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Patil PD, Kelkar RK, Patil NP, Pise PV, Patil SP, Patil AS, Kulkarni NS, Tiwari MS, Phirke AN, Nadar SS. Magnetic nanoflowers: a hybrid platform for enzyme immobilization. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:795-816. [PMID: 37455411 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2230518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers as a support material for enzyme immobilization has gained significant attention in recent years due to their high stability, ease of preparation, and enhanced catalytic activity. However, a major challenge in utilizing these hybrid nanoflowers for enzyme immobilization is the difficulty in handling and separating them due to their low density and high dispersion. To address this issue, magnetic nanoflowers have emerged as a promising alternative enzyme immobilization platform due to their easy separation, structural stability, and ability to enhance catalytic efficiency. This review focuses on different methods for designing magnetic nanoflowers, as well as future research directions. Additionally, it provides examples of enzymes immobilized in the form of magnetic nanoflowers and their applications in environmental remediation, biosensors, and food industries. Finally, the review discusses possible ways to improve the material for enhanced catalytic activity, structural stability, and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin D Patil
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Radhika K Kelkar
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, India
| | - Neha P Patil
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, India
| | - Pradnya V Pise
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sadhana P Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Tadepalligudam, India
| | - Arundhatti S Patil
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, India
| | - Nishant S Kulkarni
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, India
| | - Manishkumar S Tiwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ajay N Phirke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shamraja S Nadar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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2
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Ashaiba A, Sapna K, Arun AB, Tellis RC, Prasad KS. Development and Evaluation of a Noninvasive Microfluidic-Based Paper Analytical Device for Leptospirosis Diagnosis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11997-12005. [PMID: 38991147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging infectious disease that presents a diagnostic enigma for clinicians with frequent misdiagnosis due to lack of rapid and accurate diagnostic tests, as the current methods are encumbered by inherent limitations. The development of a diagnostic sensor with a sample-in-result-out capability is pivotal for prompt diagnosis. Herein, we developed a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (spin-μPAD) featuring a sample-in-result-out fashion for the detection of Leptospira specific urinary biomarker, sph2 sphingomyelinase, crucial for noninvasive point-of-care testing. Fabrication of paper devices involved precise photolithography techniques, ensuring a high degree of reproducibility and replicability. By optimizing the device's configuration and protein components, a remarkable sensitivity and specificity was achieved for detecting leptospiral sph2 in urine, even at low concentrations down to 1.5 fg/mL, with an assay time of 15 min. Further, the spin-μPAD was validated with 20 clinical samples, suspected of leptospirosis including other febrile illnesses, and compared with gold standard microscopic agglutination test, culture, Lepto IgM ELISA, darkfield microscopy, and Leptocheck WB spot test. In contrast to commercial diagnostic tools, the spin-μPAD was noninvasive, rapid, easy to use, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective. The results highlight the potential of this innovative spin-μPAD for an efficient and dependable approach to noninvasive leptospirosis diagnosis, addressing critical needs in the realms of public health and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiamma Ashaiba
- Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - Kannan Sapna
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | | | - Rouchelle C Tellis
- Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - Kariate Sudhakara Prasad
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
- Centre for Nutrition Studies, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575 018, India
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3
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Gong L, Lin Y. Microfluidics in smart food safety. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 111:305-354. [PMID: 39103216 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of food safety practices is crucial in addressing the challenges posed by a growing global population and increasingly complex food supply chains. Traditional methods are often labor-intensive, time-consuming, and susceptible to human error. This chapter explores the transformative potential of integrating microfluidics into smart food safety protocols. Microfluidics, involving the manipulation of small fluid volumes within microscale channels, offers a sophisticated platform for developing miniaturized devices capable of complex tasks. Combined with sensors, actuators, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, smart microfluidic systems enable real-time data acquisition, analysis, and decision-making. These systems enhance control, automation, and adaptability, making them ideal for detecting contaminants, pathogens, and chemical residues in food products. The chapter covers the fundamentals of microfluidics, its integration with smart technologies, and its applications in food safety, addressing the challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Gong
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States.
