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Wang Z, Chen H, Qin Y, Lan T. Effect of Fenton oxidized lignin support on immobilized β-glucosidase activity. J Biotechnol 2023; 368:31-41. [PMID: 37028559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the Fenton oxidized lignin was prepared to investigate the effect of Fenton oxidation modification on the activity of lignin immobilized β-glucosidase (β-GL). The results demonstrated that Fenton oxidation could significantly improve the activity and stability of immobilized β-GL. This is because the Fenton oxidation increased the electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic forces between lignin and β-GL, resulting in increased lignin adsorption onto β-GL. The Fenton oxidation also changed the chemical structure of lignin, altering the lignin-β-GL binding site and reducing the negative effect of lignin on the β-GL catalytic domain. This research will improve understanding of the effect of Fenton lignin oxidation on immobilized β-GL activity and expand the use of lignin in enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekang Wang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Rd., Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Rd., Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuyue Qin
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Rd., Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tianqing Lan
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Rd., Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China; National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Rd., Tianxin District, Changsha, 410004, China.
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2
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Zhang WY, Tian T, Peng LJ, Zhou HY, Zhang H, Chen H, Yang FQ. A Paper-Based Analytical Device Integrated with Smartphone: Fluorescent and Colorimetric Dual-Mode Detection of β-Glucosidase Activity. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:893. [PMID: 36291030 PMCID: PMC9599113 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, indoxyl-glucoside was used as the substrate to develop a cost-effective, paper-based analytical device for the fluorescent and colorimetric dual-mode detection of β-glucosidase activity through a smartphone. The β-glucosidase can hydrolyze the colorless substrate indoxyl-glucoside to release indoxyl, which will be self-oxidized to generate green products in the presence of oxygen. Meanwhile, the green products emit bright blue-green fluorescence under ultraviolet-visible light irradiation at 365 nm. Fluorescent or colorimetric images were obtained by a smartphone, and the red-green-blue channels were analyzed by the Adobe Photoshop to quantify the β-glucosidase activity. Under the optimum conditions, the relative fluorescent and colorimetric signals have a good linear relationship with the activity of β-glucosidase, in the range of 0.01-1.00 U/mL and 0.25-5.00 U/mL, and the limits of detection are 0.005 U/mL and 0.0668 U/mL, respectively. The activities of β-glucosidase in a crude almond sample measured by the fluorescent and colorimetric methods were 23.62 ± 0.53 U/mL and 23.86 ± 0.25 U/mL, respectively. In addition, the spiked recoveries of normal human serum and crude almond samples were between 87.5% and 118.0%. In short, the paper-based device, combined with a smartphone, can provide a simple, environmentally friendly, and low-cost method for the fluorescent and colorimetric dual-mode detection of β-glucosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tao Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Li-Jing Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hang-Yu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Zhang XL, Yan ZW, Wang F, Wang X, Xu H, Hu RG, Yan C, Lin S. [Effects of Microplastics Addition on Soil Organic Carbon Mineralization in Citrus Orchard]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2021; 42:4558-4565. [PMID: 34414756 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202102042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of microplastics on soil organic carbon mineralization and the changes in soil enzyme activities, an incubation experiment was conducted whereby single applications of either microplastics or straw, and combined application of both, were added to Dangyang citrus orchard soil. The results showed that the combined application of straw and microplastics significantly affected organic carbon mineralization in the soil, but the single addition of microplastics had no significant effect. Compared with straw alone, the application of a small combined amount of microplastics and straw significantly increased soil organic carbon mineralization by 8.20%, while medium and high amounts of the combined application significantly inhibited soil organic carbon mineralization. The lowest amount of organic carbon mineralization occurred with the highest amount of combined microplastics and straw, 10.13% lower than with straw alone. The addition of microplastics significantly reduced the activity of β-glucosidase. In particular, a high amount of microplastics significantly decreased the activity of β-glucosidase, compared with the control, by 20.52%, 43.93%, and 17.79% on the day 1, 6, and 35, respectively. However, straw application alleviated the inhibition effect of microplastic application on soil β-glucosidase activity. The soil organic carbon mineralization rate was significantly positively correlated with DOC, MBC and β-glucosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Recourses and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zi-Wei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Recourses and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Recourses and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Han Xu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Recourses and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rong-Gui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Recourses and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chang Yan
- Hubei Agricultural Ecological Environment Protection Station, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Recourses and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Zhang P, Zhang R, Sirisena S, Gan R, Fang Z. Beta-glucosidase activity of wine yeasts and its impacts on wine volatiles and phenolics: A mini-review. Food Microbiol 2021; 100:103859. [PMID: 34416959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Beta-glucosidase is an important enzyme for the hydrolysis of grape glycosides in the course of winemaking. Yeasts are the main producers of β-glucosidase in winemaking, therefore play an important role in determining wine aroma and flavour. This article discusses common methods for β-glucosidase evaluation, the β-glucosidase activity of different Saccharomyces and non- Saccharomyces yeasts and the influences of winemaking conditions, such as glucose and ethanol concentration, low pH environment, fermentation temperature and SO2 level, on their activity. This review further highlights the roles of β-glucosidase in promoting the release of free volatile compounds especially terpenes and the modification of wine phenolic composition during the winemaking process. Furthermore, this review proposes future research direction in this area and guides wine professionals in yeast selection to improve wine quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3030, Australia.
