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Rodríguez-Camacho A, Flores-Vázquez JG, Moscardini-Martelli J, Torres-Ríos JA, Olmos-Guzmán A, Ortiz-Arce CS, Cid-Sánchez DR, Pérez SR, Macías-González MDS, Hernández-Sánchez LC, Heredia-Gutiérrez JC, Contreras-Palafox GA, Suárez-Campos JDJE, Celis-López MÁ, Gutiérrez-Aceves GA, Moreno-Jiménez S. Glioblastoma Treatment: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137207. [PMID: 35806212 PMCID: PMC9267036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Glioblastoma is the most frequent and lethal primary tumor of the central nervous system. Through many years, research has brought various advances in glioblastoma treatment. At this time, glioblastoma management is based on maximal safe surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with temozolomide. Recently, bevacizumab has been added to the treatment arsenal for the recurrent scenario. Nevertheless, patients with glioblastoma still have a poor prognosis. Therefore, many efforts are being made in different clinical research areas to find a new alternative to improve overall survival, free-progression survival, and life quality in glioblastoma patients. (2) Methods: Our objective is to recap the actual state-of-the-art in glioblastoma treatment, resume the actual research and future perspectives on immunotherapy, as well as the new synthetic molecules and natural compounds that represent potential future therapies at preclinical stages. (3) Conclusions: Despite the great efforts in therapeutic research, glioblastoma management has suffered minimal changes, and the prognosis remains poor. Combined therapeutic strategies and delivery methods, including immunotherapy, synthetic molecules, natural compounds, and glioblastoma stem cell inhibition, may potentiate the standard of care therapy and represent the next step in glioblastoma management research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rodríguez-Camacho
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - José Guillermo Flores-Vázquez
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Júlia Moscardini-Martelli
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Jorge Alejandro Torres-Ríos
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Alejandro Olmos-Guzmán
- Hospital de Especialidades No.1 Centro Médico Nacional del Bajío, León 37680, Mexico; (A.O.-G.); (C.S.O.-A.)
| | - Cindy Sharon Ortiz-Arce
- Hospital de Especialidades No.1 Centro Médico Nacional del Bajío, León 37680, Mexico; (A.O.-G.); (C.S.O.-A.)
| | - Dharely Raquel Cid-Sánchez
- Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (D.R.C.-S.); (S.R.P.)
| | - Samuel Rosales Pérez
- Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (D.R.C.-S.); (S.R.P.)
| | | | - Laura Crystell Hernández-Sánchez
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Juan Carlos Heredia-Gutiérrez
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Gabriel Alejandro Contreras-Palafox
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - José de Jesús Emilio Suárez-Campos
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Celis-López
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Guillermo Axayacalt Gutiérrez-Aceves
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Sergio Moreno-Jiménez
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
- American British Cowdray Medical Center, Cancer Center, Mexico City 01120, Mexico
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Liu Y, Xiang J, Peng G, Shen C. PRLHR Immune Genes Associated With Tumor Mutation Burden can be Used as Prognostic Markers in Patients With Gliomas. Front Oncol 2022; 12:620190. [PMID: 35800054 PMCID: PMC9253814 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.620190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor mutation burden (TMB) is a useful biomarker for predicting the prognosis and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICIs). In this study, we aimed to explore the prognostic value of TMB and TMB-related PRLHR immune genes as prognostic markers in patients with gliomas. We downloaded MAF files, RNA-seq data, and clinical information from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The TMB of glioma was calculated and its correlation with clinical features and prognosis was analyzed. We found that TMB was statistically correlated with the grade and age of patients with gliomas. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that low TMB was associated with better clinical outcome in patients with gliomas. Additionally, a predictive model based on five HUB genes (FABP5, VEGFA, SAA1, ADM, and PRLHR) was constructed to predict OS in patients with gliomas. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis shows that the model is reliable in predicting the risk of survival and prognosis. Immune microenvironment analysis revealed a correlation between TMB and infiltrating immune cells. The clinical-related immune gene, PRLHR, can be used as an independent prognostic factor for patients with brain glioma, and it is negatively correlated with the grade of glioma and age of patients with glioma. We found that the higher the tumor grade and the older the age, the lower the PRLHR expression, which was verified by CGGA database and independent experimental data. These results suggest that PRLHR may be a tumor suppressor for the progression of glioma and might provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment and improvement of survival rate in patients with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Xiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Chenfu Shen, ; Gang Peng,
| | - Chenfu Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Chenfu Shen, ; Gang Peng,