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Malik S, Singh J, Saini K, Chaudhary V, Umar A, Ibrahim AA, Akbar S, Baskoutas S. Paper-based sensors: affordable, versatile, and emerging analyte detection platforms. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2777-2809. [PMID: 38639474 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02258g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based sensors, often referred to as paper-based analytical devices (PADs), stand as a transformative technology in the field of analytical chemistry. They offer an affordable, versatile, and accessible solution for diverse analyte detection. These sensors harness the unique properties of paper substrates to provide a cost-effective and adaptable platform for rapid analyte detection, spanning chemical species, biomolecules, and pathogens. This review highlights the key attributes that make paper-based sensors an attractive choice for analyte detection. PADs demonstrate their versatility by accommodating a wide range of analytes, from ions and gases to proteins, nucleic acids, and more, with customizable designs for specific applications. Their user-friendly operation and minimal infrastructure requirements suit point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and more. This review also explores various fabrication methods such as inkjet printing, wax printing, screen printing, dip coating, and photolithography. Incorporating nanomaterials and biorecognition elements promises even more sophisticated and sensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Kajal Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Vivek Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran-11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
- STEM Pioneers Training Lab, Najran University, Najran 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran-11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- STEM Pioneers Training Lab, Najran University, Najran 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Akbar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
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Zhang J, Li Y, Zhang T, Zheng Z, Jing H, Liu C. Improving pesticide residue detection: Immobilized enzyme microreactor embedded in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Food Chem 2024; 439:138179. [PMID: 38091789 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Orientationally immobilized enzyme microreactors (OIMERs), embedded in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) were developed for improved detection of pesticide residues in food. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was orientationally immobilized on the reusable Part I of the μPADs, using the specific affinity binding of concanavalin A (Con A) to a glycosyl group on AChE. Using the disposable Part II, facile colorimetric quantification was performed with a smartphone and software, or qualitative detection by a naked-eye visual test. The AChE immobilized in OIMERs not only had improved activity and stability, but also high sensitivity, with a limit of detection as low as (0.007 ± 0.003) μg/mL. The method was used to detect pesticides residues in real vegetable samples; the recovery (88.6-102.7%) showed high reliability for pesticide residues detection in foods. A molecular docking study and an enzyme kinetic analysis were conducted to characterize the mechanism of action of the OIMERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China; Institute of Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yibing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China; Institute of Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Hui Jing
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China; Institute of Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chunye Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China; Institute of Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China.
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Safarkhani M, Farasati Far B, Lima EC, Jafarzadeh S, Makvandi P, Varma RS, Huh Y, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Rabiee N. Integration of MXene and Microfluidics: A Perspective. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:657-676. [PMID: 38241520 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The fusion of MXene-based materials with microfluidics not only presents a dynamic and promising avenue for innovation but also opens up new possibilities across various scientific and technological domains. This Perspective delves into the intricate synergy between MXenes and microfluidics, underscoring their collective potential in material science, sensing, energy storage, and biomedical research. This intersection of disciplines anticipates future advancements in MXene synthesis and functionalization as well as progress in advanced sensing technologies, energy storage solutions, environmental applications, and biomedical breakthroughs. Crucially, the manufacturing and commercialization of MXene-based microfluidic devices, coupled with interdisciplinary collaborations, stand as pivotal considerations. Envisioning a future where MXenes and microfluidics collaboratively shape our technological landscape, addressing intricate challenges and propelling innovation forward necessitates a thoughtful approach. This viewpoint provides a comprehensive assessment of the current state of the field while outlining future prospects for the integration of MXene-based entities and microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Safarkhani
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Bahareh Farasati Far
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 1684611367, Iran
| | - Eder C Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Goncalves 9500, Caixa Postal 15003, Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Shima Jafarzadeh
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, United Kingdom
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CxI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic
| | - YunSuk Huh
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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7
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Zhang J, Li W, Zhang B, Zhang G, Liu C. Screening of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors from natural products via origami microfluidic paper-based analytical devices with colorimetric detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115833. [PMID: 37926038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the screening of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on an origami microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) using colorimetric detection. The hydrolysis product reacts with ninhydrin, resulting in a purple color at the detection zones. Images of the μPADs are captured using a common cell phone and analyzed with Photoshop software. This platform allows six independent colorimetric reactions to take place simultaneously, and the IC50 values can be obtained in a single run within 22 min. The relative standard deviations of inhibition efficiencies are generally lower than 4.0 % (n = 5). The IC50 values of captopril and five products from natural plants were obtained and corresponded well with UV methods. The relative deviations between the two methods are within the range of -5 % to +5 %. This work is a proof-of-concept successfully demonstrating the use of μPADs technology to screen enzyme inhibitors from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi' an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China; Institute of Medicine, Xi' an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xi' an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China; Institute of Medicine, Xi' an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi' an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Guangju Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi' an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chunye Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi' an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China; Institute of Medicine, Xi' an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China.
