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de Souza Ferreira LP, da Silva RA, Gil CD, Geisow MJ. Annexin A1, A2, A5, and A6 involvement in human pathologies. Proteins 2023; 91:1191-1204. [PMID: 37218507 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The human genome codes for 12 annexins with highly homologous membrane-binding cores and unique amino termini, which endow each protein with its specific biological properties. Not unique to vertebrate biology, multiple annexin orthologs are present in almost all eukaryotes. Their ability to combine either dynamically or constitutively with membrane lipid bilayers is hypothetically the key property that has led to their retention and multiple adaptation in eukaryotic molecular cell biology. Annexin genes are differentially expressed in many cell types but their disparate functions are still being discovered after more than 40 years of international research. A picture is emerging from gene knock down and knock out studies of individual annexins that these are important supporters rather than critical players in organism development and normal cell and tissue function. However, they appear to be highly significant "early responders" toward challenges arising from cell and tissue abiotic or biotic stress. In humans, recent focus has been on involvement of the annexin family for its involvement in diverse pathologies, especially cancer. From what has become an exceedingly broad field of investigation, we have selected four annexins in particular: AnxA1, 2, 5, and 6. Present both within and external to cells, these annexins are currently under intensive investigation in translational research as biomarkers of cellular dysfunction and as potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory conditions, neoplasia, and tissue repair. Annexin expression and release in response to biotic stress appears to be a balancing act. Under- or over-expression in different circumstances appears to damage rather than restore a healthy homeostasis. This review reflects briefly on what is already known of the structures and molecular cell biology of these selected annexins and considers their actual and potential roles in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Philipe de Souza Ferreira
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Structural and Functional Biology Graduate Program, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael André da Silva
- Biosciences Graduate Program, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristiane D Gil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Structural and Functional Biology Graduate Program, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Biosciences Graduate Program, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Michael J Geisow
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London UK & Delta Biotechnology Ltd, Nottingham, UK
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Bharadwaj A, Kempster E, Waisman DM. The Annexin A2/S100A10 Complex: The Mutualistic Symbiosis of Two Distinct Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121849. [PMID: 34944495 PMCID: PMC8699243 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic symbiosis refers to the symbiotic relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit from the association. S100A10, a member of the S100 family of Ca2+-binding proteins, exists as a tight dimer and binds two annexin A2 molecules. This association forms the annexin A2/S100A10 complex known as AIIt, and modifies the distinct functions of both proteins. Annexin A2 is a Ca2+-binding protein that binds F-actin, phospholipid, RNA, and specific polysaccharides such as heparin. S100A10 does not bind Ca2+, but binds tPA, plasminogen, certain plasma membrane ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, and the structural scaffold protein, AHNAK. S100A10 relies on annexin A2 for its intracellular survival: in the absence of annexin A2, it is rapidly destroyed by ubiquitin-dependent and independent proteasomal degradation. Annexin A2 requires S100A10 to increase its affinity for Ca2+, facilitating its participation in Ca2+-dependent processes such as membrane binding. S100A10 binds tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen, and promotes plasminogen activation to plasmin, which is a process stimulated by annexin A2. In contrast, annexin A2 acts as a plasmin reductase and facilitates the autoproteolytic destruction of plasmin. This review examines the relationship between annexin A2 and S100A10, and how their mutualistic symbiosis affects the function of both proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu Bharadwaj
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.B.); (E.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Emma Kempster
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.B.); (E.K.)
