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Wendlandt T, Britz B, Kleinow T, Hipp K, Eber FJ, Wege C. Getting Hold of the Tobamovirus Particle-Why and How? Purification Routes over Time and a New Customizable Approach. Viruses 2024; 16:884. [PMID: 38932176 PMCID: PMC11209083 DOI: 10.3390/v16060884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This article develops a multi-perspective view on motivations and methods for tobamovirus purification through the ages and presents a novel, efficient, easy-to-use approach that can be well-adapted to different species of native and functionalized virions. We survey the various driving forces prompting researchers to enrich tobamoviruses, from the search for the causative agents of mosaic diseases in plants to their increasing recognition as versatile nanocarriers in biomedical and engineering applications. The best practices and rarely applied options for the serial processing steps required for successful isolation of tobamoviruses are then reviewed. Adaptations for distinct particle species, pitfalls, and 'forgotten' or underrepresented technologies are considered as well. The article is topped off with our own development of a method for virion preparation, rooted in historical protocols. It combines selective re-solubilization of polyethylene glycol (PEG) virion raw precipitates with density step gradient centrifugation in biocompatible iodixanol formulations, yielding ready-to-use particle suspensions. This newly established protocol and some considerations for perhaps worthwhile further developments could serve as putative stepping stones towards preparation procedures appropriate for routine practical uses of these multivalent soft-matter nanorods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wendlandt
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (B.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Beate Britz
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (B.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Tatjana Kleinow
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (B.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Katharina Hipp
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Fabian J. Eber
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Badstr. 24, 77652 Offenburg, Germany;
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (B.B.); (T.K.)
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Caparco AA, González-Gamboa I, Hays SS, Pokorski JK, Steinmetz NF. Delivery of Nematicides Using TMGMV-Derived Spherical Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37327572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spherical nanoparticles (SNPs) from tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) were developed and characterized, and their application for agrochemical delivery was demonstrated. Specifically, we set out to develop a platform for pesticide delivery targeting nematodes in the rhizosphere. SNPs were obtained by thermal shape-switching of the TMGMV. We demonstrated that cargo can be loaded into the SNPs during thermal shape-switching, enabling the one-pot synthesis of functionalized nanocarriers. Cyanine 5 and ivermectin were encapsulated into SNPs to achieve 10% mass loading. SNPs demonstrated good mobility and soil retention slightly higher than that of TMGMV rods. Ivermectin delivery to Caenorhabditis elegans using SNPs was determined after passing the formulations through soil. Using a gel burrowing assay, we demonstrate the potent efficacy of SNP-delivered ivermectin against nematodes. Like many pesticides, free ivermectin is adsorbed in the soil and did not show efficacy. The SNP nanotechnology offers good soil mobility and a platform technology for pesticide delivery to the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Caparco
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ivonne González-Gamboa
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Samuel S Hays
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Karpova OV, Nikitin NA. Plant Viruses: New Opportunities under the Pandemic. HERALD OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2022; 92:464-469. [PMID: 36091862 PMCID: PMC9447971 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331622040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During the pandemic, an urgent task has become to develop new vaccine platforms that will help fight the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 and quickly respond to newly emerging pathogens. Plant viruses can make a significant contribution to the solution of this problem. Phytoviruses, having the properties of any viral particles (self-assembly, immunogenicity, nanosize), are safe for humans since plants and mammals have no common infectious agents. As a result of thermal rearrangement of the tobacco mosaic virus, spherical particles of a protein nature have been obtained, which have unique immunostimulation and adsorption properties and can play the role of a universal adjuvant platform to create vaccines. Based on these particles, a scheme for obtaining vaccine preparations is proposed. This technology resembles a toy construction set for children. The basis is spherical particles, on the surface of which there are toy blocks-antigens. The "blocks" can be removed, added, or replaced, and this does not take much time and resources. Based on spherical particles, a polyvalent vaccine candidate against COVID-19 has been created as an adjuvant platform.