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8
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Vasina M, Kovar D, Damborsky J, Ding Y, Yang T, deMello A, Mazurenko S, Stavrakis S, Prokop Z. In-depth analysis of biocatalysts by microfluidics: An emerging source of data for machine learning. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108171. [PMID: 37150331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the vastly increasing demand for novel biotechnological products is supported by the continuous development of biocatalytic applications which provide sustainable green alternatives to chemical processes. The success of a biocatalytic application is critically dependent on how quickly we can identify and characterize enzyme variants fitting the conditions of industrial processes. While miniaturization and parallelization have dramatically increased the throughput of next-generation sequencing systems, the subsequent characterization of the obtained candidates is still a limiting process in identifying the desired biocatalysts. Only a few commercial microfluidic systems for enzyme analysis are currently available, and the transformation of numerous published prototypes into commercial platforms is still to be streamlined. This review presents the state-of-the-art, recent trends, and perspectives in applying microfluidic tools in the functional and structural analysis of biocatalysts. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of available technologies, their reproducibility and robustness, and readiness for routine laboratory use. We also highlight the unexplored potential of microfluidics to leverage the power of machine learning for biocatalyst development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Vasina
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Kovar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yun Ding
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tianjin Yang
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stanislav Mazurenko
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Aghababaie M, Foroushani ES, Changani Z, Gunani Z, Mobarakeh MS, Hadady H, Khedri M, Maleki R, Asadnia M, Razmjou A. Recent Advances In the development of enzymatic paper-based microfluidic biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 226:115131. [PMID: 36804663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices has attracted considerable attention in recent years. This is mainly due to their low cost, availability, portability, simple design, high selectivity, and sensitivity. Owing to their specific substrates and catalytic functions, enzymes are the most commonly used bioactive agents in μPADs. Enzymatic μPADs are various in design, fabrication, and detection methods. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development of enzymatic μPADs by considering the methods of detection and fabrication. Particularly, techniques for mass production of these enzymatic μPADs for use in different fields such as medicine, environment, agriculture, and food industries are critically discussed. This paper aims to provide a critical review of μPADs and discuss different fabrication methods as the central parts of the μPADs production categorized into printable and non-printable methods. In addition, state-of-the-art technologies such as fully printed enzymatic μPADs for rapid, low-cost, and mass production and improvement have been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Aghababaie
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Elnaz Sarrami Foroushani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Zinat Changani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
| | - Zahra Gunani
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790, FInland.