| | - David Morton Waisman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.B.); (E.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-494-1803; Fax: +1-(902)-494-1355
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Bharadwaj AG, Kempster E, Waisman DM. The ANXA2/S100A10 Complex—Regulation of the Oncogenic Plasminogen Receptor. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121772. [PMID: 34944416 PMCID: PMC8698604 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of the serine protease plasmin is initiated by the binding of its zymogenic precursor, plasminogen, to cell surface receptors. The proteolytic activity of plasmin, generated at the cell surface, plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, wound healing, and the invasion of cells through both the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. The seminal observation by Albert Fischer that cancer cells, but not normal cells in culture, produce large amounts of plasmin formed the basis of current-day observations that plasmin generation can be hijacked by cancer cells to allow tumor development, progression, and metastasis. Thus, the cell surface plasminogen-binding receptor proteins are critical to generating plasmin proteolytic activity at the cell surface. This review focuses on one of the twelve well-described plasminogen receptors, S100A10, which, when in complex with its regulatory partner, annexin A2 (ANXA2), forms the ANXA2/S100A10 heterotetrameric complex referred to as AIIt. We present the theme that AIIt is the quintessential cellular plasminogen receptor since it regulates the formation and the destruction of plasmin. We also introduce the term oncogenic plasminogen receptor to define those plasminogen receptors directly activated during cancer progression. We then discuss the research establishing AIIt as an oncogenic plasminogen receptor-regulated during EMT and activated by oncogenes such as SRC, RAS, HIF1α, and PML-RAR and epigenetically by DNA methylation. We further discuss the evidence derived from animal models supporting the role of S100A10 in tumor progression and oncogenesis. Lastly, we describe the potential of S100A10 as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu G. Bharadwaj
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.G.B.); (E.K.)
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Emma Kempster
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.G.B.); (E.K.)
| | - David M. Waisman
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.G.B.); (E.K.)
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-494-1803; Fax: +1-(902)-494-1355
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Miles LA, Ny L, Wilczynska M, Shen Y, Ny T, Parmer RJ. Plasminogen Receptors and Fibrinolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041712. [PMID: 33567773 PMCID: PMC7914795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to promote plasminogen activation on their surfaces is now well recognized, and several distinct cell surface proteins have been demonstrated to function as plasminogen receptors. Here, we review studies demonstrating that plasminogen bound to cells, in addition to plasminogen directly bound to fibrin, plays a major role in regulating fibrin surveillance. We focus on the ability of specific plasminogen receptors on eukaryotic cells to promote fibrinolysis in the in vivo setting by reviewing data obtained predominantly in murine models. Roles for distinct plasminogen receptors in fibrin surveillance in intravascular fibrinolysis, immune cell recruitment in the inflammatory response, wound healing, and lactational development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-784-7105; Fax: 858-784-7374
| | - Lina Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (L.N.); (M.W.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Malgorzata Wilczynska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (L.N.); (M.W.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (L.N.); (M.W.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Tor Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (L.N.); (M.W.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA and Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA;
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Xiao L, Jin H, Duan W, Hou Y. Roles of N-terminal Annexin A2 phosphorylation sites and miR-206 in colonic adenocarcinoma. Life Sci 2020; 253:117740. [PMID: 32376265 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is closely associated with tumor malignancy and its N-terminus includes a vital domain for its function. The aims are to explore the correlation between the sites (Tyr23, Ser1, Ser11 and Ser25) in the domain and its roles. MAIN METHODS We re-expressed ANXA2 with mutated sites in ANXA2-deleted human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line caco2 (ANXA2-/-caco2). A series of analyses were used to determine the correlation of each site with ANXA2 activation, cell malignancy enhancement and motility-associated microstructural development. Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays were employed to validate ANXA2-targeted miRNAs. KEY FINDINGS The in vitro results showed that all single and multiple mutations of the ANXA2 N-terminal sites inhibited ANXA2 phosphorylation at different levels and subsequently inhibited the proliferation, motility, and polymerization of F-actin and β-tubulin in caco2 cells. Motility-associated microstructures were significantly remodeled when these sites were mutated. The forced expression of miR-206 significantly suppressed the proliferation, motility and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of caco2 cells. The in vivo results showed that all the ANXA2 N-terminal site mutations and forced expression of miR-206 significantly inhibited tumor growth. Overall, this study demonstrated that the sites of the ANXA2 N-terminus, especially Tyr23, play crucial roles in maintaining the high malignancy of colonic adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, miR-206 targets ANXA2 and plays a role as a cancer suppressor in colonic adenocarcinoma. SIGNIFICANCE Our study provided evidence that further elucidates the molecular mechanism of ANXA2 and its roles in colonic adenocarcinoma and suggested potential targets of ANXA2 for colonic adenocarcinoma therapy by using miR-206 as a novel strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Huijuan Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Yingchun Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China.
