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Çalışkan E, Çapan İ, Tekin S, Qaoud MT, Biryan F, Koran K, Sandal S, Orhan Görgülü A. Tripeptide linked dispiro cyclotriphosphazene conjugates: Synthesis, molecular docking analysis of compounds binding within cancer cell line receptors and in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic activities. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107621. [PMID: 38996546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The novel dioxybiphenyl bridged-cyclotriphosphazenes (DPP) bearing tripeptide were synthesized and investigated for their molecular docking analysis, visualizing their binding profiles within various cancer cell line receptors and in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic properties. The dipeptide compound (Tyr-Phe) was treated with various amino acids to obtain the tripeptide compounds (Tyr-Phe-Gly, Tyr-Phe-Ala, Tyr-Phe-Val, Tyr-Phe-Phe, and Tyr-Phe-Leu). These synthesized tripeptides were subsequently treated with DPP to obtain novel phosphazene compounds bearing tripeptide structures. As a result, the synthesis of target molecules with phosphazene compound in the center and biphenyl and tripeptide groups in the side arms was obtained for the first time in this study. Examining the cytotoxic studies in vitro of our newly synthesized compounds demonstrated the anticancer properties against four selected human cancer cell lines, including breast (MCF-7), ovarian (A2780), prostate (PC-3), and colon (Caco-2) cancer cells. The Comet Assay analysis determined that the cell death mechanism of most of the compounds with cytotoxic activity stemmed from the DNA damage mechanism. Among the compounds, the DPP-Tyr-Phe-Phe compound seems to have the best anticancer activity against the subjected cell lines (Except for A2780) with IC50 values equal to 20.18, 72.14, 12.21, and 5.17 μM against breast, ovarian, prostate, and colon cancer cell lines, respectively. For this reason, the molecular docking analysis was conducted for the DTPP compound to visualize its binding geometry and profile within the target enzyme's binding site associated with the specific cancer cell line. The analysis revealed that the DTPP derivative exhibited an optimal binding conformation and characteristics within the target enzyme's binding site, aligning well with the experimental data. Based on the data, these compounds are believed to be strong candidate molecules for both pharmaceutical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eray Çalışkan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bingöl University, Bingöl 12000, Turkey
| | - İrfan Çapan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suat Tekin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Mohammed T Qaoud
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyprus International University, Northern Cyprus, Mersin 10, 99258 Nicosia, Turkey
| | - Fatih Biryan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fırat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Kenan Koran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fırat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey.
| | - Süleyman Sandal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Orhan Görgülü
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Saidi AE, Bouzidi N, Ziane M, Gherib M, Rahila C, Mioc M. In silico and in vitro studies: investigating the chemical composition, DFT, molecular docking, and dynamic simulation of Satureja candidissima (Munby) Briq essential oil as a potential antibacterial agent. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38197406 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2301742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antibacterial properties of the essential oil (EO) derived from the aerial parts of Satureja candidissima (Munby) Briq (SC), as well as the mechanisms of interaction between SCEO chemical components and target proteins related to antibacterial activity mechanisms using a molecular docking approach, and for more accuracy molecular dynamic simulation and DFT calculations were carried out. The GC-MS technique was used to analyze the chemical composition of SCEO. The results showed that SCEO contained various chemical compounds, with pulegone being identified as the major component (53.26%). The results also indicated the presence of (+)-menthone (11.02%), borneol (4.43%), 2-cyclohexen-1-one, 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene) (2.50%), and 3-octanol (2.09%). The study revealed that the SCEO displayed antibacterial activity against all tested gram-positive bacteria. To further understand the mechanism behind its antibacterial activity, in silico molecular docking studies were performed. The results indicated that the antibacterial effect of SCEO compounds could be due to the combination with enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADPH] FabI (PDB ID: 4ALL) in a variety of ways. The molecular dynamics simulation analysis yielded favorable outcomes for the docked complex involving 1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol, decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene, and 1,4,7-tetramethyldecahydro-1H-cyclopropa[e]azulen-4-ol with enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADPH]. Geometry optimization, coupled with Density Functional Theory (DFT), can be employed to assess the importance of quantum chemical descriptors in elucidating potential antibacterial activity. Quantum descriptors were computed based on EHOMO and ELUMO. The results of this study provide important insights into the potential use of Satureja candidissima (Munby) Briq EO as antibacterial agent.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainayat Ellah Saidi
