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Li F, Thananusak R, Raethong N, Yang J, Wei M, Zhao X, Laoteng K, Song Y, Vongsangnak W. Dissecting Holistic Metabolic Acclimatization of Mucor circinelloides WJ11 Defective in Carotenoid Biosynthesis. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:276. [PMID: 38666888 PMCID: PMC11048425 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides WJ11 is a lipid-producing strain with industrial potential. A holistic approach using gene manipulation and bioprocessing development has improved lipid production and the strain's economic viability. However, the systematic regulation of lipid accumulation and carotenoid biosynthesis in M. circinelloides remains unknown. To dissect the metabolic mechanism underlying lipid and carotenoid biosynthesis, transcriptome analysis and reporter metabolites identification were implemented between the wild-type (WJ11) and ΔcarRP WJ11 strains of M. circinelloides. As a result, transcriptome analysis revealed 10,287 expressed genes, with 657 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) primarily involved in amino acid, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism. Integration with a genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM) identified reporter metabolites in the ΔcarRP WJ11 strain, highlighting metabolic pathways crucial for amino acid, energy, and nitrogen metabolism. Notably, the downregulation of genes associated with carotenoid biosynthesis and acetyl-CoA generation suggests a coordinated relationship between the carotenoid and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways. Despite disruptions in the carotenoid pathway, lipid production remains stagnant due to reduced acetyl-CoA availability, emphasizing the intricate metabolic interplay. These findings provide insights into the coordinated relationship between carotenoid and fatty acid biosynthesis in M. circinelloides that are valuable in applied research to design optimized strains for producing desired bioproducts through emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyue Li
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programs in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Colin Rateledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Roypim Thananusak
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Nachon Raethong
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Junhuan Yang
- Department of Food Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China;
| | - Mingyue Wei
- College of Ecology, Resources and Environment, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253000, China;
| | - Xingtang Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China;
| | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Industrial Bioprocess Technology Research Team, Functional Ingredient and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Rateledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Li S, Tahiri G, Yang J, Mohamed H, Liu Q, Shi W, López-García S, Garre V, Song Y. Role of AMP Deaminase in Mucor circinelloides: Implications for Nitrogen Utilization and Lipid Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15680-15691. [PMID: 37822229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid accumulation in oleaginous organisms is initiated by AMP deaminase (AMPD) after nitrogen depletion because it mediates the concentration of intracellular adenosine monophosphate (AMP). However, the role of AMPD in lipogenesis in the oleaginous fungus Mucor circinelloides is largely unknown. Therefore, we identified the genes (ampd1 and ampd2) encoding AMPD and investigated the role of AMPD in lipid synthesis in this fungus by overexpressing and deleting ampd genes. Deletion of ampd1 and ampd2 caused 21 and 28% increments in lipid contents under N-limited conditions, respectively. These increases were correlated with the activation of enzymes involved in lipogenesis and the alteration of energy balance. Unexpectedly, overexpression of ampd genes affected nitrogen consumption in both N-limited and N-excess media, which resulted in an increase in cell growth and lipid accumulation compared with the control strain when nitrogen was available. Furthermore, the increased lipid accumulation in the ampd-overexpressing mutants in N-excess media was accompanied by enhanced activities of lipid biosynthetic enzymes. These data suggested that nitrogen metabolism and energy metabolism are affected by AMPD, and overexpression of ampd genes induced lipid accumulation under nitrogen-rich conditions by mimicking the nitrogen limitation response. This highlights an intriguing function of AMPD in M. circinelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Li
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Ghizlane Tahiri
- Departmento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 3100, Spain
| | - Junhuan Yang
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Qing Liu
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Wenyue Shi
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Sergio López-García
- Departmento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 3100, Spain
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Departmento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 3100, Spain
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
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Ali NS, Huang F, Qin W, Yang TC. A high throughput screening process and quick isolation of novel lignin-degrading microbes from large number of natural biomasses. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 39:e00809. [PMID: 37583477 PMCID: PMC10423689 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