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6
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Lou Y, Yu Y, Xu X, Zhou S, Shen H, Fan T, Wu D, Yin J, Li G. Long non-coding RNA LUCAT1 promotes tumourigenesis by inhibiting ANXA2 phosphorylation in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1873-1884. [PMID: 30588744 PMCID: PMC6378214 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play essential roles in diverse biological processes; however, current understanding of the mechanism underlying the regulation of tumour proliferation and metastasis is limited. Lung cancer‐associated transcript 1 (LUCAT1) has been reported in a variety of human cancers, while its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the biological role and underlying mechanism of LUCAT1 on progression and metastasis in HCC cells and clinical specimens. Our results demonstrated that LUCAT1 was up‐regulated in HCC tissues and cells. Loss‐ and gain‐of‐function studies revealed that LUCAT1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, RNA pulldown and Western blot assays indicated that LUCAT1 inhibited the phosphorylation of Annexin A2 (ANXA2) to reduce the degradation of ANXA2‐S100A10 heterotetramer (AIIt), which in turn accelerated the secretion of plasminogen into plasmin, thereby resulting in the activation of metalloprotease proteins. In conclusion, we propose that LUCAT1 serves as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lou
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Xiaolia Xu
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, P.R. China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Haiyuan Shen
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Tianlong Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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7
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S100A10 and Cancer Hallmarks: Structure, Functions, and its Emerging Role in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124122. [PMID: 30572596 PMCID: PMC6321037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A10, which is also known as p11, is located in the plasma membrane and forms a heterotetramer with annexin A2. The heterotetramer, comprising of two subunits of annexin A2 and S100A10, activates the plasminogen activation pathway, which is involved in cellular repair of normal tissues. Increased expression of annexin A2 and S100A10 in cancer cells leads to increased levels of plasmin—which promotes the degradation of the extracellular matrix—increased angiogenesis, and the invasion of the surrounding organs. Although many studies have investigated the functional role of annexin A2 in cancer cells, including ovarian cancer, S100A10 has been less studied. We recently demonstrated that high stromal annexin A2 and high cytoplasmic S100A10 expression is associated with a 3.4-fold increased risk of progression and 7.9-fold risk of death in ovarian cancer patients. Other studies have linked S100A10 with multidrug resistance in ovarian cancer; however, no functional studies to date have been performed in ovarian cancer cells. This article reviews the current understanding of S100A10 function in cancer with a particular focus on ovarian cancer.
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8
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Holloway RW, Thomas ML, Cohen AM, Bharadwaj AG, Rahman M, Marcato P, Marignani PA, Waisman DM. Regulation of cell surface protease receptor S100A10 by retinoic acid therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) ☆. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:920. [PMID: 30206209 PMCID: PMC6134137 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
S100A10 (p11), a member of the S100 family of small dimeric EF-hand-type Ca2+-binding proteins, plays a role in a variety of both intracellular and extracellular processes. Previous studies have suggested that p11 is intrinsically unstable and requires binding to annexin A2 (p36) to prevent its rapid ubiquitylation and degradation. Our laboratory has shown that p11 levels are stimulated by the expression of the oncoprotein, PML/RARα. Furthermore, treatment of the APL cell line, NB4 with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) causes the rapid loss of p36 and p11 protein. However, the mechanism by which ATRA regulates p11 levels has not been established. Here, we show that the proteasomal inhibitor, lactacystin reversed the ATRA-dependent loss of p11, but did not cause an accumulation of ubiquitylated forms of p11, suggesting that ATRA promotes the proteasomal degradation of p11 in an ubiquitin-independent manner. ATRA treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells reduced p11 but not p36 transcript and protein levels, thus indicating that ATRA can regulate p11 levels independently of PML/RARα and p36. Overexpression of p36 upregulated p11 protein but not mRNA levels, indicating that p36 affects p11 post translationally. The forced expression of ubiquitin and p11 in 293 T cells resulted in ubiquitylation of p11 that was blocked by mutagenesis of lysine 57. This study highlights the complex regulation of p11 by retinoid signaling and challenges the hypothesis that ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of p11 represents a universal mechanism of regulation of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Holloway
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Margaret L Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Alejandro M Cohen
- Proteomic Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X5, Canada
| | | | - Mushfiqur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Paola Marcato
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X5, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Paola A Marignani
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - David M Waisman
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X5, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X5, Canada.
