were used in glycosylation reactions to test the correlations between the stereoselectivity and the pattern of the protecting groups. Acetyl groups showed a position dependent stereo-directing effect. A remote participating mechanism is proposed to explain the observed results.

Sulfoform generation from an orthogonally protected disaccharide

An orthogonally protected disaccharide (GlcN(α1→4)Glc) with a β-linked 2'-aminoethyl linker was used to generate a series of sulfated derivatives (sulfoforms), with a 6-O-sulfate on the glucose residue and one or more sulfate esters on the terminal glucosamine. Deprotection and sulfonation steps were performed in solution and in variable order, with isolated yields of 36-54% (85-90% per operation) after HPLC purification. The modular deprotection-sulfonation sequences can be performed with efficient recovery of the polysulfate products, and avoids complications associated with heterogeneous reactivity in solid-phase synthesis.