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Oshizaka T, Takeuchi I, Mukae K, Mori K, Sugibayashi K. Enhanced Physical Stability of L-Ascorbic Acid in an Ionic Liquid. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:209-212. [PMID: 38281765 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) technology was used to enhance the stability of L-ascorbic acid (AA). Pyridoxine was selected as the counter cation for anionic AA in IL. After AA was dissolved in water at 40 °C, its ratio decreased to 3.2% after 7 d. In contrast, the IL formulation showed negligible degradation, with almost no loss of AA even after 28 d. These results suggest that the use of IL enhances the stability of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oshizaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Katsuya Mukae
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Kyushu Sangyo University
| | - Kenji Mori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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2
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Shen Y, Xia Y, Chen X. Research progress and application of enzymatic synthesis of glycosyl compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12652-8. [PMID: 37428188 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Glucoside compounds are widely found in nature and have garnered significant attention in the medical, cosmetics, and food industries due to their diverse pharmaceutical properties, biological activities, and stable application characteristics. Glycosides are mainly obtained by direct extraction from plants, chemical synthesis, and enzymatic synthesis. Given the challenges associated with plant extraction, such as low conversion rates and the potential for environmental pollution with chemical synthesis, our review focuses on enzymatic synthesis. Here, we reviewed the enzymatic synthesis methods of 2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid (AA-2G), 2-O-α-D-glucosyl glycerol (α-GG), arbutin and α-glucosyl hesperidin (Hsp-G), and other glucoside compounds. The types of enzymes selected in the synthesis process are comprehensively analyzed and summarized, as well as a series of enzyme transformation strategies adopted to improve the synthetic yield. KEY POINTS: • Glycosyl compounds have applications in the biomedical and food industries. • Enzymatic synthesis converts substrates into products using enzymes as catalysts. • Substrate bias and specificity are key to improving substrate conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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Tao X, Kong D, Zhang H, Su L, Chen S, Rao D, Wei B, Wu J, Wang L. Enhancing 2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid synthesis by weakening the acceptor specificity of CGTase toward glucose and maltose. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:903-911. [PMID: 37103578 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid (AA-2G) is a stable derivative of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA), which has been widely used in food and cosmetics industries. Sugar molecules, such as glucose and maltose produced by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) during AA-2G synthesis may compete with L-AA as the acceptors, resulting in low AA-2G yield. Multiple sequence alignment combined with structural simulation analysis indicated that residues at positions 191 and 255 of CGTase may be responsible for the difference in substrate specificity. To investigate the effect of these two residues on the acceptor preference and the AA-2G yield, five single mutants Bs F191Y, Bs F255Y, Bc Y195F, Pm Y195F and Pm Y260F of three CGTases from Bacillus stearothermophilus NO2 (Bs), Bacillus circulans 251 (Bc) and Paenibacillus macerans (Pm) were designed for AA-2G synthesis. Under optimal conditions, the AA-2G yields of the mutants Bs F191Y and Bs F255Y AA-2G were 34.3% and 7.9% lower than that of Bs CGTase, respectively. The AA-2G yields of mutant Bc Y195F, Pm Y195F and Pm Y260F were 45.8%, 36.9% and 12.6% higher than those of wild-type CGTases, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that the residues at positions 191 and 255 of the three CGTases were F, which decreased glucose and maltose specificity and increased L-AA specificity. This study not only proposes for the first time that the AA-2G yield can be improved by weakening the acceptor specificity of CGTase toward sugar byproducts, but also provides new insight on the modification of CGTase that catalyze the double-substrate transglycosylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Demin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Huihu Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Deming Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Beibei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Tao X, Su L, Chen S, Wang L, Wu J. Producing 2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid by modified cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase and isoamylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1233-1241. [PMID: 36688952 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, site saturation mutagenesis was performed on the - 3 (R44, D86, S90, and D192) and - 6 subsite (Y163, G175, G176, and N189) of Bacillus stearothermophilus NO2 cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase to enhance its specificity for the donor substrate maltodextrin for 2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid (AA-2G) preparation. The AA-2G yields produced by the mutants S90D, G176H, and S90D/G176H were 181, 171, and 185 g/L, respectively. Our previous study found that the mutant K228R/M230L also increased the AA-2G yield. Therefore, the mutants S90D, G176H, S90D/G176H, and K228R/M230L were further used to generate combinatorial mutants. Among these mutants, the highest AA-2G yield (217 g/L) was produced by S90D/K228R/M230L with 500 g/L maltodextrin as the glucosyl donor, which was 56 g/L higher than that produced by wild-type CGTase. In addition, AA-2G was prepared by adding isoamylase to hydrolyze α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in maltodextrin that could not be utilized by CGTase to improve the utilization rate of maltodextrin. The addition of isoamylase reduced the concentration of maltodextrin from 500 to 350 g/L, while the AA-2G yield remained high (208 g/L). The preparation of AA-2G by complexing isoamylase with mutant S90D/K228R/M230L reduced the maltodextrin concentration by 150 g/L, while the AA-2G yield increased by 47 g/L than preparation with wild-type CGTase alone, which laid a foundation for the large-scale preparation of AA-2G. KEY POINTS: • Mutants exhibited improved maltodextrin specificity. • Mutant S90D/K228R/M230L produced high yield of AA-2G with maltodextrin as substrate. • AA-2G was first synthesized by a combination of isoamylase and CGTase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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2-O-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid: Properties, production, and potential application as a substitute for L-ascorbic acid. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Song K, Sun J, Wang W, Hao J. Heterologous Expression of Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase my20 in Escherichia coli and Its Application in 2- O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-L-Ascorbic Acid Production. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664339. [PMID: 34122378 PMCID: PMC8195388 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the cgt gene my20, which encodes cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) and was obtained by the metagenome sequencing of marine microorganisms from the Mariana Trench, was codon optimized and connected to pET-24a for heterologous expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Through shaking flask fermentation, the optimized condition for recombinant CGTase expression was identified as 20°C for 18 h with 0.4 mM of isopropyl β-D-L-thiogalactopyranoside. The recombinant CGTase was purified by Ni2+-NTA resin, and the optimum pH and temperature were identified as pH 7 and 80°C, respectively. Activity was stable over wide temperature and pH ranges. After purification by Ni2+-NTA resin, the specific activity of the CGTase was 63.3 U/mg after 67.3-fold purification, with a final yield of 43.7%. In addition, the enzyme was used to transform L-ascorbic acid into 2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid (AA-2G). The maximal AA-2G production reached 28 g/L, at 40°C, pH 4, 24 h reaction time, 50 g/L donor concentration, and 50 U/g enzyme dosage. The superior properties of recombinant CGTase strongly facilitate the industrial production of AA-2G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resource, Lianyungang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resource, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resource, Lianyungang, China
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