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and Environment, University of Ain Témouchent, Ain Témouchent, Algeria
| | - Nebia Bouzidi
- Laboratory of physical chemistry of macromolécules and biological interfaces, departememt of biology sciences, faculty of sciences of nature and life, university Mustapha stambouli of mascara, mascara, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Ziane
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and Environment, University of Ain Témouchent, Ain Témouchent, Algeria
- Laboratory of Microbiology Applied to Food, Biomedical and the Environment (LAMAABE), Faculty of SNV/STU, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Gherib
- Laboratory Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, Department of SNV, Institute of Science and Technology, University Center Salhi Ahmed, Nâama, Algeria
| | - Chaimaa Rahila
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and Environment, University of Ain Témouchent, Ain Témouchent, Algeria
| | - Marius Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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Celik S, Akyuz S, Ozel AE. Structural and vibrational investigations and molecular docking studies of a vinca alkoloid, vinorelbine. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:9666-9685. [PMID: 36369834 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2145369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vinorelbine, a vinca alkaloid, is an antimitotic drug that inhibits polymerisation process of tubulins to microtubules, and is widely used in cancer chemotherapy. Due to the importance of the structure-activity relationship, in this work the conformational preferences of the vinorelbine molecule were surched by PM3 method. The obtained lowest energy conformer was then optimized at DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory and the structural characteristics were determined. Frontier orbital (HOMO, LUMO) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analyses were performed for the optimized structure. The experimental FT-IR, Raman and UV-VIS spectral data of vinorelbine along with the theoretical DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) calculations were investigated in detail. The vibrational wavenumbers were assigned based on the calculated potential energy distribution (PED) of the vibrational modes. To shed light into the anticancer property of vinorelbine as microtubule destabilizer, the most favourable binding mode and the interaction details between vinorelbine and tubulin were revealed by molecular docking studies of vinorelbine into the α,β-tubulin (PDB IDs: 4O2B; 1SA0; 7CNN) and binding free energies were calculated by the combination of Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA) and Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) methods {MM/PB(GB)SA}. The calculated vinorelbine-7CNN binding free energy, using by MM/PB(GB)SA approach, was found to be the best (-50.39 kcal/mol), and followed by vinorelbine-4O2B (-28.5 kcal/mol) and vinorelbine-1SA0 (-17.59 kcal/mol) systems. Moreover, the interaction of vinorelbine with the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP), which are known to help in the metabolism of many drugs in the body, was investigated by docking studies against CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 targets.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Celik
- Physics Department, Science Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevim Akyuz
- Physics Department, Science and Letters Faculty, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysen E Ozel
- Physics Department, Science Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yudaev P, Konstantinova A, Volkov V, Chistyakov E. Hexakis-2-(β-carboxyethenylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene: Synthesis, Properties, Modeling Structure. Molecules 2023; 28:6571. [PMID: 37764347 PMCID: PMC10534807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Condensation of hexakis-2-(formylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene with malonic acid yielded hexakis-2-(β-carboxyethenylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (2-CEPP), whose structure was confirmed by 31P, 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. A quantum-chemical calculation for the 2-CEPP molecule using the ab initio methods in the 6-311G** basis set and the DFT-PBE0/6-311g** method was performed with geometry optimization of all parameters by the standard gradient method. The acid strength of 2-CEPP was theoretically estimated. Using the small-angle X-ray scattering method, it was found that 2-CEPP is an amorphous substance, which, when heated, can transform into a crystalline state. However, when heated at 370 °C, 2-CEPP undergoes decarboxylation and polymerization to form an insoluble heat-resistant product. The occurrence of decarboxylation and polymerization reactions in the formed styrene fragments was confirmed by thermal (differential-scanning calorimetry) and spectral (solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Yudaev