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Liu G, Fei F, Qu J, Wang X, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang S. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of DMH-induced colorectal cancer in mice reveals the expressions of β-catenin, decorin, septin-7, and S100A10 expression in 53 cases of human hereditary polyposis colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2018; 21:220-231. [PMID: 29956073 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-1912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to explore the roles of β-catenin, decorin, septin-7, and S100A10 expression in colorectal cancer development. METHODS Twenty-five BALB/c mice were divided into five groups; four groups were administrated N,N-dimethylhydrazine for 0, 10, 15, and 20 weeks, and one group was administrated normal saline for 20 weeks. The colons were collected for histopathological analysis. Protein samples prepared from the frozen colon tissues of mice treated with N,N-dimethylhydrazine for the different time points were evaluated using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling technique coupled with the 2D liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Based on the proteomic analysis results, immunohistochemical staining of β-catenin, decorin, septin-7, and S100A10 was performed in paraffin-embedded mice colorectal tissue, and 53 cases of human hereditary polyposis colorectal cancer samples. RESULTS Colorectal cancer was observed in mice treated with N,N-dimethylhydrazine for 20 weeks, and adenomas were observed in mice subjected to the 10-, and 15-week treatments. Seventy-two differentially expressed proteins were involved in the development of cancer as per the iTRAQ and spectrometry analysis. In normal epithelium, adenoma, and cancer from human hereditary polyposis colorectal cancer, S100A10 expression (c2 = 100.989, P = 0.000) was highest in cancer, whereas decorin (c2 = 12.852, P = 0.002) and septin-7 (c2 = 66.519, P = 0.002) expressions were highest in the normal epithelium, which was confirmed via immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSIONS The subcellular localization of β-catenin and decorin, septin-7, and S100A10 expressions are associated with the development of colorectal cancer in mice after N,N-dimethylhydrazine treatment and in human hereditary polyposis colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China
| | - F Fei
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - J Qu
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Li
- Departments of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China. .,Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Huang D, Yang Y, Sun J, Dong X, Wang J, Liu H, Lu C, Chen X, Shao J, Yan J. Annexin A2-S100A10 heterotetramer is upregulated by PML/RARα fusion protein and promotes plasminogen-dependent fibrinolysis and matrix invasion in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Front Med 2017; 11:410-422. [PMID: 28687976 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of annexin A2-S100A10 heterotetramer (AIIt) associated with PML/RARα fusion protein causes lethal hyperfibrinolysis in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), but the mechanism is unclear. To facilitate the investigation of regulatory association between ANXA2 and promyelocytic leukemia/retinoic acid receptor a (PML/RARα) fusion protein, this work was performed to determine the transcription start site of ANXA2 promoter with rapid amplification of 5'-cDNA ends analysis. Zinc-induced U937/PR9 cells expressed PML/RARα fusion protein, and resultant increases in ANXA2 transcripts and translational expressions of both ANXA2 and S100A10, while S100A10 transcripts remained constitutive. The transactivation of ANXA2 promoter by PML/RARα fusion protein was 3.29 ± 0.13 fold higher than that by control pSG5 vector or wild-type RARα. The overexpression of ANXA2 in U937 transfected with full-length ANXA2 cDNA was associated with increased S100A10 subunit, although S100A10 transcripts remained constitutive. The tPA-dependent initial rate of plasmin generation (IRPG) in zinc-treated U937/PR9 increased by 2.13-fold, and cell invasiveness increased by 27.6%. Antibodies against ANXA2, S100A10, or combination of both all remarkably inhibited the IRPG and invasiveness in U937/PR9 and NB4. Treatment of zinc-induced U937/PR9 or circulating APL blasts with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) significantly reduced cell surface ANXA2 and S100A10 and associated reductions in IRPG and invasiveness. Thus, PML/RARα fusion protein transactivated the ANXA2 promoter to upregulate ANXA2 and accumulate S100A10. Increased AIIt promoted IRPG and invasiveness, both of which were partly abolished by antibodies against ANXA2 and S100A10 or by ATRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Medical Center, Department of Hematology of the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Medical Center, Department of Hematology of the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Medical Center, Department of Hematology of the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, China