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Litak J, Grochowski C, Litak J, Osuchowska I, Gosik K, Radzikowska E, Kamieniak P, Rolinski J. TLR-4 Signaling vs. Immune Checkpoints, miRNAs Molecules, Cancer Stem Cells, and Wingless-Signaling Interplay in Glioblastoma Multiforme-Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093114. [PMID: 32354122 PMCID: PMC7247696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like-receptor (TLR) family members were detected in the central nervous system (CNS). TLR occurrence was noticed and widely described in glioblastomamultiforme (GBM) cells. After ligand attachment, TLR-4 reorients domains and dimerizes, activates an intracellular cascade, and promotes further cytoplasmatic signaling. There is evidence pointing at a strong relation between TLR-4 signaling and micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) expression. The TLR-4/miRNA interplay changes typical signaling and encourages them to be a target for modern immunotherapy. TLR-4 agonists initiate signaling and promote programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1L) expression. Most of those molecules are intensively expressed in the GBM microenvironment, resulting in the autocrine induction of regional immunosuppression. Another potential target for immunotreatment is connected with limited TLR-4 signaling that promotes Wnt/DKK-3/claudine-5 signaling, resulting in a limitation of GBM invasiveness. Interestingly, TLR-4 expression results in bordering proliferative trends in cancer stem cells (CSC) and GBM. All of these potential targets could bring new hope for patients suffering from this incurable disease. Clinical trials concerning TLR-4 signaling inhibition/promotion in many cancers are recruiting patients. There is still a lot to do in the field of GBM immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Litak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Cezary Grochowski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Laboratory of Virtual Man, Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Joanna Litak
- St. John‘s Cancer Center in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ida Osuchowska
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gosik
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Rolinski
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Long S, Li M, Liu J, Yang Y, Li G. Identification of immunologic subtype and prognosis of GBM based on TNFSF14 and immune checkpoint gene expression profiling. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7112-7128. [PMID: 32310827 PMCID: PMC7202515 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint therapy has failed to show significant benefit in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Immunologic subtypes of GBM are necessary to identify patients who might benefit from immune-checkpoint therapy. This study reviewed 152 GBM samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and 214 GBM samples from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA). Correlation analysis showed that immune checkpoint genes (ICGs) were mainly positively correlated. The prognostic analysis of the overall survival showed that there was a significant correlation between the overall survival (OS) and the prognosis of ICGs, in which the TNFSF14 gene was a significant adverse prognostic factor. Combined with TMB and neoantigens, we found that TNFSF9 and CD27 were significantly negatively correlated with TMB and neoantigens. The association between adaptive immune pathway genes and ICG expression showed that they were positively correlated with ICGs, indicating that adaptive immune pathway genes have a certain regulatory effect on the expression of ICGs. The analysis of clinical features of the samples showed that the higher the expression of ICGs, the more likely to be correlated with mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), while the lower the expression level of IDH, the more likely to be significantly correlated with the primary GBM. Survival analysis showed that low expression of PD-L1, IDO1, or CTLA4 with TNFSF14 in the low expression group had the best prognosis, while high expression of IDO1 or CD274 with TNFSF14 in the high expression group and low expression of CTLA4 with TNFSF14 in the high expression group had the worst prognosis. We conclude that TNFSF14 is a biomarker to identify immunologic subtype and prognosis with other ICGs in GBM and may serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengrong Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingdong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary brain tumor. In spite of the rigorous multimodal treatment involving surgery and radiochemotherapy, GBM has a dismal prognosis and rapid relapsing potential. Hence, search for novel therapeutic agents still continues. Neoantigens are the tumor-specific antigens which arise due to somatic mutations in the tumor genome. In recent years, personalized vaccine approach targeting neoantigens has been explored widely in cancer immunotherapy and several efforts have also been made to revolutionize the immunotherapy of cold tumors such as GBM using neoantigen targeted vaccines. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the clinical application of personalized neoantigen targeted vaccine strategy in GBM immunotherapy. While discussing this strategy, we brief about the current challenges faced in GBM treatment by the novel immunotherapeutics. EXPERT OPINION To date, very few vaccines developed for GBM have reached till phase III clinical development. Early-phase clinical trials of GBM neoantigen vaccines have shown promising clinical outcomes and therefore, its rapid clinical development is warranted. Advent of newer and faster techniques such as next-generation sequencing will drive the faster clinical development of multiplex neoantigen vaccines and hence, increase in the clinical trials is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Y Londhe
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy &, Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS University , Mumbai, India
| | - Varada Date
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy &, Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS University , Mumbai, India
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Xu X, Li T, Shen S, Wang J, Abdou P, Gu Z, Mo R. Advances in Engineering Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:7889-7905. [PMID: 31695806 PMCID: PMC6831467 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy aims to utilize the host immune system to kill cancer cells. Recent representative immunotherapies include T-cell transfer therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, antibody-based immunomodulator therapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade therapy, and cytokine therapies. Recently developed therapies leveraging engineered cells for immunotherapy against cancers have been reported to enhance antitumor efficacy while reducing side effects. Such therapies range from biologically, chemically and physically -engineered cells to bioinspired and biomimetic nanomedicines. In this review, advances of engineering cells for cancer immunotherapy are summarized, and prospects of this field are discussed.
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