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Konstantinova
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Volkov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 59, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Chistyakov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
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Koran K, Çalışkan E, Altay Öztürk D, Çapan İ, Tekin S, Sandal S, Orhan Görgülü A. The first peptide derivatives of dioxybiphenyl-bridged spiro cyclotriphosphazenes: In vitro cytotoxicity activities and DNA damage studies. Bioorg Chem 2023; 132:106338. [PMID: 36603512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to synthesize new peptide-substituted cyclotriphosphazenes from a series of tyrosine-based peptides and dioxyphenyl-substituted spirocyclotriphosphazenes, and to evaluate their in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity activities. Genotoxicity studies were conducted to understand whether the cytotoxic compounds cause cell death through DNA damage. The structures of the novel series of phosphazenes were characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis, MS, 1D (31P, 1H, and 13C-APT NMR), and 2D (HETCOR) NMR spectroscopic techniques. In vitro cytotoxic activities were carried out against human breast (MCF-7), ovarian (A2780), prostate (PC-3), colon (Caco-2) cancer cell lines and human normal epithelial cell line (MCF-10A) at different concentrations by using an MTT assay. The compounds showed considerable reductions in cell viability against all human cancer cell lines. Especially, the compounds exhibited notable effects in A2780 cell lines (p < 0.05). The IC50 values of the compounds in the A2780 cell line were calculated to be 1.914 µM for TG, 20.21 µM for TV, 20.45 µM for TA, 4.643 µM for TP, 5.615 µM for BTG, 1.047 µM for BTV, 27.02 µM for BTA, 0.7734 µM for BTP, 21.5 µM for DTG, 1.65 µM for DTV, 2.89 µM for DTA and 4.599 µM for DTP. DNA damage studies of the compounds were conducted by the comet assay method using tail length, tail density, olive tail moment, head length, and head density parameters, and the results showed that the cell death occurred through DNA damage mechanism. In a nutshell, these compounds show promising cytotoxic effects and can be considered powerful candidate molecules for pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Koran
- Kenan Koran - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fırat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey.
| | - Eray Çalışkan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bingöl University, Bingöl 12000, Turkey
| | - Dilara Altay Öztürk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal University, Malatya 44210, Turkey
| | - İrfan Çapan
- Department of Materials and Material Processing Techn. Polymer Technology Program, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Suat Tekin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Sandal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Orhan Görgülü
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cyclo- and Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238117. [PMID: 36500209 PMCID: PMC9736570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic and polyphosphazenes are extremely interesting and versatile substrates characterized by the presence of -P=N- repeating units. The chlorine atoms on the P atoms in the starting materials can be easily substituted with a variety of organic substituents, thus giving rise to a huge number of new materials for industrial applications. Their properties can be designed considering the number of repetitive units and the nature of the substituent groups, opening up to a number of peculiar properties, including the ability to give rise to supramolecular arrangements. We focused our attention on the extensive scientific literature concerning their biomedical applications: as antimicrobial agents in drug delivery, as immunoadjuvants in tissue engineering, in innovative anticancer therapies, and treatments for cardiovascular diseases. The promising perspectives for their biomedical use rise from the opportunity to combine the benefits of the inorganic backbone and the wide variety of organic side groups that can lead to the formation of nanoparticles, polymersomes, or scaffolds for cell proliferation. In this review, some aspects of the preparation of phosphazene-based systems and their characterization, together with some of the most relevant chemical strategies to obtain biomaterials, have been described.