| | - Xiaorong Dong
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Medical Center, Department of Hematology of the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Medical Center, Department of Hematology of the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, China
| | - Hongchen Liu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Medical Center, Department of Hematology of the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, China
| | - Chengquan Lu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Medical Center, Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xueyu Chen
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Medical Center, Department of Hematology of the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Medical Center, Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Jinsong Yan
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Liaoning Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Medical Center, Department of Hematology of the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, China.
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Receptor role of the annexin A2 in the mesothelial endocytosis of crocidolite fibers. J Transl Med 2015; 95:749-64. [PMID: 25915724 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Asbestos-induced mesothelioma is a worldwide problem. Parietal mesothelial cells internalize asbestos fibers that traverse the entire lung parenchyma, an action that is linked to mesothelial carcinogenesis. Thus far, vitronectin purified from serum reportedly enhances the internalization of crocidolite by mesothelial cells via integrin αvβ5. To reveal another mechanism by which mesothelial cells endocytose (phagocytose) asbestos, we first evaluated the effects of serum on asbestos uptake, which proved to be nonessential. Thereafter, we undertook a study to identify proteins on the surface of mesothelial cells (MeT5A) that act as receptors for asbestos uptake based on the assumption that receptors bind to asbestos with physical affinity. To this end, we incubated the membrane fraction of MeT5A cells with crocidolite or chrysotile and evaluated the adsorbed proteins using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel analysis. Next, we extensively identified the proteins using an in-solution or in-gel digestion coupled with mass spectrometry. Among the identified proteins, annexin A2 (ANXA2) and transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFRC) were distinguished because of their high score and presence at the cell surface. Crocidolite uptake by MeT5A cells was significantly decreased by shRNA (short hairpin RNA)-induced knockdown of ANXA2 and direct blockade of cell surface ANXA2 using anti-ANXA2 antibody. In addition, abundant ANXA2 protein was present on the cell membrane of mesothelial cells, particularly facing the somatic cavity. These findings demonstrate that ANXA2 has a role in the mesothelial phagocytosis of crocidolite and may serve as its receptor.
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12
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Bydoun M, Waisman DM. On the contribution of S100A10 and annexin A2 to plasminogen activation and oncogenesis: an enduring ambiguity. Future Oncol 2014; 10:2469-79. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Plasminogen receptors are becoming increasingly relevant in regulating many diseases such as cancer, stroke and inflammation. However, controversy has emerged concerning the putative role of some receptors, in particular annexin A2, in binding plasminogen. Several reports failed to account for the effects of annexin A2 on the stability and conformation of its binding partner S100A10. This has created an enduring ambiguity as to the actual function of annexin A2 in plasmin regulation. Supported by a long line of evidence, we conclude that S100A10, and not annexin A2, is the primary plasminogen receptor within the annexin A2-S100A10 complex and contributes to the plasmin-mediated effects that were originally ascribed to annexin A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moamen Bydoun
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, PO Box 1500, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David M Waisman
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, PO Box 1500, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, PO Box 1500, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
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13
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Zhao Q, Zhang ZW, Liu CY, Xiao J, Li ZB, Wu SH, Wu YJ, Yang DS, Quan LP, Lei MS. Significance of expression of PKCα, Annexin A2 and S100A10 proteins in gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1793-1800. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i13.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the clinical significance of expression of protein kinase C (PKC), Annexin A2 and S100A10 proteins in gastric cancer and provide valuable data for finding diagnosis related proteins in gastric cancer.