High throughput screening approaches can significantly speed up the identification of novel enzymes from natural microbial consortiums. A two-step high throughput screening process was proposed and explored to screen lignin-degrading microorganisms. By employing this modified culture enrichment method and screening based on enzyme activity, a total of 82 bacterial and 46 fungal strains were isolated from fifty decayed wood samples (100 liquid cultures) collected from the banks of the Ottawa River in Canada. Among them, ten bacterial and five fungal strains were selected and identified based on their high laccase activities by 16S rDNA and ITS gene sequencing, respectively. The study identified bacterial strains from various genera including Serratia, Enterobacter, Raoultella, and Bacillus, along with fungal counterparts including Mucor, Trametes, Conifera and Aspergillus. Moreover, Aspergillus sydowii (AORF21), Mucor sp. (AORF43), Trametes versicolor (AORF3) and Enterobacter sp. (AORB55) exhibited xylanase and β- glucanase activities in addition to laccase production. The proposed approach allowed for the quick identification of promising consortia and enhanced the chance of isolating desired strains based on desired enzyme activities. This method is not limited to lignocellulose and lignin-degrading microorganisms but can be applied to identify novel microbial strains and enzymes from different natural samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Sufdar Ali
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Fang Huang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Trent Chunzhong Yang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Zhang H, Liu Q, Song Y. Effect of Different Carbons on Lipid Production and SNF1 Transcription in Mucor Circinelloides. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:146-151. [PMID: 37188240 PMCID: PMC10172402 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1) protein kinase plays an important role in the utilization of selective carbon sources and regulation of lipid metabolism. In order to further explore the function of SNF1 in regulating lipid accumulation by responding nutritional signals from non-glucose carbon sources, in the present study, the lipid production and SNF1 transcriptional levels of Mucor circinelloides were analyzed and compared on different carbon sources. The results indicated that M. circinelloides could effectively utilize some secondary metabolic carbon sources of monosaccharides and disaccharides for growth and lipids production, such as fructose, maltose and galactose. Snf-β subunit was associated with the regulation of lipid metabolism in response to nutritional signals from different carbon sources. This is the first report on the transcriptional analysis of SNF1 subunits on different carbons metabolism in oleaginous filamentous fungi. This research has suggested that genetic engineering of SNF1 subunits will alter the lipid production of M. circinelloides from alternative carbon sources. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-023-01070-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Food Bioengineering and Technology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Culture and Tourism, University of Jinan, 13 Shungeng Road, Jinan, 250022 People’s Republic of China
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yueping Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiu Liu
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000 People’s Republic of China
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Li S, Yang J, Mohamed H, Wang X, Pang S, Wu C, López-García S, Song Y. Identification and Functional Characterization of Adenosine Deaminase in Mucor circinelloides: A Novel Potential Regulator of Nitrogen Utilization and Lipid Biosynthesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080774. [PMID: 35893142 PMCID: PMC9332508 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme distributed in a wide variety of organisms that cleaves adenosine into inosine. Since inosine plays an important role in nitrogen metabolism, ADA may have a critical function in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis. However, the role of ADA in oleaginous fungi has not been reported so far. Therefore, in this study, we identified one ada gene encoding ADA (with ID scaffold0027.9) in the high lipid-producing fungus, Mucor circinelloides WJ11, and investigated its role in cell growth, lipid production, and nitrogen metabolism by overexpressing and knockout of this gene. The results showed that knockout of the ada altered the efficiency of nitrogen consumption, which led to a 20% increment in the lipid content (25% of cell dry weight) of the engineered strain, while overexpression of the ada showed no significant differences compared with the control strain at the final growth stage; however, interestingly, it increased lipid accumulation at the early growth stage. Additionally, transcriptional analysis was conducted by RT-qPCR and our findings indicated that the deletion of ada activated the committed steps of lipid biosynthesis involved in acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acc1 gene), cytosolic malic acid enzyme (cme1 gene), and fatty acid synthases (fas1 gene), while it suppressed the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (ampk α1 and ampk β genes), which plays a role in lipolysis, whereas the ada-overexpressed strain displayed reverse trends. Conclusively, this work unraveled a novel role of ADA in governing lipid biosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in the oleaginous fungus, M. circinelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Li
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; (S.L.); (H.M.); (X.W.); (S.P.); (C.W.)
| | - Junhuan Yang
- Department of Food Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China;
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; (S.L.); (H.M.); (X.W.); (S.P.); (C.W.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; (S.L.); (H.M.); (X.W.); (S.P.); (C.W.)