| | - Mahsa Salehi Mobarakeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Colonel by Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Hanieh Hadady
- Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute of Biotechnology, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khedri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Maleki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Amir Razmjou
- Mineral Recovery Research Center (MRRC), School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia; UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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10
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Zhang WY, Tian T, Peng LJ, Zhou HY, Zhang H, Chen H, Yang FQ. A Paper-Based Analytical Device Integrated with Smartphone: Fluorescent and Colorimetric Dual-Mode Detection of β-Glucosidase Activity. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:893. [PMID: 36291030 PMCID: PMC9599113 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, indoxyl-glucoside was used as the substrate to develop a cost-effective, paper-based analytical device for the fluorescent and colorimetric dual-mode detection of β-glucosidase activity through a smartphone. The β-glucosidase can hydrolyze the colorless substrate indoxyl-glucoside to release indoxyl, which will be self-oxidized to generate green products in the presence of oxygen. Meanwhile, the green products emit bright blue-green fluorescence under ultraviolet-visible light irradiation at 365 nm. Fluorescent or colorimetric images were obtained by a smartphone, and the red-green-blue channels were analyzed by the Adobe Photoshop to quantify the β-glucosidase activity. Under the optimum conditions, the relative fluorescent and colorimetric signals have a good linear relationship with the activity of β-glucosidase, in the range of 0.01-1.00 U/mL and 0.25-5.00 U/mL, and the limits of detection are 0.005 U/mL and 0.0668 U/mL, respectively. The activities of β-glucosidase in a crude almond sample measured by the fluorescent and colorimetric methods were 23.62 ± 0.53 U/mL and 23.86 ± 0.25 U/mL, respectively. In addition, the spiked recoveries of normal human serum and crude almond samples were between 87.5% and 118.0%. In short, the paper-based device, combined with a smartphone, can provide a simple, environmentally friendly, and low-cost method for the fluorescent and colorimetric dual-mode detection of β-glucosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tao Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Li-Jing Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hang-Yu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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11
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Kumawat N, Soman SS, Vijayavenkataraman S, Kumar S. Rapid and inexpensive process to fabricate paper based microfluidic devices using a cut and heat plastic lamination process. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3377-3389. [PMID: 35801817 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00452f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (microPADs) are emerging as simple-to-use, low-cost point-of-care testing platforms. Such devices are mostly fabricated at present by creating hydrophobic barriers using wax or photoresist patterning on porous paper sheets. Even though devices fabricated using these methods are used and tested with a wide variety of analytes, still they pose many serious practical limitations for low-cost automated mass fabrication for their widespread applicability. We present an affordable and simple two-step process - cut and heat (CH-microPADs) - for the selective fabrication of hydrophilic channels and reservoirs on a wide variety of porous media such as tissue/printing/filter paper and cloth types, such as cotton and polyester, by a lamination process. The technique presents many advantages as compared to existing commonly used methods. The devices possess excellent mechanical strength against bending, folding and twisting, making them virtually unbreakable. They are structurally flexible and show good chemical resistance to various solvents, acids and bases, presenting widespread applicability in areas such as clinical diagnostics, biological sensing applications, food processing, and the chemical industry. Fabricated paper media 96 well-plate CH-microPAD configurations were tested for cell culture applications using mice embryonic fibroblasts and detection of proteins and enzymes using ELISA. With a simple two-step process and minimal human intervention, the technique presents a promising step towards mass fabrication of inexpensive disposable diagnostic devices for both resource-limited and developed regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Kumawat
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Soja Saghar Soman
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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12
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Ban Q, Zhang Y, Li Y, Cao D, Ye W, Zhan L, Wang D, Wang X. A point-of-care microfluidic channel-based device for rapid and direct detection of fibrinogen in whole blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2714-2725. [PMID: 35748483 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00437b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death in civilian and battlefield traumatic injuries. Patients with severe traumatic hemorrhagic shock are more likely to be deficient in fibrinogen than those with other coagulation factors, and hypofibrinogenemia is an independent risk factor for mortality. Thus, rapid detection of fibrinogen levels is of great importance in these patients during damage control resuscitation. Plasma is used as an analyte in fibrinogen detection, which restricts the use of existing devices in emergencies. To meet the needs of on-site detection, we developed a point-of-care microfluidic channel-based device for direct measurement of fibrinogen concentration in whole blood. In our method, thrombin is dispersed on a reaction strip to initiate conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The permeability of the resulting blood clots depends on the fibrinogen level. A hydrophobic plastic protection flake between the reaction strip and a wicking strip is then removed to allow flow of unclotted blood. The rate of blood flow along the wicking strip was inversely related to the fibrinogen concentration. The whole process could be completed in as fast as 5 minutes for a whole blood sample size of 150 μL, and yielded accurate results ranging from 0 to 4 g L-1, which were unaffected by Ca2+, blood lipids, hematocrit, warfarin and tissue plasminogen activators (tPAs). Results using clinical whole blood samples were also highly consistent with those using an automatic coagulation analyzer, yielding a Pearson correlation coefficient of up to 0.919. This approach has potential for allowing rapid diagnosis of fibrinogen concentration in critically ill bleeding patients in different settings, thus helping to judge the suitability of fibrinogen replacement therapy (FRT) in cases of emergency bleeding and in patients at risk of thrombosis due to hyperfibrinogenemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinan Ban
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.