METHODS: The expression of PKCα, Annexin A2 and S100A10 proteins was detected by Western blot in normal gastric mucosa and gastric cancer tissues. Moreover, their expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue array containing normal gastric mucosa and gastric cancer tissues. The clinicopathologic significance of their expression was evaluated.
RESULTS: Western blot analysis showed that the expression of PKCα, Annexin A2 and S100A10 proteins was significantly higher in gastric cancer tissue than in normal gastric mucosa tissue (P < 0.01 for all). Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the positive expression rates of PKCα, Annexin A2 and S100A10 proteins were significantly lower in normal gastric mucosa tissue than in gastric cancer tissue [8.82% (3/34) vs 76.54% (62/81), 5.88% (2/34) vs 79.01% (64/81), 2.94% (1/34) vs 59.26% (48/81); P < 0.01 for all].
CONCLUSION: The expression of PKCα, Annexin A2 and S100A10 proteins is up-regulated in gastric cancer tissue compared with normal gastric mucosa tissue and may be related with the occurrence and differentiation degree of gastric cancer.
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Hou Y, Hou Y, He S, Ma C, Sun M, He H, Gao N. The merged basins of signal transduction pathways in spatiotemporal cell biology. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:287-91. [PMID: 23939989 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous evidences have indicated that a signal system is composed by signal pathways, each pathway is composed by sub-pathways, and the sub-pathway is composed by the original signal terminals initiated with a protein/gene. We infer the terminal signals merged signal transduction system as "signal basin". In this article, we discussed the composition and regulation of signal basins, and the relationship between the signal basin control and triple W of spatiotemporal cell biology. Finally, we evaluated the importance of the systemic regulation to gene expression by signal basins under triple W. We hope our discussion will be the beginning to cause the attention for this area from the scientists of life science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Hou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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15
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Hankins JL, Ward KE, Linton SS, Barth BM, Stahelin RV, Fox TE, Kester M. Ceramide 1-phosphate mediates endothelial cell invasion via the annexin a2-p11 heterotetrameric protein complex. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19726-38. [PMID: 23696646 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.481622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactive sphingolipid, ceramide 1-phosphate (C-1-P), has been implicated as an extracellular chemotactic agent directing cellular migration in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and macrophages. However, interacting proteins that could mediate these actions of C-1-P have, thus far, eluded identification. We have now identified and characterized interactions between ceramide 1-phosphate and the annexin a2-p11 heterotetramer constituents. This C-1-P-receptor complex is capable of facilitating cellular invasion. Herein, we demonstrate in both coronary artery macrovascular endothelial cells and retinal microvascular endothelial cells that C-1-P induces invasion through an extracellular matrix barrier. By employing surface plasmon resonance, lipid-binding ELISA, and mass spectrometry technologies, we have demonstrated that the heterotetramer constituents bind to C-1-P. Although the annexin a2-p11 heterotetramer constituents do not bind the lipid C-1-P exclusively, other structurally similar lipids, such as phosphatidylserine, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and phosphatidic acid, could not elicit the potent chemotactic stimulation observed with C-1-P. Further, we show that siRNA-mediated knockdown of either annexin a2 or p11 protein significantly inhibits C-1-P-directed invasion, indicating that the heterotetrameric complex is required for C-1-P-mediated chemotaxis. These results imply that extracellular C-1-P, acting through the extracellular annexin a2-p11 heterotetrameric protein, can mediate vascular endothelial cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody L Hankins
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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16
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Annexin A2 heterotetramer: structure and function. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6259-305. [PMID: 23519104 PMCID: PMC3634455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A2 is a pleiotropic calcium- and anionic phospholipid-binding protein that exists as a monomer and as a heterotetrameric complex with the plasminogen receptor protein, S100A10. Annexin A2 has been proposed to play a key role in many processes including exocytosis, endocytosis, membrane organization, ion channel conductance, and also to link F-actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. Despite an impressive list of potential binding partners and regulatory activities, it was somewhat unexpected that the annexin A2-null mouse should show a relatively benign phenotype. Studies with the annexin A2-null mouse have suggested important functions for annexin A2 and the heterotetramer in fibrinolysis, in the regulation of the LDL receptor and in cellular redox regulation. However, the demonstration that depletion of annexin A2 causes the depletion of several other proteins including S100A10, fascin and affects the expression of at least sixty-one genes has confounded the reports of its function. In this review we will discuss the annexin A2 structure and function and its proposed physiological and pathological roles.