| | - Shuxian Pang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; (S.L.); (H.M.); (X.W.); (S.P.); (C.W.)
| | - Chen Wu
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; (S.L.); (H.M.); (X.W.); (S.P.); (C.W.)
| | - Sergio López-García
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology (Associated Unit to IQFR-CSIC), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 3100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; (S.L.); (H.M.); (X.W.); (S.P.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13964463099
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Fazili ABA, Shah AM, Albeshr MF, Naz T, Dar MA, Yang W, Garre V, Fazili KM, Bhat EA, Song Y. Overexpression of the Mitochondrial Malic Enzyme Genes (malC and malD) Improved the Lipid Accumulation in Mucor circinelloides WJ11. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:919364. [PMID: 35814694 PMCID: PMC9260706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.919364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides serves as a model organism to investigate the lipid metabolism in oleaginous microorganisms. It is considered as an important producer of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) that has vital medicinal benefits. In this study, we used WJ11, a high lipid-producing strain of M. circinelloides (36% w/w lipid, cell dry weight, CDW), to examine the role in lipid accumulation of two mitochondrial malic enzyme (ME) genes malC and malD. The homologous overexpression of both malC and malD genes enhanced the total lipid content of WJ11 by 41.16 and 32.34%, respectively. In parallel, the total content of GLA was enhanced by 16.73 and 46.76% in malC and malD overexpressing strains, respectively, because of the elevation of total lipid content. The fact that GLA content was enhanced more in the strain with lower lipid content increase and vice versa, indicated that engineering of mitochondrial MEs altered the fatty acid profile. Our results reveal that mitochondrial ME plays an important role in lipid metabolism and suggest that future approaches may involve simultaneous overexpression of distinct ME genes to boost lipid accumulation even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Bakr Ahmad Fazili
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Aabid Manzoor Shah
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | | | - Tahira Naz
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | | | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Eijaz Ahmed Bhat
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanda Song,
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Zorn S, Carvalho A, Bento H, Gambarato B, Pedro G, da Silva A, Gonçalves R, Da Rós P, Silva M. Use of Fungal Mycelium as Biosupport in the Formation of Lichen-Like Structure: Recovery of Algal Grown in Sugarcane Molasses for Lipid Accumulation and Balanced Fatty Acid Profile. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12030258. [PMID: 35323733 PMCID: PMC8949276 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a lichen-like structure was obtained through the production of a unique biomass, formed by algae cells of Scenedesmus obliquus adhering to the mycelium of filamentous fungal Mucor circinelloides. This structure was composed in two steps; in the first one, microalgal cells and spores were incubated separately, and in the second one, after 72 h of growth, isolated, mature mycelium was harvested and added to cell culture. For spores’ incubation, a culture medium containing only 2 g·L−1 of glucose and minerals was used. This culture medium, with low sugar content, provided a fungal biomass to the anchorage of microalgae cells. WC medium was used without and with sugarcane molasses supplementation for microalgae cells’ incubation. The lichen-type structure that was formed resulted in 99.7% efficiency in the recovery of microalgae cells and in up to 80% efficiency in the recovery of algae biomass in the lichen biomass composition. In addition, the resulting consortium attained a satisfactory lipid accumulation value (38.2 wt%) with a balanced fatty acid composition of 52.7% saturated plus monounsaturated fatty acids and 47.4% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Since fungal species are easy to recover, unlike microalgae, the lichen-like structure produced indicates an efficient low-cost bioremediation and harvesting alternative; in addition, it provides an oleaginous biomass for various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savienne Zorn
- Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, SP, Brazil; (A.C.); (G.P.); (A.d.S.); (P.D.R.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Carvalho
- Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, SP, Brazil; (A.C.); (G.P.); (A.d.S.); (P.D.R.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil;
| | - Heitor Bento
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Bruno Gambarato
- Department of Engineering and Technology, University Center of Volta Redonda—UniFOA, Volta Redonda 27240-560, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Guilherme Pedro
- Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, SP, Brazil; (A.C.); (G.P.); (A.d.S.); (P.D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Ana da Silva
- Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, SP, Brazil; (A.C.); (G.P.); (A.d.S.); (P.D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Rhyan Gonçalves
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia Da Rós
- Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, SP, Brazil; (A.C.); (G.P.); (A.d.S.); (P.D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Messias Silva
- Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, SP, Brazil; (A.C.); (G.P.); (A.d.S.); (P.D.R.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Engineering, Paulista State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho—UNESP, Guaratinguetá 12516-410, SP, Brazil