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Kondakova OA, Evtushenko EA, Baranov OA, Nikitin NA, Karpova OV. Structurally Modified Plant Viruses and Bacteriophages with Helical Structure. Properties and Applications. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2022; 87:548-558. [PMID: 35790410 PMCID: PMC9201271 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922060062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Structurally modified virus particles can be obtained from the rod-shaped or filamentous virions of plant viruses and bacteriophages by thermal or chemical treatment. They have recently attracted attention of the researchers as promising biogenic platforms for the development of new biotechnologies. This review presents data on preparation, structure, and properties of the structurally modified virus particles. In addition, their biosafety for animals is considered, as well as the areas of application of such particles in biomedicine. A separate section is devoted to one of the most relevant and promising areas for the use of structurally modified plant viruses – design of vaccine candidates based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Kondakova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | | | - Oleg A Baranov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Olga V Karpova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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Discovery and Characterization of an Aberrant Small Form of Glycoprotein I of Herpes Simplex Virus Type I in Cell Culture. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0265921. [PMID: 35348373 PMCID: PMC9045375 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02659-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 380-to-393-amino-acid glycoprotein I (gI) encoded by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a critical mediator for viral cell-to-cell spread and syncytium formation. Here we report a previously unrecognized aberrant form of gI in HSV-1-infected cells. Production of this molecule is independent of cell type and viral strains. It had an unexpected gel migration size of approximately 23 kDa, was packaged into viral particles, and could be coimmunoprecipitated by antibodies to both N and C termini of gI. Deep sequencing failed to detect alternative RNA splicing, and the invitro transcribed full-length mRNA gave rise to the 23 kDa protein in transfected cells. Combined mass spectrometry and antibody probing analyses detected peptide information across different regions of gI, suggesting the possibility of a full-length gI but with abnormal migration behavior. In line with this notion, the HA insertion mutagenesis revealed a stable fold in the gI extracellular region aa.38-196 resistant to denaturing conditions, whereas small deletions within this region failed the antibodies to detect the fast, but not the slow-moving species of gI. It is also intriguing that the structure could be perturbed to some extent by a gBsyn mutation, leading to exposure or shielding of the gI epitopes. Thus, the HSV-1 gI apparently adopts a very stable fold in its natural form, rendering it an unusual biophysical property. Our findings provide novel insight into the biological properties of HSV gI and have important implications in understanding the viral spread and pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE The HSV-1 gI is required for viral cell-to-cell spread within the host, but its behavior during infection has remained poorly defined. Along with the classic 66 kDa product, here we report a previously unrecognized, approximately 23 kDa form of gI. Biochemical and genetics analyses revealed that this molecule represents the full-length form of gI but adopts a stable fold in its extracellular domain that is resistant to denatured conditions, thus contributing to the aberrant migration rate. Our results revealed a novel property of HSV-1 gI and have important implications in understanding viral pathogenesis.
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Manukhova TI, Evtushenko EA, Ksenofontov AL, Arutyunyan AM, Kovalenko AO, Nikitin NA, Karpova OV. Thermal remodelling of Alternanthera mosaic virus virions and virus-like particles into protein spherical particles. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255378. [PMID: 34320024 PMCID: PMC8318239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work addresses the thermal remodelling of flexible plant viruses with a helical structure and virus-like particles (VLPs). Here, for the first time, the possibility of filamentous Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) virions' thermal transition into structurally modified spherical particles (SP) has been demonstrated. The work has established differences in formation conditions of SP from virions (SPV) and VLPs (SPVLP) that are in accordance with structural data (on AltMV virions and VLPs). SP originate from AltMV virions through an intermediate stage. However, the same intermediate stage was not detected during AltMV VLPs' structural remodelling. According to the biochemical analysis, AltMV SPV consist of protein and do not include RNA. The structural characterisation of AltMV SPV/VLP by circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy and thioflavin T fluorescence assay has been performed. AltMV SPV/VLP adsorption properties and the availability of chemically reactive surface amino acids have been analysed. The revealed characteristics of AltMV SPV/VLP indicate that they could be applied as protein platforms for target molecules presentation and for the design of functionally active complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana I. Manukhova
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Evtushenko
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L. Ksenofontov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Arutyunyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Angelina O. Kovalenko
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai A. Nikitin
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Karpova