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The biochemistry and regulation of S100A10: a multifunctional plasminogen receptor involved in oncogenesis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:353687. [PMID: 23118506 PMCID: PMC3479961 DOI: 10.1155/2012/353687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen receptors mediate the production and localization to the cell surface of the broad spectrum proteinase, plasmin. S100A10 is a key regulator of cellular plasmin production and may account for as much as 50% of cellular plasmin generation. In parallel to plasminogen, the plasminogen-binding site on S100A10 is highly conserved from mammals to fish. S100A10 is constitutively expressed in many cells and is also induced by many diverse factors and physiological stimuli including dexamethasone, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, interferon-γ, nerve growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor, retinoic acid, and thrombin. Therefore, S100A10 is utilized by cells to regulate plasmin proteolytic activity in response to a wide diversity of physiological stimuli. The expression of the oncogenes, PML-RARα and KRas, also stimulates the levels of S100A10, suggesting a role for S100A10 in pathophysiological processes such as in the oncogenic-mediated increases in plasmin production. The S100A10-null mouse model system has established the critical role that S100A10 plays as a regulator of fibrinolysis and oncogenesis. S100A10 plays two major roles in oncogenesis, first as a regulator of cancer cell invasion and metastasis and secondly as a regulator of the recruitment of tumor-associated cells, such as macrophages, to the tumor site.
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Lai JH, She TF, Juang YM, Tsay YG, Huang AH, Yu SL, Chen JJW, Lai CC. Comparative proteomic profiling of human lung adenocarcinoma cells (CL 1-0) expressing miR-372. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:675-88. [PMID: 22451061 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a common malignancy and has a poor overall prognosis. Widespread metastasis is a common phenomenon in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It has been demonstrated that cancer relapse and survival can be predicted by the presence of a five-microRNA (miRNA) signature independent of stage or histologic type in NSCLC patients. Among the five miRNAs in the signature, miR-372 has been shown to play a significant role in metastasis and in the development of human testicular germ cell tumors. In addition, there is evidence that miR-372 posttranscriptionally downregulates large tumor suppressor, homolog 2 (Lats2), resulting in tumorigenesis and proliferation. To further investigate the cellular mechanisms involved in miR-372-induced silencing, we conducted a comparative proteomic analysis of NSCLC CL 1-0 cells expressing miRNA-372 and/or vector only by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), and LC/MS/MS. Proteins identified as being up- or downregulated were further classified according to their biological functions. Many of the proteins identified in our study may be potential diagnostic biomarkers of NSCLC, particularly phosphorylated eIF4A-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juo-Hsin Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Liao CJ, Wu TI, Huang YH, Chang TC, Wang CS, Tsai MM, Lai CH, Liang Y, Jung SM, Lin KH. Glucose-regulated protein 58 modulates cell invasiveness and serves as a prognostic marker for cervical cancer. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:2255-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
The vascular endothelial cells line the inner surface of blood vessels and function to maintain blood fluidity by producing the protease plasmin that removes blood clots from the vasculature, a process called fibrinolysis. Plasminogen receptors play a central role in the regulation of plasmin activity. The protein complex annexin A2 heterotetramer (AIIt) is an important plasminogen receptor at the surface of the endothelial cell. AIIt is composed of 2 molecules of annexin A2 (ANXA2) bound together by a dimer of the protein S100A10. Recent work performed by our laboratory allowed us to clarify the specific roles played by ANXA2 and S100A10 subunits within the AIIt complex, which has been the subject of debate for many years. The ANXA2 subunit of AIIt functions to stabilize and anchor S100A10 to the plasma membrane, whereas the S100A10 subunit initiates the fibrinolytic cascade by colocalizing with the urokinase type plasminogen activator and receptor complex and also providing a common binding site for both tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen via its C-terminal lysine residue. The AIIt mediated colocalization of the plasminogen activators with plasminogen results in the rapid and localized generation of plasmin to the endothelial cell surface, thereby regulating fibrinolysis.