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Liu C, Hu B, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Yao W, Qian H. Carotenoids from fungi and microalgae: A review on their recent production, extraction, and developments. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125398. [PMID: 34139560 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The demand for carotenoids from natural sources obtained by biological extraction methods is increasing with the development of biotechnology and the continued awareness of food safety. Natural plant-derived carotenoids have a relatively high production cost and are affected by the season, while microbial-derived carotenoids are favored due to their natural, high-efficiency, low production cost, and ease of industrialization. This article reviewed the following aspects of natural carotenoids derived from microorganisms: (1) the structures and properties of main carotenoids; (2) fungal and microalgal sources of the main carotenoids; (3) influencing factors and modes of improvement for carotenoids production; (4) efficient extraction methods for carotenoids; and (5) the commercial value of carotenoids. This review provided a reference and guidance for the development of natural carotenoids derived from microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
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9
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Mass spore production of Mucor circinelloides on rice. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:311. [PMID: 34109096 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides is a fungus that produces diverse spores throughout its life cycle. The sporangiospores, which are the most well-studied spores in this fungus, are asexual spores produced during aerial mycelial development. M. circinelloides has the potential to be used in diverse biotechnological applications. In this study, we propose rice (Oryza sativa) grains as an alternative substrate for inexpensive and large-scale sporangiospore production. The sporangiospores produced from rice and a yeast extract-peptone-glucose (YPG) medium exhibited similar protein and nucleic acid contents and phenotypes in terms of germination under different conditions and culture media, including similar virulence rates against the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Transgenic strains carrying self-replicative plasmids were sporulated on rice and showed plasmid stability similar to that of spores produced on the YPG medium. Approximately 20% of the spore population lost plasmids after the first passage on rice. These results reveal that rice is a suitable substrate for the mass production of sporangiospores in M. circinelloides. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02853-1.
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10
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Chen H, Qi Y, He X, Xu L, Zhang W, Lv X, Zhang H, Yang D, Zhu Y, Liang Z. Endophytic fungus Mucor circinelloides DF20 promote tanshinone biosynthesis and accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza root. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 307:110898. [PMID: 33902857 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a traditional Chinese medicine, Salvia miltiorrhiza rhizome is mainly used to treat cardiovascular diseases. Symbiosis of endophytic fungi with their host plants, is an effectively regulatory means to promote the growth and secondary metabolism of medicinal plants. Here, an endophytic fungus Mucor circinelloides DF20 was co-cultivated with the sterile seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza, to clarify the promoting mechanism on tanshinone biosynthesis and accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza root. The assay of promoting-growth activities in vitro showed that DF20 have the ability to produce IAA and siderophores. DF20 could significantly promote the biosynthesis and accumulation of tanshinones in the root of S. miltiorrhiza, especially the content of tanshinone ⅡA, reaching 4.630 ± 0.342 mg/g after 56 days of DF20 treatment, which is 22-fold of the control group. The result also showed that the hyphae of M. circunelloides DF20 mainly colonized in the root tissue interspace of S. miltiorrhiza, and a small amount of hyphae were located inside the cells. The results of florescent real-time quantitative RT-PCR showed that DF20 colonization significantly increase the expression level of some key enzyme genes (DXS, DXR, HMGR, GGPPS) in tanshinone biosynthesis pathway, but the regulatory effect mainly occurred in the early stage of co-culture, while the expression level decreased in different degrees in the later stage. In conclusion, the endophytic fungus M. circunelloides DF20 can form an interaction relationship with its host, then to promote the biosynthesis and accumulation of tanshinones in root by upregulating the key enzyme genes expression levels of the biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Xiaoyi He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Linna Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Xiaoman Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Haihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yonghong Zhu
- Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300410, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
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11
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Dzurendova S, Zimmermann B, Kohler A, Reitzel K, Nielsen UG, Dupuy--Galet BX, Leivers S, Horn SJ, Shapaval V. Calcium Affects Polyphosphate and Lipid Accumulation in Mucoromycota Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040300. [PMID: 33920847 PMCID: PMC8071181 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium controls important processes in fungal metabolism, such as hyphae growth, cell wall synthesis, and stress tolerance. Recently, it was reported that calcium affects polyphosphate and lipid accumulation in fungi. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of calcium on the accumulation of lipids and polyphosphate for six oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi grown under different phosphorus/pH conditions. A Duetz microtiter plate system (Duetz MTPS) was used for the cultivation. The compositional profile of the microbial biomass was recorded using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the high throughput screening extension (FTIR-HTS). Lipid content and fatty acid profiles were determined using gas chromatography (GC). Cellular phosphorus was determined using assay-based UV-Vis spectroscopy, and accumulated phosphates were characterized using solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Glucose consumption was estimated by FTIR-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR). Overall, the data indicated that calcium availability enhances polyphosphate accumulation in Mucoromycota fungi, while calcium deficiency increases lipid production, especially under acidic conditions (pH 2-3) caused by the phosphorus limitation. In addition, it was observed that under acidic conditions, calcium deficiency leads to increase in carotenoid production. It can be concluded that calcium availability can be used as an optimization parameter in fungal fermentation processes to enhance the production of lipids or polyphosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Dzurendova