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Wu H, Zhong D, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhang Z, Xu X, Yang J, Gu Z. Bioinspired Artificial Tobacco Mosaic Virus with Combined Oncolytic Properties to Completely Destroy Multidrug-Resistant Cancer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904958. [PMID: 33231347 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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Evtushenko EA, Ryabchevskaya EM, Nikitin NA, Atabekov JG, Karpova OV. Plant virus particles with various shapes as potential adjuvants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10365. [PMID: 32587281 PMCID: PMC7316779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are biologically safe for mammals and can be successfully used as a carrier/platform to present foreign epitopes in the course of creating novel putative vaccines. However, there is mounting evidence that plant viruses, their virus-like and structurally modified particles may also have an immunopotentiating effect on antigens not bound with their surface covalently. Here, we present data on the adjuvant properties of plant viruses with various shapes (Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV; Potato virus X, PVX; Cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; Bean mild mosaic virus, BMMV) and structurally modified TMV spherical particles (SPs). We have analysed the effectiveness of immune response to individual model antigens (ovalbumin, OVA/hen egg lysozyme, HEL) and to OVA/HEL in compositions with plant viruses/SPs, and have shown that CaMV, TMV and SPs can effectively induce total IgG titers to model antigen. Some intriguing data were obtained when analysing the immune response to the plant viruses/SPs themselves. Strong immunity was induced to CaMV, BMMV and PVX, whereas TMV and SPs stimulated considerably lower self-IgG titers. Our results provide new insights into the immunopotentiating properties of plant viruses and can be useful in devising adjuvants based on plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Evtushenko
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation.
| | - Ekaterina M Ryabchevskaya
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
| | - Joseph G Atabekov
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Karpova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyWuhan Institute of VirologyCenter for Biosafety Mega‐ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
- College of Life ScienceJiang Han University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyWuhan Institute of VirologyCenter for Biosafety Mega‐ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
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Wege C, Koch C. From stars to stripes: RNA-directed shaping of plant viral protein templates-structural synthetic virology for smart biohybrid nanostructures. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1591. [PMID: 31631528 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of viral building blocks bears exciting prospects for fabricating new types of bionanoparticles with multivalent protein shells. These enable a spatially controlled immobilization of functionalities at highest surface densities-an increasing demand worldwide for applications from vaccination to tissue engineering, biocatalysis, and sensing. Certain plant viruses hold particular promise because they are sustainably available, biodegradable, nonpathogenic for mammals, and amenable to in vitro self-organization of virus-like particles. This offers great opportunities for their redesign into novel "green" carrier systems by spatial and structural synthetic biology approaches, as worked out here for the robust nanotubular tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as prime example. Natural TMV of 300 x 18 nm is built from more than 2,100 identical coat proteins (CPs) helically arranged around a 6,395 nucleotides ssRNA. In vitro, TMV-like particles (TLPs) may self-assemble also from modified CPs and RNAs if the latter contain an Origin of Assembly structure, which initiates a bidirectional encapsidation. By way of tailored RNA, the process can be reprogrammed to yield uncommon shapes such as branched nanoobjects. The nonsymmetric mechanism also proceeds on 3'-terminally immobilized RNA and can integrate distinct CP types in blends or serially. Other emerging plant virus-deduced systems include the usually isometric cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) with further strikingly altered structures up to "cherrybombs" with protruding nucleic acids. Cartoon strips and pictorial descriptions of major RNA-based strategies induct the reader into a rare field of nanoconstruction that can give rise to utile soft-matter architectures for complex tasks. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Claudia Koch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Ksenofontov AL, Fedorova NV, Badun GA, Serebryakova MV, Nikitin NA, Evtushenko EA, Chernysheva MG, Bogacheva EN, Dobrov EN, Baratova LA, Atabekov JG, Karpova OV. Surface characterization of the thermal remodeling helical plant virus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216905. [PMID: 31150411 PMCID: PMC6544241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that spherical particles (SPs) are formed by the thermal remodeling of rigid helical virions of native tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) at 94°C. SPs have remarkable features: stability, unique adsorption properties and immunostimulation potential. Here we performed a comparative study of the amino acid composition of the SPs and virions surface to characterize their properties and take an important step to understanding the structure of SPs. The results of tritium planigraphy showed that thermal transformation of TMV leads to a significant increase in tritium label incorporation into the following sites of SPs protein: 41-71 а.a. and 93-122 a.a. At the same time, there was a decrease in tritium label incorporation into the N- and C- terminal region (1-15 a.a., 142-158 a.a). The use of complementary physico-chemical methods allowed us to carry out a detailed structural analysis of the surface and to determine the most likely surface areas of SPs. The obtained data make it possible to consider viral protein thermal rearrangements, and to open new opportunities for biologically active complex design using information about SPs surface amino acid composition and methods of non-specific adsorption and bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Ksenofontov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Fedorova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady A. Badun
