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Alharbi NM, Al Zahrani SA, Basri TH, Tawfiq SA, Jokhdar NY, AlQahtani RY, Khair HS, Alghanem NA. The Awareness and Knowledge of Normal and Abnormal Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy Among Women of Childbearing Age in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e44470. [PMID: 37791216 PMCID: PMC10544270 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a natural physiological process that leads to the outstanding outcome of giving birth. It involves normal and abnormal signs and symptoms that women need to be aware of during this period. OBJECTIVES This study aims to assess the awareness and knowledge about normal and abnormal signs and symptoms of pregnancy among women of childbearing age in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This is an online questionnaire-based cross-sectional study done in 2023 among women in Saudi Arabia, aged 18 to 45. The estimated sample size was 385 after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. However, 981 responses were collected and included. RESULTS A total of 981 participants were included in our study. The study findings noted that the majority of women demonstrated a good level of knowledge about the normal signs and symptoms of pregnancy. About 82% of the women reported that they knew mood swings were normal symptoms during pregnancy, 80.1% were aware of nausea, 75.9% knew about fatigue, and 68.9% knew about fainting or dizziness. The findings noted that less than half of the participants were fully aware of the abnormal obstetric signs. For the abnormal signs and symptoms during the first trimester, only 45.2% were fully aware of the symptoms. In the second trimester, 39.0% were fully aware of the symptoms. Only 30.5% of the participants were fully aware of the abnormal signs and symptoms in the third trimester. The study established a statistically significant relationship between age and knowledge of abnormal symptoms during the first, second, and third trimesters (P=0.027, 0.041, and 0.006) (r=0.139, 0.105, and 0.146). Furthermore, a statistically significant relationship was found between the level of education of the participants and the level of awareness of abnormal symptoms during the first trimester (P=0.043). However, there was no significant relationship between education level and the level of knowledge regarding abnormal symptoms during the second and third trimesters (r=0.22, 0.061, P=0.578, 0.603). CONCLUSION The study found that the majority of women had a good level of awareness and knowledge about normal signs and symptoms of pregnancy, while less than half of the women were fully aware of the abnormal signs and symptoms at different stages of pregnancy. The older respondents and people with higher levels of education demonstrated more knowledge. The two variables, age and education level, had a statistically significant relationship with knowledge of abnormal signs and symptoms of pregnancy with education level being only significant during the first trimester period. Our study concluded that women had different symptoms during pregnancy, both normal and abnormal. Their knowledge about these signs and symptoms was considerably moderate, but further awareness about the normality of these signs is needed. The study recommends more research to measure women's awareness about normal and abnormal symptoms of pregnancy, and more awareness programs should be carried out in the region as a way of enhancing a better understanding of normal and abnormal pregnancy symptoms. This will go a long way in helping women through their pregnancy and make them more comfortable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noof M Alharbi
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | - Taghreed H Basri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madinah Health Cluster, Ohud Hospital, Madinah, SAU
| | | | - Nawal Y Jokhdar
- College of Medicine, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, SAU
| | | | - Haneen S Khair
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Noor A Alghanem
- Department of General Practice, Dar Al-Uloom University, Riyadh, SAU
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Mann ES, Berkowitz D. The Biomedical Subjectification of Women of Advanced Maternal Age: Reproductive Risk, Privilege, and the Illusion of Control. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 64:192-208. [PMID: 36440586 DOI: 10.1177/00221465221136252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The United States is experiencing a demographic transition toward older motherhood. Biomedicine classifies pregnancies among all women of advanced maternal age (AMA) as high-risk; paradoxically, women having first births at AMA are typically economically and racially privileged, which can reduce the risk of risks. This article examines the implications of the biomedicalization of AMA for first-time mothers, age 35 and older, using qualitative interviews. We find participants had substantial cultural health capital, which informed their critiques of AMA and the medical model of birth. When they found themselves subjected to biomedical protocols and concerned about reproductive risk as their pregnancies progressed, their subsequent biomedical subjectification compelled most to accept biomedical interventions. Consequently, some participants had traumatic birth experiences. Our findings illustrate that while first-time mothers of AMA anticipated that they would have more control over the birth process because of their advantages, ultimately, most did not.