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Drøbakveien 31, 1433 Ås, Norway; (B.Z.); (A.K.); (B.X.D.--G.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Boris Zimmermann
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Drøbakveien 31, 1433 Ås, Norway; (B.Z.); (A.K.); (B.X.D.--G.); (V.S.)
| | - Achim Kohler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Drøbakveien 31, 1433 Ås, Norway; (B.Z.); (A.K.); (B.X.D.--G.); (V.S.)
| | - Kasper Reitzel
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark;
| | - Ulla Gro Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark;
| | - Benjamin Xavier Dupuy--Galet
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Drøbakveien 31, 1433 Ås, Norway; (B.Z.); (A.K.); (B.X.D.--G.); (V.S.)
| | - Shaun Leivers
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens vei 1, 1433 Ås, Norway; (S.L.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Svein Jarle Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens vei 1, 1433 Ås, Norway; (S.L.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Volha Shapaval
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Drøbakveien 31, 1433 Ås, Norway; (B.Z.); (A.K.); (B.X.D.--G.); (V.S.)
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12
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Mhlongo SI, Ezeokoli OT, Roopnarain A, Ndaba B, Sekoai PT, Habimana O, Pohl CH. The Potential of Single-Cell Oils Derived From Filamentous Fungi as Alternative Feedstock Sources for Biodiesel Production. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:637381. [PMID: 33584636 PMCID: PMC7876240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.637381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial lipids, also known as single-cell oils (SCOs), are highly attractive feedstocks for biodiesel production due to their fast production rates, minimal labor requirements, independence from seasonal and climatic changes, and ease of scale-up for industrial processing. Among the SCO producers, the less explored filamentous fungi (molds) exhibit desirable features such as a repertoire of hydrolyzing enzymes and a unique pellet morphology that facilitates downstream harvesting. Although several oleaginous filamentous fungi have been identified and explored for SCO production, high production costs and technical difficulties still make the process less attractive compared to conventional lipid sources for biodiesel production. This review aims to highlight the ability of filamentous fungi to hydrolyze various organic wastes for SCO production and explore current strategies to enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the SCO production and recovery process. The review also highlights the mechanisms and components governing lipogenic pathways, which can inform the rational designs of processing conditions and metabolic engineering efforts for increasing the quality and accumulation of lipids in filamentous fungi. Furthermore, we describe other process integration strategies such as the co-production with hydrogen using advanced fermentation processes as a step toward a biorefinery process. These innovative approaches allow for integrating upstream and downstream processing units, thus resulting in an efficient and cost-effective method of simultaneous SCO production and utilization for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizwe I. Mhlongo
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Obinna T. Ezeokoli
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ashira Roopnarain
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Busiswa Ndaba
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patrick T. Sekoai
- The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Olivier Habimana
- The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Carolina H. Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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13
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Metal and Phosphate Ions Show Remarkable Influence on the Biomass Production and Lipid Accumulation in Oleaginous Mucor circinelloides. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040260. [PMID: 33143254 PMCID: PMC7711463 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomass of Mucor circinelloides, a dimorphic oleaginous filamentous fungus, has a significant nutritional value and can be used for single cell oil production. Metal ions are micronutrients supporting fungal growth and metabolic activity of cellular processes. We investigated the effect of 140 different substrates, with varying amounts of metal and phosphate ions concentration, on the growth, cell chemistry, lipid accumulation, and lipid profile of M. circinelloides. A high-throughput set-up consisting of a Duetz microcultivation system coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized. Lipids were extracted by a modified Lewis method and analyzed using gas chromatography. It was observed that Mg and Zn ions were essential for the growth and metabolic activity of M. circinelloides. An increase in Fe ion concentration inhibited fungal growth, while higher concentrations of Cu, Co, and Zn ions enhanced the growth and lipid accumulation. Lack of Ca and Cu ions, as well as higher amounts of Zn and Mn ions, enhanced lipid accumulation in M. circinelloides. Generally, the fatty acid profile of M. circinelloides lipids was quite consistent, irrespective of media composition. Increasing the amount of Ca ions enhanced polyphosphates accumulation, while lack of it showed fall in polyphosphate.