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V. Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai A. Nikitin
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Elena N. Bogacheva
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugeny N. Dobrov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila A. Baratova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Joseph G. Atabekov
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Karpova
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Ksenofontov AL, Dobrov EN, Fedorova NV, Arutyunyan AM, Golanikov AE, Järvekülg L, Shtykova EV. Structure of Potato Virus A Coat Protein Particles and Their Dissociation. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Lomonossoff GP, Wege C. TMV Particles: The Journey From Fundamental Studies to Bionanotechnology Applications. Adv Virus Res 2018; 102:149-176. [PMID: 30266172 PMCID: PMC7112118 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ever since its initial characterization in the 19th century, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has played a prominent role in the development of modern virology and molecular biology. In particular, research on the three-dimensional structure of the virus particles and the mechanism by which these assemble from their constituent protein and RNA components has made TMV a paradigm for our current view of the morphogenesis of self-assembling structures, including viral particles. More recently, this knowledge has been applied to the development of novel reagents and structures for applications in biomedicine and bionanotechnology. In this article, we review how fundamental science has led to TMV being at the vanguard of these new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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14
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Nikitin NA, Zenin VA, Trifonova EA, Ryabchevskaya EM, Kondakova OA, Fedorov AN, Atabekov JG, Karpova OV. Assessment of structurally modified plant virus as a novel adjuvant in toxicity studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:127-133. [PMID: 29932979 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Spherical particles (SPs) generated by thermally denatured tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein can act as an adjuvant, as they are able to enhance the magnitude and longevity of immune responses to different antigens. Here, the toxicity of TMV SPs was assessed prior to it being offered as a universal safe adjuvant for the development of vaccine candidates. The evaluation included nonclinical studies of a local tolerance following the single administration of TMV SPs, and of the local and systemic effects following repeated administrations of TMV SPs. These were conducted in mice, rats and rabbits. General health status, haematology and blood chemistry parameters were monitored on a regular basis. Also, reproductive and development toxicity were studied. No significant signs of toxicity were detected following single or repeated administrations of the adjuvant (TMV SPs). The absence of toxicological effects following the injection of TMV SPs is promising for the further development of recombinant vaccine candidates with TMV SPs as an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Nikitin
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation.
| | - V A Zenin
- Group of Molecular Biotechnology, Federal State Institution «Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences», 33-2 Leninsky pr., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - E A Trifonova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
| | - E M Ryabchevskaya
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
| | - O A Kondakova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
| | - A N Fedorov
- Group of Molecular Biotechnology, Federal State Institution «Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences», 33-2 Leninsky pr., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - J G Atabekov
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
| | - O V Karpova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation
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15
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Study of rubella candidate vaccine based on a structurally modified plant virus. Antiviral Res 2017; 144:27-33. [PMID: 28511994 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel rubella candidate vaccine based on a structurally modified plant virus - spherical particles (SPs) - was developed. SPs generated by the thermal remodelling of the tobacco mosaic virus are promising platforms for the development of vaccines. SPs combine unique properties: biosafety, stability, high immunogenicity and the effective adsorption of antigens. We assembled in vitro and characterised complexes (candidate vaccine) based on SPs and the rubella virus recombinant antigen. The candidate vaccine induced a strong humoral immune response against rubella. The IgG isotypes ratio indicated the predominance of IgG1 which plays a key role in immunity to natural rubella infection. The immune response was generally directed against the rubella antigen within the complexes. We suggest that SPs can act as a platform (depot) for the rubella antigen, enhancing specific immune response. Our results demonstrate that SPs-antigen complexes can be an effective and safe candidate vaccine against rubella.