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Ishaq R, Shoaib M, Baloch NS, Sadiq A, Raziq A, Huma ZE, Raza S, Batool F, Haider S, Saleem F, Ahmad N, Iqbal Q, Khan AH. Profile and Predictors of Maternal Quality of Life During Physiological Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 9:801035. [PMID: 35111720 PMCID: PMC8801871 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.801035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quality of Life (QoL) and its determinants are significant in all stages of life, including pregnancy. The physical and emotional changes during pregnancy affect the QoL of pregnant women, affecting both maternal and infant health. Hence, assessing the QoL of pregnant women is gaining interest in literature. We, therefore, aimed to describe the QoL of pregnant women during physiological pregnancy and to identify its associated predictors in women attending a public healthcare institute of Quetta city, Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Sandeman Provincial Hospital Quetta city, Pakistan. The respondents were asked to answer the Urdu (lingua franca of Pakistan) version of the Quality of Life Questionnaire for Physiological Pregnancy. Data were coded and analyzed by SPPS v 21. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to establish normality of the data and non-parametric tests were used accordingly. Quality of Life was assessed as proposed by the developers. The Chi-square test was used to identify significant associations and linear regression was used to identify the predictors of QoL. For all analyses, p < 0.05 was taken significantly. Results Four hundred and three pregnant women participated in the study with a response rate of 98%. The mean QoL score was 19.85 ± 4.89 indicating very good QoL in the current cohort. The Chi-Square analysis reported a significant association between age, education, occupation, income, marital status, and trimester. Education was reported as a positive predictor for QoL (p = 0.006, β = 2.157). On the other hand, trimester was reported as a negative predictor of QoL (p = 0.013, β = −1.123). Conclusion Improving the QoL among pregnant women requires better identification of their difficulties and guidance. The current study highlighted educational status and trimester as the predictors of QoL in pregnant women. Health care professionals and policymakers should consider the identified factors while designing therapeutic plans and interventions for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ishaq
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Shoaib
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan
| | | | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Biochemistry, Jhalawan Medical College Khuzdar, Khuzdar, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Raziq
- Department of Statistics, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Zil e Huma
- Department of Zoology, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Shanaz Raza
- Department of Pharmacy, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Fakhra Batool
- Department of Pharmacy, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Qaiser Iqbal
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Amer Hayat Khan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Amer Hayat Khan
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Preis H, Mahaffey B, Lobel M. The role of pandemic-related pregnancy stress in preference for community birth during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Birth 2021; 48:242-250. [PMID: 33677838 PMCID: PMC8250474 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic introduced unparalleled uncertainty into the lives of pregnant women, including concerns about where it is the safest to give birth, while preserving their rights and wishes. Reports on the increased interest in community births (at home or in birth centers) are emerging. The purpose of this project was to quantitatively investigate psychological factors related to this birth preference. METHODS This study included 3896 pregnant women from the COVID-19 Pregnancy Experiences (COPE) Study who were anticipating a vaginal birth. COPE Study participants were recruited online between April 24 and May 15, 2020, and completed a questionnaire that included preference with respect to place of birth and psychological constructs: fear of childbirth, basic beliefs about birth, pandemic-related preparedness stress, and pandemic-related perinatal infection stress. RESULTS Women who preferred a community birth, on average, had less childbirth fear, had stronger beliefs that birth is a natural process, were less likely to see birth as a medical process, and were less stressed about being unprepared for birth and being infected with COVID-19. In multivariate models, higher stress about perinatal COVID-19 infection was associated with greater likelihood of preferring a community birth. The effect of perinatal infection stress on preference was stronger when preparedness stress was high. DISCUSSION Women's birth preferences during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with psychological processes related to risk perception. Community births are more appealing to women who view being in a hospital as hazardous because of the pandemic. Policies and prenatal care aimed to increase access to safe in-hospital and out-of-hospital birth services should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Preis
- Department of PsychologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
- Department of PediatricsRenaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Brittain Mahaffey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral HealthRenaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Marci Lobel
- Department of PsychologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
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Alp Yilmaz F, Durgun Ozan Y. Women's birth beliefs and associated factors in an obstetrics clinic in the Southeastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. JOURNAL OF HEALTH RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/jhr-07-2019-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThe impact of birth beliefs on pregnancy and delivery are universally recognized, but the factors that affect birth beliefs vary across regions depending on individual and cultural characteristics. This study aimed to determine women's birth beliefs and examine their associated factors.Design/methodology/approachThis cross-sectional study was conducted with 548 primiparas in the obstetrics clinic of a university hospital located in the Southeastern Anatolian Region of Turkey from February to June 2019. Descriptive characteristics, form and the Birth Beliefs Scale were used in data collection. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, T-tests and ANOVA analyses were used.FindingsIt was determined that factors such as age group, income level, any problems during pregnancy and preferred delivery mode statistically affected women's birth beliefs.Originality/valueBased on the findings from this study, healthcare personnel should provide training and consultation services to pregnant women starting from the prenatal period to help ensure a positive labor experience.