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14
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Valle-Maldonado MI, Patiño-Medina JA, Pérez-Arques C, Reyes-Mares NY, Jácome-Galarza IE, Ortíz-Alvarado R, Vellanki S, Ramírez-Díaz MI, Lee SC, Garre V, Meza-Carmen V. The heterotrimeric G-protein beta subunit Gpb1 controls hyphal growth under low oxygen conditions through the protein kinase A pathway and is essential for virulence in the fungus Mucor circinelloides. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13236. [PMID: 32562333 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides, a dimorphic opportunistic pathogen, expresses three heterotrimeric G-protein beta subunits (Gpb1, Gpb2 and Gpb3). The Gpb1-encoding gene is up-regulated during mycelial growth compared with that in the spore or yeast stage. gpb1 deletion mutation analysis revealed its relevance for an adequate development during the dimorphic transition and for hyphal growth under low oxygen concentrations. Infection assays in mice indicated a phenotype with considerably reduced virulence and tissue invasiveness in the deletion mutants (Δgpb1) and decreased host inflammatory response. This finding could be attributed to the reduced filamentous growth in animal tissues compared with that of the wild-type strain. Mutation in a regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) subunit (PkaR1) resulted in similar phenotypes to Δgpb1. The defects exhibited by the Δgpb1 strain were genetically suppressed by pkaR1 overexpression, indicating that the PKA pathway is controlled by Gpb1 in M. circinelloides. Moreover, during growth under low oxygen levels, cAMP levels were much higher in the Δgpb1 than in the wild-type strain, but similar to those in the ΔpkaR1 strain. These findings reveal that M. circinelloides possesses a signal transduction pathway through which the Gpb1 heterotrimeric G subunit and PkaR1 control mycelial growth in response to low oxygen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Iván Valle-Maldonado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Patiño-Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Carlos Pérez-Arques
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nancy Yadira Reyes-Mares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | - Rafael Ortíz-Alvarado
- Facultad de Quimico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Sandeep Vellanki
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Martha Isela Ramírez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Soo Chan Lee
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Víctor Meza-Carmen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Mexico
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15
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Consortium Growth of Filamentous Fungi and Microalgae: Evaluation of Different Cultivation Strategies to Optimize Cell Harvesting and Lipid Accumulation. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13143648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the potential of consortium biomass formation between Mucor circinelloides, an oleaginous filamentous fungal species, and Chlorella vulgaris, in order to promote a straightforward approach to harvest microalgal cells and to evaluate the lipid production in the consortium system. A synthetic medium with glucose (2 g·L−1) and mineral nutrients essential for both fungi and algae was selected. Four different inoculation strategies were assessed, considering the effect of simultaneous vs. separate development of fungal spores and algae cells, and the presence of a supporting matrix aiming at the higher recovery of algae cell rates. The results were evaluated in terms of consortium biomass composition, demonstrating that the strategy using a mature fungal mycelium with a higher algae count may provide biomass samples with up to 79% of their dry weight as algae, still promoting recovery rates greater than 97%. The findings demonstrate a synergistic effect on the lipid accumulation by the fungal strain, at around a fourfold increase when compared to the axenic control, with values in the range of 23% of dry biomass weight. Furthermore, the fatty acid profile from the samples presents a balance between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids that is likely to present an adequate balance for applications such as biodiesel production.