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16
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Nikitin N, Ksenofontov A, Trifonova E, Arkhipenko M, Petrova E, Kondakova O, Kirpichnikov M, Atabekov J, Dobrov E, Karpova O. Thermal conversion of filamentous potato virus X into spherical particles with different properties from virions. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1543-51. [PMID: 27098711 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We developed a method for the fast transformation of virions of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in so-called spherical particles (SPs) of different sizes. These SPs turned out to be highly useful for the preparation of different kinds of important biotechnological products. In this communication, we report that a representative of the flexuous helical virus group-potato virus X (PVX), produces SPs as well, but these SPs differ from TMV SPs in several important aspects. PVX SPs may be useful biotechnological devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Ksenofontov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Olga Kondakova
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | | | | | - Evgeny Dobrov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Olga Karpova
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
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17
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Pitek AS, Wen AM, Shukla S, Steinmetz NF. The Protein Corona of Plant Virus Nanoparticles Influences their Dispersion Properties, Cellular Interactions, and In Vivo Fates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1758-69. [PMID: 26853911 PMCID: PMC5147027 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecules in bodily fluids such as plasma can adsorb to the surface of nanoparticles and influence their biological properties. This phenomenon, known as the protein corona, is well established in the field of synthetic nanotechnology but has not been described in the context of plant virus nanoparticles (VNPs). The interaction between VNPs derived from Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and plasma proteins is investigated, and it is found that the VNP protein corona is significantly less abundant compared to the corona of synthetic particles. The formed corona is dominated by complement proteins and immunoglobulins, the binding of which can be reduced by PEGylating the VNP surface. The impact of the VNP protein corona on molecular recognition and cell targeting in the context of cancer and thrombosis is investigated. A library of functionalized TMV rods with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and peptide ligands targeting integrins or fibrin(ogen) show different dispersion properties, cellular interactions, and in vivo fates depending on the properties of the protein corona, influencing target specificity, and non-specific scavenging by macrophages. Our results provide insight into the in vivo properties of VNPs and suggest that the protein corona effect should be considered during the development of efficacious, targeted VNP formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S. Pitek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Amy M. Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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18
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Bruckman MA, Czapar AE, VanMeter A, Randolph LN, Steinmetz NF. Tobacco mosaic virus-based protein nanoparticles and nanorods for chemotherapy delivery targeting breast cancer. J Control Release 2016; 231:103-13. [PMID: 26941034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems are required for drug targeting to avoid adverse effects associated with chemotherapy treatment regimes. Our approach is focused on the study and development of plant virus-based materials as drug delivery systems; specifically, this work focuses on the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Native TMV forms a hollow, high aspect-ratio nanotube measuring 300×18nm with a 4nm-wide central channel. Heat-transformation can be applied to TMV yielding spherical nanoparticles (SNPs) measuring ~50nm in size. While bioconjugate chemistries have been established to modify the TMV rod, such methods have not yet been described for the SNP platform. In this work, we probed the reactivity of SNPs toward bioconjugate reactions targeting lysine, glutamine/aspartic acid, and cysteine residues. We demonstrate functionalization of SNPs using these chemistries yielding efficient payload conjugation. In addition to covalent labeling techniques, we developed encapsulation techniques, where the cargo is loaded into the SNP during heat-transition from rod-to-sphere. Finally, we developed TMV and SNP formulations loaded with the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin, and we demonstrate the application of TMV rods and spheres for chemotherapy delivery targeting breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bruckman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Anna E Czapar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Allen VanMeter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lauren N Randolph
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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19