| | - Ruige Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Sameera Sirisena
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Renyou Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610213, China; Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3030, Australia
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Huang Y, Yu C, Sun C, Saleem M, Li P, Li B, Wang C. β-Glucosidase VmGlu2 Contributes to the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple Tree. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:695112. [PMID: 34394036 PMCID: PMC8361449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.695112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The apple tree canker is caused by Valsa mali, which produces major pathogenic factors involving multiple cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and toxins. The β-glucosidases are among the main CWDEs, and thus, they play important roles in the virulence of necrotrophic pathogens. However, the specific roles of β-glucosidases in the virulence of V. mlai remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified a β-glucosidase gene, VmGlu2, which was upregulated during the V. mali infection. We found that VmGlu2 protein had high enzyme activity of β-glucosidase using p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as a substrate, while the VmGlu2 could convert phloridzin to phloretin with the release of glucose. The deletion and overexpression of VmGlu2 showed no effect on vegetative growth, but gene deletion mutants of V. mlai showed significantly reduced pycnidia formation. The gene deletion mutants had lower β-glucosidase activities and toxin levels as compared to the wild-type strain. Therefore, these mutants showed a reduced virulence. Moreover, the overexpression of VmGlu2 did not affect toxin levels, but it significantly enhanced β-glucosidase activities, which resulted in an increased pathogenicity. Thus, we conclude that VmGlu2 is required for the full virulence of V. mali. These results provide valuable evidence to the complex role of CWDEs in the fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunlei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuicui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Pingliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Peixoto S, Henriques I, Loureiro S. Long-term effects of Cu(OH) 2 nanopesticide exposure on soil microbial communities. Environ Pollut 2021; 269:116113. [PMID: 33261963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper-based (nano)pesticides in agroecosystems may result in unintended consequences on non-target soil microbial communities, due to their antimicrobial broad spectrum. We studied the impact of a commercial Cu(OH)2-nanopesticide, over 90 days, at single and season agricultural application doses, in the presence and absence of an edaphic organism (the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus), on microbial communities' function, structure and abundance. Results were compared to the effects of Cu(OH)2-ionic. The nanopesticide application resulted in significant changes on both bacterial and fungal communities' structure, particularly at the season application. The exposed bacterial community presented a significantly lower richness, and higher diversity and evenness while the exposed fungal community presented lower diversity and richness. At the functional level, a significant increase on microbial ability of carbon utilization and a significant decrease on the β-glucosidase activity was observed for communities exposed to the nanopesticide. Regarding Cu forms, less pronounced effects were observed in soils spiked with Cu(OH)2-ionic, which might result from lower Cu concentration in porewater. The presence of P. pruinosus did not induce significant changes in diversity indexes (fungal community) and community-level physiological profiling, suggesting an attenuation of the nanopesticide effect. This study revealed that Cu(OH)2-nanopesticide, at doses applied in agriculture, impact the soil microbial community, possibly affecting its ecological role. On the other hand, invertebrates may attenuate this effect, highlighting the importance of jointly including different interacting communities in the risk assessment of nanopesticides in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Peixoto
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Henriques
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Managa MG, Shai J, Thi Phan AD, Sultanbawa Y, Sivakumar D. Impact of Household Cooking Techniques on African Nightshade and Chinese Cabbage on Phenolic Compounds, Antinutrients, in vitro Antioxidant, and β-Glucosidase Activity. Front Nutr 2021; 7:580550. [PMID: 33409289 PMCID: PMC7779405 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.580550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different household cooking techniques (boiling, steaming, stir frying, and microwave) were tested on the changes of targeted phenolic compounds, antioxidant property (ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) activity), α-glucosidase activity, antinutritive compounds, and sensory properties in commonly consumed traditional leafy vegetables in Southern Africa, the non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis) and African nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun). Stir frying increased kaempferol-3-O-hydroxyferuloyl-trihexoside, kaempferol-dihexoside, sinapoyl