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Ranchoff BL, Declercq ER. The Scope of Midwifery Practice Regulations and the Availability of the Certified Nurse‐Midwifery and Certified Midwifery Workforce, 2012‐2016. J Midwifery Womens Health 2019; 65:119-130. [DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Preis H, Gozlan M, Dan U, Benyamini Y. A quantitative investigation into women's basic beliefs about birth and planned birth choices. Midwifery 2018; 63:46-51. [PMID: 29803012 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perceptions about the nature of the birth process are important in determining women's birth choices regarding labour and delivery but are scarcely the subject of empirical research. The aim of the current study was to assess women's beliefs about birth as a natural and safe or medical and risky process and study the associations of these beliefs with fear of childbirth and planned birth choices. DESIGN An observational study using self-administered questionnaires during pregnancy. SETTING 1. Community women's health centres in a metropolitan area in Israel; 2. Purposeful sampling of women who plan to birth naturally, through home midwives and targeted internet forums. PARTICIPANTS 746 women with a singleton pregnancy in their second and third trimester. MEASUREMENTS Beliefs about birth as a natural and a medical process, fear of childbirth, and a range of natural birth choices. FINDINGS The birth beliefs were associated with women's birth intentions. The more women believed birth to be natural and the less they believed it to be medical, the more likely they were to make more natural birth-related choices. In the presence of the birth beliefs, fear of childbirth no longer had an independent association with birth choices. The beliefs interacted with each other, revealing a stronger association of viewing birth as natural with planning more natural choices among women who did not view birth as very medical. KEY CONCLUSION It is important to recognize women's beliefs about birth and how they may affect their fear of childbirth and birth intentions. Further studies on the origin of such beliefs and their development are needed. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Women should be allowed to choose how they would like to birth in accordance with their beliefs. At the same time, strengthening women's belief in the natural birth process and their body's ability to perform it, could help lower fear of childbirth and medical intervention rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Preis
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Miri Gozlan
- Women's Health Center, Maccabi Health Services, 1 Lishansky Street, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Uzi Dan
- Women's Health Center, Maccabi Health Services, 1 Lishansky Street, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Yael Benyamini
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Preis H, Chen R, Eisner M, Pardo J, Peled Y, Wiznitzer A, Benyamini Y. Testing a biopsychosocial model of the basic birth beliefs. Birth 2018; 45:79-87. [PMID: 28914459 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women perceive what birth is even before they are pregnant for the first time. Part of this conceptualization is the basic belief about birth as a medical and natural process. These two separate beliefs are pivotal in the decision-making process about labor and birth. Adapting Engel's biopsychosocial framework, we explored the importance of a wide range of factors which may contribute to these beliefs among first-time mothers. METHOD This observational study included 413 primiparae ≥24 weeks' gestation, recruited in medical centers and in natural birth communities in Israel. The women completed a questionnaire which included the Birth Beliefs Scale and a variety of biopsychosocial characteristics such as obstetric history, birth environment, optimism, health-related anxiety, and maternal expectations. RESULTS Psychological dispositions were more related to the birth beliefs than the social or biomedical factors. Sociodemographic characteristics and birth environment were only marginally related to the birth beliefs. The basic belief that birth is a natural process was positively related to optimism and to conceiving spontaneously. Beliefs that birth is a medical process were related to pessimism, health-related anxiety, and to expectations that an infant's behavior reflects mothering. Expectations about motherhood as being naturally fulfilling were positively related to both beliefs. CONCLUSION Psychological factors seem to be most influential in the conceptualization of the beliefs. It is important to recognize how women interpret the messages they receive about birth which, together with their obstetric experience, shape their beliefs. Future studies are recommended to understand the evolution of these beliefs, especially within diverse cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Preis
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rony Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital (affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Eisner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital (affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph Pardo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital (affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoav Peled
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital (affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arnon Wiznitzer
- Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital (affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Benyamini
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Preis H, Benyamini Y. The birth beliefs scale - a new measure to assess basic beliefs about birth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 38:73-80. [PMID: 27766924 DOI: 10.1080/0167482x.2016.1244180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Basic beliefs about birth as a natural and safe or a medical and risky process are central in the decisions on where and how to birth. Despite their importance, they have not been studied separately from other childbirth-related constructs. Our aim was to develop a measure to assess these beliefs. METHOD Pregnant Israeli women (N = 850, gestational week ≥14) were recruited in women's health centers, in online natural birth forums, and through home midwives. Participants filled in questionnaires including sociodemographic and obstetric background, the Birth Beliefs Scale (BBS), dispositional desire for control (DC) and planned mode of delivery. RESULTS Factor analyses revealed that the BBS is composed of two factors: beliefs about birth as a natural process and beliefs about birth as a medical process. Both subscales showed good internal and test-retest reliability. They had good construct validity, predicted birth choices, and were weakly correlated with DC. Women's medical obstetric history was associated with the BBS, further supporting the validity of the scale. DISCUSSION Beliefs about birth may be the building blocks that make up perceptions of birth and drive women's preferences. The new scale provides an easy way to distinctly assess them so they can be used to further understand planned birth behaviors. Additional studies are needed to comprehend how these beliefs form in different cultural contexts and how they evolve over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Preis
- a Bob Shapell School of Social Work , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Yael Benyamini
- a Bob Shapell School of Social Work , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
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