| | - Daye Cao
- Anbio (Xiamen) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361028, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Ye
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Linsheng Zhan
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Daming Wang
- Anbio (Xiamen) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361028, P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology (SIBET), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215163, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.
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13
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Altuner EE, Ozalp VC, Yilmaz MD, Bekmezci M, Sen F. High-efficiency application of CTS-Co NPs mimicking peroxidase enzyme on TMB(ox). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133429. [PMID: 34973252 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, analytical studies of Chitosan-Cobalt(II) (CTS-Co(II)) nanoparticles (CTS - Co NPs) by mimicking horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were evaluated. In the applications, it was observed that CTS-Co NPs 3,3' 5,5' tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidized in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The required CTS-Co NPs were synthesized at 50 °C in 30 min and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) was done. CTS-Co NPs were studied to develop a selective TMB biosensor on TMB(ox) substrate. The synthesized CTS-Co NPs formed a catalytic reaction with 30% 0.2 mM H2O2 on 0.2 M TMB substrate. After the catalytic reaction, sensitive signals were obtained from the desired biosensor. Electrochemical measurements were taken as low limit of 10 mg and a high limit of 20 mg for the determination of CTS-Co NPs to TMB(ox). In the microplate study; The sensors were applied on 1.5 μg and 3 μg CTS-Co NPs TMB(ox) substrate, respectively. CTS- Co NPs; for TMB(ox) determination, optical density (OD) measurement was taken as a low limit of 1.5 μg and a high limit of 3 μg. Electrochemical applications of particles and microplate reader results were compared with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme for sensor properties. According to the data obtained, it was observed that it behaved similarly to the CTS-Co NPs peroxidase enzyme. This work presents innovations for nanoparticle extraction and sensor study from chitosan and other naturally sourced polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Esra Altuner
- Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Dumlupinar University, 43000, Kutahya, Turkey.
| | - Veli Cengiz Ozalp
- Medical School, Department of Medical Biology, Atilim University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - M Deniz Yilmaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080, Konya, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Bekmezci
- Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Dumlupinar University, 43000, Kutahya, Turkey; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sen
- Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Dumlupinar University, 43000, Kutahya, Turkey.
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14
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Microfluidic Immobilized Enzymatic Reactors for Proteomic Analyses—Recent Developments and Trends (2017–2021). MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020311. [PMID: 35208435 PMCID: PMC8879403 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Given the strong interdisciplinary nature of microfluidic immobilized enzyme reactor (μ-IMER) technology, several branches of science contribute to its successful implementation. A combination of physical, chemical knowledge and engineering skills is often required. The development and application of μ-IMERs in the proteomic community are experiencing increasing importance due to their attractive features of enzyme reusability, shorter digestion times, the ability to handle minute volumes of sample and the prospect of on-line integration into analytical workflows. The aim of this review is to give an account of the current (2017–2021) trends regarding the preparation of microdevices, immobilization strategies, and IMER configurations. The different aspects of microfabrication (designs, fabrication technologies and detectors) and enzyme immobilization (empty and packed channels, and monolithic supports) are surveyed focusing on μ-IMERs developed for proteomic analysis. Based on the advantages and limitations of the published approaches and the different applications, a probable perspective is given.