malate, rutin, and isorhamnetin-O-dihexoside in Chinese cabbage leaves, followed by steaming. Similarly, stir frying increased kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, chlorogenic acid, caffeoylmalic acid, and quercetin-3-O-xylosyl-rutinoside in nightshade, followed by steaming. Biomarkers, sinapoyl malate (Chinese cabbage) and caffeoylmalic acid (nightshade), separated the stir frying from the other cooking techniques. Steaming and stir-frying techniques significantly increased the FRAP activity; whereas boiling and microwaving reduced the tannin, oxalate, and phytate contents in both leafy vegetables and steroidal saponins in nightshade. Stir-fried nightshade leaf extract showed the most effective inhibition against α-glucosidase activity, with an IC50 of 26.4 μg ml-1, which was higher than acarbose, a synthetic compound (positive control; IC50 69.83 μg ml-1). Sensory panelists preferred the stir-fried Chinese cabbage and nightshade leaves, followed by steamed, microwaved, and boiled vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent G Managa
- Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jerry Shai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anh Dao Thi Phan
- Agricultural Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Agricultural Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dharini Sivakumar
- Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.,Agricultural Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Yu HH, Yoshimitsu M, Xu XY, Zheng YM, Li LY. [Investigate optimum conditions and determinate changes of β-glucosidase activity in Scrophularia root under different drying conditions]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2017; 42:274-279. [PMID: 28948730 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20161222.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To explore the optimum conditions of β-glucosidase activity in Scrophularia root by using pNPG method. The extraction conditions and reaction conditions (such as extraction liquid type, reaction system, reaction time, temperature, and substrate concentration) were screened by using monofactorial experiment and homogeneous design. Then the changes of β-glucosidase activity in Scrophularia root were detected at the drying temperature of 40-100 ℃. The results showed that citric acid phosphate buffer had better extraction effect, and the maximum absorbance produced by enzymatic reaction was present at 50 ℃ environment after reaction for 30 min. Homogeneous design experiment determined that the optimal conditions were as follows: optimal extraction liquid pH 7.0; enzymatic reaction system pH 6.0; substrate concentration 20 mmol•L⁻¹. The change of enzyme activity was affected by drying temperature and water loss rate. In the drying temperature of 60-100 ℃, the enzyme activity was reduced rapidly with the increase in water loss rate, while the activity was seen even with 0% of water at 40 and 50 ℃. This study has laid the theoretical foundation for research of hydrolysis mechanism of iridoid glycosides and optimum drying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054
| | - Michiyo Yoshimitsu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054
| | - Xiu-Ying Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054
| | - Long-Yun Li
- Chonqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, 400065
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Fenoy E, Casas JJ, Díaz-López M, Rubio J, Guil-Guerrero JL, Moyano-López FJ. Temperature and substrate chemistry as major drivers of interregional variability of leaf microbial decomposition and cellulolytic activity in headwater streams. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw169. [PMID: 27515735 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic factors, substrate chemistry and decomposers community composition are primary drivers of leaf litter decomposition. In soil, much of the variation in litter decomposition is explained by climate and substrate chemistry, but with a significant contribution of the specialisation of decomposer communities to degrade specific substrates (home-field advantage, HFA). In streams, however, HFA effects on litter decomposition have not been explicitly tested. We evaluated responses of microbial decomposition and β-glucosidase activity to abiotic factors, substrate and decomposer assemblages, using a reciprocal litter transplant experiment: 'ecosystem type' (mountain vs lowland streams) × 'litter chemistry' (alder vs reed). Temperature, pH and ionic concentration were higher in lowland streams. Decomposition for both species was faster in lowland streams. Decomposition of reed was more accelerated in lowland compared with mountain streams than that of alder, suggesting higher temperature sensitivity of decomposition in reed. Q10 (5°C-15°C) values of β-glucosidase activity were over 2. The alkaline pH and high ionic concentration of lowland streams depleted enzyme activity. We found similar relationships of decomposition or enzyme activity with abiotic factors for both species, suggesting limited support to the HFA hypothesis. Overall, our results suggest a prime role of temperature interacting with substrate chemistry on litter decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnación Fenoy
- Department of Biology and Geology, ceiMar, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - J Jesús Casas