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Qu YH, Yang JM, Fan QX, Zhou Y. ANXA-2 and VEGF promote invasiveness of human liver cancer HepG2 cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1174-1178. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i11.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of annexin-2 (ANXA-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in promoting invasiveness of human liver cancer HepG2 cells .
METHODS: After HepG2 cells were treated with different doses of 5-fluorouracil, cell invasiveness was detected by Transwell assay, and the mRNA and protein expression of ANXA-2 and VEGF was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively.
RESULTS: The invasiveness of HepG2 cells decreased with the increase in the dose of 5-fluorouracil, with significant differences among cells treated with different doses of 5-fluorouracil (22 ± 5, 25 ± 4, 13 ± 2, 12 ± 2 vs 39 ± 7, all P < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression of ANXA2 and VEGF in HepG2 cells decreased gradually with the increase in the dose of 5-fluorouracil (ANXA2 mRNA: 0.527 ± 0.008, 0.419 ± 0.046, 0.213 ± 0.007, 0.176 ± 0.007 vs 0.718 ± 0.008; ANXA2 protein: 0.669 ± 0.055, 0.484 ± 0.072, 0.180 ± 0.034, 0.099 ± 0.009 vs 1.236 ± 0.102; VEGF mRNA: 0.818 ± 0.016, 0.558 ± 0.101, 0.386 ± 0.009, 0.352 ± 0.017 vs 1.176 ± 0.035; VEGF protein: 0.960 ± 0.085, 0.962 ± 0.056, 0.376 ± 0.069, 0.219 ± 0.008 vs 1.124 ± 0.170, all P < 0.001). There were significant correlations between the mRNA and protein expression of ANXA2 and VEGF (rp = 0.900, rw = 0.856).
CONCLUSION: The expression of ANXA2 and VEGF in HepG2 cells decreased gradually with the increase in the dose of 5-fluorouracil. ANXA2 and VEGF may play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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The role of annexin A2 in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2011; 4:199-208. [PMID: 21909879 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A2 is a calcium-dependent, phospholipid-binding protein found on various cell types. It is up-regulated in various tumor types and plays multiple roles in regulating cellular functions, including angiogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, invasion and adhesion. Annexin A2 binds with plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator on the cell surface, which leads to the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin is a serine protease which plays a key role in the activation of metalloproteinases and degradation of extracellular matrix components essential for metastatic progression. We have recently found that both annexin A2 and plasmin are increased in conditioned media of co cultured ovarian cancer and peritoneal cells. Our studies suggest that annexin A2 is part of a tumor-host signal pathway between ovarian cancer and peritoneal cells which promotes ovarian cancer metastasis. Accumulating evidence suggest that interactions between annexin A2 and its binding proteins play an important role in the tumor microenvironment and act together to enhance cancer metastasis. This article reviews the current knowledge on the biological role of annexin A2 and its binding proteins in solid malignancies including ovarian cancer.
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Upregulated fascin1 in non-small cell lung cancer promotes the migration and invasiveness, but not proliferation. Cancer Lett 2010; 290:238-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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