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A Study on the Nature of SARS-CoV-2 Using the Shell Disorder Models: Reproducibility, Evolution, Spread, and Attenuation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101353. [PMID: 36291562 PMCID: PMC9599796 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic tenets of the shell disorder model (SDM) as applied to COVID-19 are that the harder outer shell of the virus shell (lower PID—percentage of intrinsic disorder—of the membrane protein M, PIDM) and higher flexibility of the inner shell (higher PID of the nucleocapsid protein N, PIDN) are correlated with the contagiousness and virulence, respectively. M protects the virion from the anti-microbial enzymes in the saliva and mucus. N disorder is associated with the rapid replication of the virus. SDM predictions are supported by two experimental observations. The first observation demonstrated lesser and greater presence of the Omicron particles in the lungs and bronchial tissues, respectively, as there is a greater level of mucus in the bronchi. The other observation revealed that there are lower viral loads in 2017-pangolin-CoV, which is predicted to have similarly low PIDN as Omicron. The abnormally hard M, which is very rarely seen in coronaviruses, arose from the fecal–oral behaviors of pangolins via exposure to buried feces. Pangolins provide an environment for coronavirus (CoV) attenuation, which is seen in Omicron. Phylogenetic study using M shows that COVID-19-related bat-CoVs from Laos and Omicron are clustered in close proximity to pangolin-CoVs, which suggests the recurrence of interspecies transmissions. Hard M may have implications for long COVID-19, with immune systems having difficulty degrading viral proteins/particles.
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Mattar EH, Elrashdy F, Almehdar HA, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Natural resources to control COVID-19: could lactoferrin amend SARS-CoV-2 infectivity? PeerJ 2021; 9:e11303. [PMID: 33954061 PMCID: PMC8052957 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The world population is still facing the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such a challenge requires complicated tools to control, namely vaccines, effective cures, and complementary agents. Here we present one candidate for the role of an effective cure and/or complementary agent: lactoferrin. It is the cross-talking mediator between many organs/cellular systems in the body. It serves as a physiological, immunological, and anti-microbial barrier, and acts as a regulator molecule. Furthermore, lactoferrin has receptors on most tissues cells, and is a rich source for bioactive peptides, particularly in the digestive system. In the past months, in vitro and in vivo evidence has accumulated regarding lactoferrin's ability to control SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in different indicated scenarios. Also, lactoferrin or whey milk (of human or other mammal's origin) is a cheap, easily available, and safe agent, the use of which can produce promising results. Pharmaceutical and/or food supplementary formulas of lactoferrin could be particularly effective in controlling the gastrointestinal COVID-19-associated symptoms and could limit the fecal-oral viral infection transmission, through mechanisms that mimic that of norovirus infection control by lactoferrin via induction of intestinal innate immunity. This natural avenue may be effective not only in symptomatic patients, but could also be more helpful in asymptomatic patients as a main or adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab H. Mattar
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Elrashdy
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussein A. Almehdar
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Seyran M, Hassan SS, Uversky VN, Pal Choudhury P, Uhal BD, Lundstrom K, Attrish D, Rezaei N, Aljabali AAA, Ghosh S, Pizzol D, Adadi P, El-Aziz TMA, Kandimalla R, Tambuwala MM, Lal A, Azad GK, Sherchan SP, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Palù G, Brufsky AM. Urgent Need for Field Surveys of Coronaviruses in Southeast Asia to Understand the SARS-CoV-2 Phylogeny and Risk Assessment for Future Outbreaks. Biomolecules 2021; 11:398. [PMID: 33803118 PMCID: PMC7999587 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is focused on a single isolate of bat coronaviruses (bat CoVs) which does not adequately represent genetically related coronaviruses (CoVs) [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Seyran
- Doctoral Studies in Natural and Technical Sciences (SPL 44), University of Vienna, Währinger Straße, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Sk. Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, Paschim Medinipur 721140, West Bengal, India;
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Pabitra Pal Choudhury
- Applied Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, West Bengal, India;
| | - Bruce D. Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | | | - Diksha Attrish
- Dr. B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi (North Camps), Delhi-110007, India;
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733151, Iran;
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University-Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid 566, Jordan;
| | - Shinjini Ghosh
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India;
| | - Damiano Pizzol
- Italian Agency for Development Cooperation—Khartoum, Sudan Street 33, Al Amarat 13374, Sudan;
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA;
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana State, India;
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK;
| | - Amos Lal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | | | - Samendra P. Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Centre for Experimental Surgery, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941901, Brazil;
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Adam M. Brufsky
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
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Hassan SS, Ghosh S, Attrish D, Choudhury PP, Aljabali AAA, Uhal BD, Lundstrom K, Rezaei N, Uversky VN, Seyran M, Pizzol D, Adadi P, Soares A, El-Aziz TMA, Kandimalla R, Tambuwala MM, Azad GK, Sherchan SP, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Takayama K, Serrano-Aroca Á, Chauhan G, Palu G, Brufsky AM. Possible Transmission Flow of SARS-CoV-2 Based on ACE2 Features. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245906. [PMID: 33322198 PMCID: PMC7763092 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is engendering the severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the three sub-domains viz. amino acids (aa) 22–42, aa 79–84, and aa 330–393 of ACE2 on human cells to initiate entry. It was reported earlier that the receptor utilization capacity of ACE2 proteins from different species, such as cats, chimpanzees, dogs, and cattle, are different. A comprehensive analysis of ACE2 receptors of nineteen species was carried out in this study, and the findings propose a possible SARS-CoV-2 transmission flow across these nineteen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk. Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram 721140, India;
| | - Shinjini Ghosh
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, India;
| | - Diksha Attrish
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Pabitra Pal Choudhury
- Applied Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, West Bengal, India;
| | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University-Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid 566, Jordan;
| | - Bruce D. Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | | | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran;
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), SE-123 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Murat Seyran
- Doctoral studies in natural and technical sciences (SPL 44), University of Vienna, 1010 Wien, Austria;
| | - Damiano Pizzol
- Italian Agency for Development Cooperation—Khartoum, Sudan Street 33, Al Amarat, Khartoum 825109, Sudan;
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Antonio Soares
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 77030, USA; (A.S.); (T.M.A.E.-A.)
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 77030, USA; (A.S.); (T.M.A.E.-A.)
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India;
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana 500022, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK;
| | | | - Samendra P. Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Centre for Experimental Surgery, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941901, Brazil;
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Translational Research Centre San Alberto Magno, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico;
| | - Giorgio Palu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Adam M. Brufsky
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
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Elrashdy F, Redwan EM, Uversky VN. Why COVID-19 Transmission Is More Efficient and Aggressive Than Viral Transmission in Previous Coronavirus Epidemics? Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1312. [PMID: 32933047 PMCID: PMC7565143 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The worldwide transmission of COVID-19 from human to human is spreading like wildfire, affecting almost every country in the world. In the past 100 years, the globe did not face a microbial pandemic similar in scale to COVID-19. Taken together, both previous outbreaks of other members of the coronavirus family (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV)) did not produce even 1% of the global harm already inflicted by COVID-19. There are also four other CoVs capable of infecting humans (HCoVs), which circulate continuously in the human population, but their phenotypes are generally mild, and these HCoVs received relatively little attention. These dramatic differences between infection with HCoVs, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 raise many questions, such as: Why is COVID-19 transmitted so quickly? Is it due to some specific features of the viral structure? Are there some specific human (host) factors? Are there some environmental factors? The aim of this review is to collect and concisely summarize the possible and logical answers to these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Elrashdy
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Kasr Alainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia
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