- Department of Biology and Geology, ceiMar, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain Andalusian Centre for the Evaluation and Monitoring of Global Change, CAESCG, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel Díaz-López
- Department of Biology and Geology, ceiMar, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Juan Rubio
- Department of Biology and Geology, ceiMar, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - J Luís Guil-Guerrero
- Department of Agronomy, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco J Moyano-López
- Department of Biology and Geology, ceiMar, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Rizzello CG, Mueller T, Coda R, Reipsch F, Nionelli L, Curiel JA, Gobbetti M. Synthesis of 2-methoxy benzoquinone and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone by selected lactic acid bacteria during sourdough fermentation of wheat germ. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:105. [PMID: 24215546 PMCID: PMC3831755 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decade, several studies described the promising cytotoxic activity of fermented wheat germ towards cancer cell lines and during in vivo clinical trials. Recent data suggested that the antiproliferative, antimetastatic and immunological effects of this preparation are mainly attributed to quinones. This study aimed at exploiting the potential of sourdough lactic acid bacteria fermentation to release 2-methoxy benzoquinone, and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone, which are naturally present in wheat germ as glycosylated and non-physiologically active form. RESULTS Preliminarily, forty strains of lactic acid bacteria, previously isolated from wheat germ, were in vitro screened based on β-glucosidase activity. Lactobacillus plantarum LB1 and Lactobacillus rossiae LB5 were selected based on the highest enzyme activity and on technology features. These strains were used in combination to ferment wheat germ. Raw wheat germ, without bacterial inoculum, was subjected to the same incubation and used as the control. The sourdough fermented wheat germ was characterized based on microbiological, physico-chemical and biochemical features. During incubation, the release of the non-glycosylated and physiologically active 2-methoxy benzoquinone, and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone was almost completed during 24 h. Compared to the control, the concentration of the above bioactive compounds increased almost 4 and 6-folds. Both raw wheat germ (control) and sourdough fermented wheat germ were ex vivo assayed for the anti-proliferative activity towards various cell lines of germ cell tumor, colon carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma. While no effect was found for the raw wheat germ, the sourdough fermented preparation markedly and variously affected the human tumor cell lines. The values of IC50 ranged from 0.105 ± 0.005 to 0.556 ± 0.071 mg/ml, with a median value of IC50 of 0.302 mg/ml. CONCLUSIONS These results are comparable to those found for other well-known pharmaceutical preparations, and may disclose the use of the sourdough fermented wheat germ as an ingredient, nutritional supplement and/or anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giuseppe Rizzello
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Rossana Coda
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Franziska Reipsch
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Luana Nionelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - José Antonio Curiel
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal microbial community has major effects on human health, but optimal research methods are unsettled. To facilitate epidemiologic and clinical research, we sought to optimize conditions and to assess reproducibility of selected core functions of the distal gut microbiota, β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase bioactivities. METHODS AND RESULTS A colorimetric kinetic method was optimized and used to quantify activities of β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase in human faeces. Enzyme detection was optimal with neutral pH, snap freezing in liquid nitrogen and rapid thawing to 37 °C before protein extraction. Enzymatic stability was assessed by delayed freezing for 2-48 h to mimic field settings. Activities decayed approximately 20% within 2 h and 40% within 4 h at room temperature. To formally assess reproducibility, 51 volunteers (25 men; mean age 39) used two devices to self-collect and rapidly chill four replicates of a stool. Devices were compared for mean enzymatic activities and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) in paired replicates of the self-collected specimens. Reproducibility was excellent with both devices for β-glucuronidase (ICC 0·92). The larger collection device had significantly higher reproducibility for β-glucosidase (ICC 0·92 vs. 0·76, P < 0·0001) and higher mean activities for both enzymes (P < 0·0001). CONCLUSIONS Optimal measurement of these core activities of the microbiota required a sufficient quantity of rapidly chilled or frozen specimens collected in phosphate buffered saline at pH7·0. Application of these methods to clinical and epidemiologic research could provide insights on how the intestinal microbiota affects human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Flores
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
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