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Atabekov JG, Nikitin NA, Karpova OV. New type platforms for in vitro vaccine assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0096392515040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Bruckman MA, Randolph LN, Gulati NM, Stewart PL, Steinmetz NF. Silica-coated Gd(DOTA)-loaded protein nanoparticles enable magnetic resonance imaging of macrophages. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7503-7510. [PMID: 26659591 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The molecular imaging of in vivo targets allows non-invasive disease diagnosis. Nanoparticles offer a promising platform for molecular imaging because they can deliver large payloads of imaging reagents to the site of disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often preferred for clinical diagnosis because it uses non-ionizing radiation and offers both high spatial resolution and excellent penetration. We have explored the use of plant viruses as the basis of for MRI contrast reagents, specifically Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which can assemble to form either stiff rods or spheres. We loaded TMV particles with paramagnetic Gd ions, increasing the ionic relaxivity compared to free Gd ions. The loaded TMV particles were then coated with silica maintaining high relaxivities. Interestingly, we found that when Gd(DOTA) was loaded into the interior channel of TMV and the exterior was coated with silica, the T1 relaxivities increased by three-fold from 10.9 mM-1 s-1 to 29.7 mM-1s-1 at 60 MHz compared to uncoated Gd-loaded TMV. To test the performance of the contrast agents in a biological setting, we focused on interactions with macrophages because the active or passive targeting of immune cells is a popular strategy to investigate the cellular components involved in disease progression associated with inflammation. In vitro assays and phantom MRI experiments indicate efficient targeting and imaging of macrophages, enhanced contrast-to-noise ratio was observed by shape-engineering (SNP > TMV) and silica-coating (Si-TMV/SNP > TMV/SNP). Because plant viruses are in the food chain, antibodies may be prevalent in the population. Therefore we investigated whether the silica-coating could prevent antibody recognition; indeed our data indicate that mineralization can be used as a stealth coating option to reduce clearance. Therefore, we conclude that the silica-coated protein-based contrast agent may provide an interesting candidate material for further investigation for in vivo delineation of disease through macrophage imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, OH ; Department of Radiology, Cleveland, OH ; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cleveland, OH ; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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21
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Ksenofontov AL, Parshina EY, Fedorova NV, Arutyunyan AM, Rumvolt R, Paalme V, Baratova LA, Järvekülg L, Dobrov EN. Heating-induced transition of Potyvirus Potato Virus A coat protein into β-structure. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:250-8. [PMID: 25851284 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1022604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In our previous communication, we have reported that virions of plant Potyvirus Potato Virus A (PVA) have a peculiar structure characterized by high content of disordered regions in intravirus coat protein (CP). In this report, we describe unusual properties of the PVA CP. With the help of a number of physicochemical methods, we have observed that the PVA CP just released from the virions by heating at 60-70 °C undergoes association into oligomers and transition to β- (and even cross-β-) conformation. Transition to β-structure on heating has been recently reported for a number of viral and non-viral proteins. The PVA CP isolated by LiCl method was also transformed into cross-β-structure on heating to 60 °C. Using the algorithms for protein aggregation prediction, we found that the aggregation-prone segments should be located in the central region of a PVA CP molecule. Possibly this transition mimics some functions of PVA CP in the virus life cycle in infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Ksenofontov
- a A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/40 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Evgenia Yu Parshina
- b Department of Biophysics , Moscow State University , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Natalia V Fedorova
- a A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/40 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Alexander M Arutyunyan
- a A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/40 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Reet Rumvolt
- c Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology , Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618 , Estonia
| | - Viiu Paalme
- c Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology , Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618 , Estonia
| | - Ludmila A Baratova
- a A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/40 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Lilian Järvekülg
- c Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology , Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618 , Estonia
| | - Eugeny N Dobrov
- a A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/40 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991 , Russia
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22
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Bruckman MA, VanMeter A, Steinmetz NF. Nanomanufacturing of Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Based Spherical Biomaterials Using a Continuous Flow Method. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2014; 1:13-18. [PMID: 25984569 PMCID: PMC4426350 DOI: 10.1021/ab500059s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Nanomanufacturing of nanoparticles
is critical for potential translation
and commercialization. Continuous flow devices can alleviate this
need through unceasing production of nanoparticles. Here we demonstrate
the scaled-up production of spherical nanoparticles functionalized
with biomedical cargos from the rod-shaped plant virus tobacco mosaic
virus (TMV) using a mesofluidic, continued flow method. Production
yields were increased 30-fold comparing the mesofluidic device versus
batch methods. Finally, we produced MRI contrast agents of select
sizes, with per particle relaxivity reaching 979,218 mM–1 s–1 at 60 MHz. These TMV-based spherical nanoparticle
MRI contrast agents are in the top echelon of relaxivity per nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bruckman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Allen VanMeter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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23