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Demirpolat A, Akman F, Kazachenko AS. An Experimental and Theoretical Study on Essential Oil of Aethionema sancakense: Characterization, Molecular Properties and RDG Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186129. [PMID: 36144861 PMCID: PMC9504168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to experimentally and theoretically examine the plant Aethionema sancakense, which was determined as a new species and whose essential oil and fatty acid compositions were characterized by GC/GC-MS technique. Linoleic acid (23.1%), α-humulene (19.8%), camphene (13.9%), and heptanal (9.7%) were found to be the major essential oil components of A. sancakense aerial part structures. The quantum chemical calculations of these four molecules that are very important to this plant were performed using the density functional method (DFT)/B3LYP with the 6-31 G (d, p) basis set in the ground state for the gas phase. The molecular structures, HOMO-LUMO energies, electronic properties, Fukui functions, and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces of the major constituents of Aethionema sancakense essential oil were calculated and interpreted. Finally, the RDG-NCI analysis of these molecules was performed to determine the non-covalent interactions present within the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azize Demirpolat
- Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, University of Bingöl, Bingöl 12000, Turkey
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (F.A.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Feride Akman
- Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, University of Bingöl, Bingöl 12000, Turkey
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (F.A.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Aleksandr S. Kazachenko
- Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Department of Chemistry of Natural Organic Raw Materials, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 50, bld. 24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Department of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, pr. Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry with Elements of Pharmaceutical, Medical and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, st. Partizan Zheleznyak, bld. 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (F.A.); (A.S.K.)
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Tümer Y, Asmafiliz N, Kılıç Z, Hökelek T. Phosphorus–nitrogen compounds: part 63. Mono- and bis-vanillinatobisferrocenyldispiro( N/ N)cyclotriphosphazenes and their macrocyclic Schiff-bases: synthesis, structural characterization and isomerism. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00846g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mono/bis-vanillinato ferrocenyldispirocyclotriphosphazenes and Schiff-bases were obtained. Structures of the compounds were determined using spectroscopic methods. Absolute configurations of three compounds were defined by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Tümer
- Department of Chemistry, Karabük University, 78050 Karabük, Turkey
| | - Nuran Asmafiliz
- Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynel Kılıç
- Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuncer Hökelek
- Department of Physics, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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İşcan Ö, Cemaloğlu R, Asmafiliz N, Zeyrek CT, Kılıç Z, Açık L, Aydın B, Türk M, Hökelek T. Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds: part 53-synthesis, characterization, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity, DNA interaction and molecular docking studies of new mono- and dispirocyclotriphosphazenes with pendant arm(s). Mol Divers 2021; 26:1077-1100. [PMID: 33988806 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mono-/dispirocyclotriphosphazenes with pendant arm(s) are robust, but they are less investigated inorganic ring systems. In this study, a series of mono (3 and 4)- and dispirocyclotriphosphazenes with 4-chloro-benzyl pendant arm(s) (13-16) was obtained from the Cl exchange reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with sodium (N-benzyl)aminopropanoxides (1 and 2). When compound (3) reacted with excess pyrrolidine, morpholine, tetra-1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4,5]decane (DASD) and piperidine, the fully substituted monospirocyclotriphosphazenes (7, 9, 10 and 12) occurred. But, the reactions of 4 with excess piperidine and morpholine produced the gem-piperidino (5)- and morpholino (6)-substituted monospirocyclotriphosphazenes, whereas the reactions of 4 with excess pyrrolidine and DASD gave the fully substituted monospirocyclotriphosphazenes (8) and (11). However, it should be indicated that these derivatives were obtained to be used for the investigation of their spectral, stereogenic and biological properties. The structures of 5, 7 and 14 were determined crystallographically. X-ray data of 5 and 14 displayed that both of compounds were chiral in solid state, and their absolute configurations were assigned as R and RR. Additionally, the antimicrobial activities of phosphazenes were investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations, minimal bacterial concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations of phosphazenes were determined. The interactions of phosphazenes with plasmid DNA were evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The cytotoxic activities of compounds were studied against L929 fibroblast and DLD-1 colon cancer cells. In addition, density functional theory calculations of 5, 7 and 14 were reported, and their molecular docking studies with DNA, E. coli DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem İşcan
- Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.,Project and Technology Office, Bartın University, 74100, Bartın, Turkey
| | - Reşit Cemaloğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuran Asmafiliz
- Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Celal Tuğrul Zeyrek
- Department of Academy and Publication, Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mining Research Institution, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynel Kılıç
- Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Leyla Açık
- Department of Biology, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betül Aydın
- Department of Biology, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Türk
- Department of Bioengineering, Kırıkkale University, 71450, Yahşihan, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Tuncer Hökelek
- Department of Physics, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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