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15
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Torul H, Çalık Kayiş E, Boyaci IH, Tamer U. An ECL sensor combined with a paper electrode for the determination of phenylalanine. Analyst 2022; 147:4866-4875. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor combined with a paper electrode was developed for the detection of phenylalanine (l-Phe) in blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Torul
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Çalık Kayiş
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - I. Hakki Boyaci
- Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06512 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ugur Tamer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Li H, Wang X, Li X, Yu HZ. Quantitative pH Determination Based on the Dominant Wavelength Analysis of Commercial Test Strips. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15452-15458. [PMID: 34762419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The determination of pH values is essential in many chemical, medical, and environmental monitoring processes, which has been relying on conventional pH meters (glass electrodes) for quantitation and pH test strips for qualitative (or semi-quantitative) assessment. In this work, we demonstrate a smartphone-based pH determination technique, which performs digital image analysis of commercial test strips, particularly the determination of either the dominant wavelength (λd) or complementary wavelength (λc) of the color image. In conjunction with a 3D-printed optical accessory (with a surface light source and a macro lens), the quality of captured images have been warranted, and the quantitation accuracy of 0.05 pH units has been achieved. More importantly, the performance of this smartphone-based pH reading system (namely "Smart-pH-Reader") was validated using multiple real-world samples, as the results are consistent with those determined with a standard pH meter. The Smart-pH-Reader is envisioned to be a simple, portable, and accurate tool for pH determination in the fields of environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030600, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030600, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030600, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Zhong Yu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030600, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Ferreira FTSM, Mesquita RBR, Rangel AOSS. Design and Functionalization of a µPAD for the Enzymatic Determination of Nitrate in Urine. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216355. [PMID: 34770764 PMCID: PMC8588010 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the design of a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for the quantification of nitrate in urine samples was described. Nitrate monitoring is highly relevant due to its association to some diseases and health conditions. The nitrate determination was achieved by combining the selectivity of the nitrate reductase enzymatic reaction with the colorimetric detection of nitrite by the well-known Griess reagent. For the optimization of the nitrate determination μPAD, several variables associated with the design and construction of the device were studied. Furthermore, the interference of the urine matrix was evaluated, and stability studies were performed, under different conditions. The developed μPAD enabled us to obtain a limit of detection of 0.04 mM, a limit of quantification of 0.14 mM and a dynamic concentration range of 0.14-1.0 mM. The designed μPAD proved to be stable for 24 h when stored at room temperature in air or vacuum atmosphere, and 60 days when stored in vacuum at -20 °C. The accuracy of the nitrate μPAD measurements was confirmed by analyzing four certified samples (prepared in synthetic urine) and performing recovery studies using urine samples.
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18
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McDonald SJ, Shultz SR, Agoston DV. The Known Unknowns: An Overview of the State of Blood-Based Protein Biomarkers of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2652-2666. [PMID: 33906422 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-based protein biomarkers have revolutionized several fields of medicine by enabling molecular level diagnosis, as well as monitoring disease progression and treatment efficacy. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) so far has benefitted only moderately from using protein biomarkers to improve injury outcome. Because of its complexity and dynamic nature, TBI, especially its most prevalent mild form (mild TBI; mTBI), presents unique challenges toward protein biomarker discovery and validation given that blood is frequently obtained and processed outside of the clinical laboratory (e.g., athletic fields, battlefield) under variable conditions. As it stands, the field of mTBI blood biomarkers faces a number of outstanding questions. Do elevated blood levels of currently used biomarkers-ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light chain, and tau/p-tau-truly mirror the extent of parenchymal damage? Do these different proteins represent distinct injury mechanisms? Is the blood-brain barrier a "brick wall"? What is the relationship between intra- versus extracranial values? Does prolonged elevation of blood levels reflect de novo release or extended protein half-lives? Does biological sex affect the pathobiological responses after mTBI and thus blood levels of protein biomarkers? At the practical level, it is unknown how pre-analytical variables-sample collection, preparation, handling, and stability-affect the quality and reliability of biomarker data. The ever-increasing sensitivity of assay systems and lack of quality control of samples, combined with the almost complete reliance on antibody-based assay platforms, represent important unsolved issues given that false-negative results can lead to false clinical decision making and adverse outcomes. This article serves as a commentary on the state of mTBI biomarkers and the landscape of significant challenges. We highlight and discusses several biological and methodological "known unknowns" and close with some practical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denes V Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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