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Nikitin NA, Malinin AS, Trifonova EA, Rakhnyanskaya AA, Yaroslavov AA, Karpova OV, Atabekov JG. Proteins immobilization on the surface of modified plant viral particles coated with hydrophobic polycations. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:1743-54. [PMID: 25121344 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.946877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two hydrophobic cations based on poly-N-ethyl-vinylpyridine were used to produce biologically active complexes. The complexes obtained from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) spherical particles (SPs), hydrophobic polycation, and a model protein were stable and did not aggregate in solution, particularly at high ionic strengths. The nucleic acid-free SPs were generated by thermal remodeling of the TMV (helical rod-shaped plant virus). The model protein preserved its antigenic activity in the ternary complex (SP-polycation-protein). Immobilization of proteins on the surface of SPs coated with hydrophobic cation is a promising approach to designing biologically active complexes used in bionanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai A Nikitin
- a Faculty of Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
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24
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Trifonova E, Nikitin N, Gmyl A, Lazareva E, Karpova O, Atabekov J. Complexes assembled from TMV-derived spherical particles and entire virions of heterogeneous nature. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:1193-201. [PMID: 24099636 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2013.816868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we described some structural features of spherical particles (SPs) generated by thermal remodelling of the tobacco mosaic virus. The SPs represent a universal platform that could bind various proteins. Here, we report that entire isometric virions of heterogeneous nature bind non-specifically to the SPs. Formaldehyde (FA) was used for covalent binding of a virus to the SPs surface for stabilizing the SP-virus complexes. Transmission and high resolution scanning electron microscopy showed that the SPs surface was covered with virus particles. The architecture of SP-virion complexes was examined by immunologic methods. Mean diameters of SPs and SP-human enterovirus C and SP-cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) compositions were determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) in liquid. Significantly, neither free SPs nor individual virions were detected by NTA in either FA-crosslinked or FA-untreated compositions. Entirely, all virions were bound to the SPs surface and the SP sites within the SP-CaMV complexes were inaccessible for anti-SP antibodies. Likewise, the SPs immunogenicity within the FA-treated SPs-CaMV compositions was negligible. Apparently, the SP antigenic sites were hidden and masked by virions within the compositions. Previously, we reported that the SPs exhibited adjuvant activity when foreign proteins/epitopes were mixed with or crosslinked to SPs. We found that immunogenicity of entire CaMV crosslinked to SP was rather low which could be due to the above-mentioned masking of the SPs booster. Contrastingly, immunogenicity of the FA-untreated compositions increased significantly, presumably, due to partial release of virions and unmasking of some SPs-buster sites after animals immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Trifonova
- a Department of Virology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1/12 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991 , Russia
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25
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Ksenofontov AL, Paalme V, Arutyunyan AM, Semenyuk PI, Fedorova NV, Rumvolt R, Baratova LA, Järvekülg L, Dobrov EN. Partially disordered structure in intravirus coat protein of potyvirus potato virus A. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67830. [PMID: 23844104 PMCID: PMC3700898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potyviruses represent the most biologically successful group of plant viruses, but to our knowledge, this work is the first detailed study of physicochemical characteristics of potyvirus virions. We measured the UV absorption, far and near UV circular dichroism spectra, intrinsic fluorescence spectra, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) melting curves of intact particles of a potato virus A (PVA). PVA virions proved to have a peculiar combination of physicochemical properties. The intravirus coat protein (CP) subunits were shown to contain an unusually high fraction of disordered structures, whereas PVA virions had an almost normal thermal stability. Upon heating from 20 °C to 55 °C, the fraction of disordered structures in the intravirus CP further increased, while PVA virions remained intact at up to 55 °C, after which their disruption (and DSC melting) started. We suggest that the structure of PVA virions below 55 °C is stabilized by interactions between the remaining structured segments of intravirus CP. It is not improbable that the biological efficiency of PVA relies on the disordered structure of intravirus CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Ksenofontov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viiu Paalme
- Institute of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- Competence Center for Cancer Research, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Alexander M. Arutyunyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel I. Semenyuk
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Fedorova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Reet Rumvolt
- Institute of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- Competence Center for Cancer Research, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ludmila A. Baratova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lilian Järvekülg
- Institute of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- Competence Center for Cancer Research, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Eugeny N. Dobrov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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