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16
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Karnaouri A, Chalima A, Kalogiannis KG, Varamogianni-Mamatsi D, Lappas A, Topakas E. Utilization of lignocellulosic biomass towards the production of omega-3 fatty acids by the heterotrophic marine microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 303:122899. [PMID: 32028216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have become a commodity of high nutritional and commercial value; intensive fishing and its environmental and social cost has led researchers to seeking alternative more sustainable ways of producing them. Heterotrophic microalgae such as Crypthecodinium cohnii, a marine dinoflagellate, have the ability to utilize various substrates and accumulate high amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this work, a mild oxidative organosolv pretreatment of beechwood pulps was employed that allowed up to 95% of lignin removal in a single stage, thus yielding a cellulose-rich solid fraction. The enzymatic hydrolysates were evaluated for their ability to support the growth and lipid accumulation of C. cohnii in batch and fed-batch cultures; the results verified the successful microalgae growth, while DHA reached up to 43.5% of the cell's total lipids. The proposed bioprocess demonstrated the utilization of non-edible biomass towards high added value food supplements in a sustainable and efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Karnaouri
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Angelina Chalima
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos G Kalogiannis
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), CERTH, 6th Km Harilaou‑Thermi Road, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Varamogianni-Mamatsi
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Lappas
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), CERTH, 6th Km Harilaou‑Thermi Road, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; Biochemical and Chemical Process Engineering, Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden.
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17
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Dual Extraction of Crustacean and Fungal Chitosan from a Single Mucor circinelloides Fermentation. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation6020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides is a fungus that has been reported to produce ethanol, oil, protein, phosphate and glucosamine, depending on the available nutrients and cultivation conditions. Due to its ability to produce extracellular proteases, it is able to ferment polypeptides and amino acids broken down from various protein sources. In this study, we attempted to culture the Mucor circinelloides on waste substrates to deproteinize prawn shells for the extraction of chitin and subsequently extract chitosan from its fungal cell wall in a concurrent fermentation. The physio-chemical properties of the extracted crustacean chitin and fungal chitosan were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Elemental Analysis (EA). We found that Mucor circinelloides grown on okara and coffee waste behaved as an excellent protease producer and successfully extracted chitin from prawn shells with a degree of deacetylation of 69.94% and 68.82%, respectively, comparable to commercial chitin (70.46%). The fungal chitosan extracted from the fermentation of Mucor circinelloides on red grape pomace substrate showed a degree of deacetylation of 61.05%, comparable to commercial chitosan (64.00%). Our results suggested feasibility of extracting chitosan from seafood waste-streams using cost-effective microbial fermentation.
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18
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Systematic genome analysis of a novel arachidonic acid-producing strain uncovered unique metabolic traits in the production of acetyl-CoA-derived products in Mortierellale fungi. Gene 2020; 741:144559. [PMID: 32169630 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The fungi in order Mortierellales are attractive producers for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Here, the genome sequencing and assembly of a novel strain of Mortierella sp. BCC40632 were done, yielding 65 contigs spanning of 49,964,116 total bases with predicted 12,149 protein-coding genes. We focused on the acetyl-CoA in relevant to its derived metabolic pathways for biosynthesis of macromolecules with biological functions, including PUFAs, eicosanoids and carotenoids. By comparative genome analysis between Mortierellales and Mucorales, the signature genetic characteristics of the arachidonic acid-producing strains, including Δ5-desaturase and GLELO-like elongase, were also identified in the strain BCC40632. Remarkably, this fungal strain contained only n-6 pathway of PUFA biosynthesis due to the absence of Δ15-desaturase or ω3-desaturase gene in contrast to other Mortierella species. Four putative enzyme sequences in the eicosanoid biosynthetic pathways were identified in the strain BCC40632 and others Mortierellale fungi, but were not detected in the Mucorales. Another unique metabolic trait of the Mortierellales was the inability in carotenoid synthesis as a result of the lack of phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase genes. The findings provide a perspective in strain optimization for production of tailored-made products with industrial applications.
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19
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Preparative scale application of Mucor circinelloides ene–reductase and alcohol dehydrogenase activity for the asymmetric bioreduction of α,β-unsaturated γ-ketophosphonates. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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