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Chen D, Guo X, Wang K, Zhao W, Chang Z, Wang Q, Xu C. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Pathogenesis of Growth-Disordered Raccoon Dog. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14237. [PMID: 37762538 PMCID: PMC10531513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms of the genus Eperythrozoon are a zoonotic chronic infectious disease with wide distribution. We found that raccoons infected with Eperythrozoon showed obvious stunting, which seriously affected the economic benefits of raccoon dogs. To investigate the pathogenesis of the raccoon dog, we used transcriptome and proteome sequencing to analyze the changes in mRNA, miRNA, and protein expression in raccoon dogs infected with Eperythrozoon and normal raccoons. The results showed that the expression levels of genes related to immunity, metabolism, and enzyme activity were significantly changed. Among these, ERLIN1, IGF1R, CREB3L1, TNS1, TENC1, and mTOR play key roles. Additionally, the miR-1268, miR-125b, miR-10-5p, and miR-10 as central miRNAs regulate the expression of these genes. Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed consistent trends in mRNA and protein changes in MYH9, FKBP1A, PRKCA, and CYP11B2. These results suggest that Eperythrozoon may contribute to the slow development of raccoons by affecting the expression of mRNAs and miRNAs, reducing their immunity and causing metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Chen
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun 130112, China; (D.C.); (X.G.); (K.W.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.)
- Innovation Center for Feeding and Utilization of Special Animals in Jilin Province and Research Center for Microbial Feed Engineering of Special Animals in Jilin Province, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun 130112, China; (D.C.); (X.G.); (K.W.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.)
- Innovation Center for Feeding and Utilization of Special Animals in Jilin Province and Research Center for Microbial Feed Engineering of Special Animals in Jilin Province, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Kaiying Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun 130112, China; (D.C.); (X.G.); (K.W.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.)
- Innovation Center for Feeding and Utilization of Special Animals in Jilin Province and Research Center for Microbial Feed Engineering of Special Animals in Jilin Province, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Weigang Zhao
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun 130112, China; (D.C.); (X.G.); (K.W.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.)
- Innovation Center for Feeding and Utilization of Special Animals in Jilin Province and Research Center for Microbial Feed Engineering of Special Animals in Jilin Province, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Zhongjuan Chang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun 130112, China; (D.C.); (X.G.); (K.W.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.)
- Innovation Center for Feeding and Utilization of Special Animals in Jilin Province and Research Center for Microbial Feed Engineering of Special Animals in Jilin Province, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Quankai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Chao Xu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun 130112, China; (D.C.); (X.G.); (K.W.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.)
- Innovation Center for Feeding and Utilization of Special Animals in Jilin Province and Research Center for Microbial Feed Engineering of Special Animals in Jilin Province, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun 130112, China
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2
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Genoud M. The seasonal variation of basal metabolic rate is related to the expression of torpor among small mammals. J Therm Biol 2022; 104:103197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Niiranen L, Mäkelä KA, Dona A, Krumsiek J, Karhu T, Mäkinen MJ, Thalmann O, Saarela S, Herzig KH. Seasonal Regulation of Metabolism: The Effect of Wintertime Fasting and Autumnal Fattening on Key Central Regulators of Metabolism and the Metabolic Profile of the Raccoon Dog ( Nyctereutes Procyonoides). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094965. [PMID: 34067001 PMCID: PMC8125260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the mechanisms regulating obesity are frantic and novel translational approaches are needed. The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid species representing a promising model to study metabolic regulation in a species undergoing cycles of seasonal obesity and fasting. To understand the molecular mechanisms of metabolic regulation in seasonal adaptation, we analyzed key central nervous system and peripheral signals regulating food intake and metabolism from raccoon dogs after autumnal fattening and winter fasting. Expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin-2 receptor (OX2R), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and leptin receptor (ObRb) were analyzed as examples of orexigenic and anorexigenic signals using qRT-PCR from raccoon dog hypothalamus samples. Plasma metabolic profiles were measured with 1H NMR-spectroscopy and LC-MS. Circulating hormones and cytokines were determined with canine specific antibody assays. Surprisingly, NPY and POMC were not affected by the winter fasting nor autumn fattening and the metabolic profiles showed a remarkable equilibrium, indicating conserved homeostasis. However, OX2R and ObRb expression changes suggested seasonal regulation. Circulating cytokine levels were not increased, demonstrating that the autumn fattening did not induce subacute inflammation. Thus, the raccoon dog developed seasonal regulatory mechanisms to accommodate the autumnal fattening and prolonged fasting making the species unique in coping with the extreme environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Niiranen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Kari A. Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Anthony Dona
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia;
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Toni Karhu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Markus J. Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O Box 8000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Olaf Thalmann
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
- Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
| | - Seppo Saarela
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
- Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-448-5280
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Kochmann J, Cunze S, Klimpel S. Climatic niche comparison of raccoons
Procyon lotor
and raccoon dogs
Nyctereutes procyonoides
in their native and non‐native ranges. Mamm Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kochmann
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sarah Cunze
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity Goethe University Max‐von‐Laue‐Str. 13 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sven Klimpel
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity Goethe University Max‐von‐Laue‐Str. 13 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Thiel A, Evans AL, Fuchs B, Arnemo JM, Aronsson M, Persson J. Effects of reproduction and environmental factors on body temperature and activity patterns of wolverines. Front Zool 2019; 16:21. [PMID: 31236127 PMCID: PMC6580505 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammals in the far north are exposed to extreme seasonal changes in environmental conditions, such as temperature and photoperiod, which have notable effects on animal physiology and behaviour. The wolverine (Gulo gulo) is a carnivore with a circumpolar distribution and well-adapted to extreme environmental conditions. Still, ecophysiological studies on free-ranging wolverines are lacking. In this study, we used abdominally implanted body temperature loggers in combination with GPS collars with acceleration sensors on 14 free-ranging wolverines in northern Sweden to study daily and seasonal variation in body temperature and activity patterns. We used generalized additive mixed modelling to investigate body temperature patterns over time and Lomb-Scargle periodogram analysis to analyse circadian rhythms. RESULTS We found that wolverines have an average core body temperature of 38.5 ± 0.2 °C with a daily variation of up to 6 °C. Body temperature patterns varied between reproductive states. Pregnant females showed a distinct decrease in body temperature during gestation. Wolverines were active both in day and night, but displayed distinct activity peaks during crepuscular hours. However, body temperature and activity patterns changed seasonally, with a gradual change from a unimodal pattern in winter with concentrated activity during the short period of day light to a bimodal pattern in autumn with activity peaks around dusk and dawn. Wolverines were less likely to display 24-h rhythms in winter, when hours of day light are limited. CONCLUSIONS The combination of different biologging techniques gave novel insight into the ecophysiology, activity patterns and reproductive biology of free-ranging wolverines, adding important knowledge to our understanding of animals adapted to cold environments at northern latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Thiel
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, NO - 2480 Koppang, Norway
| | - Alina L. Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, NO - 2480 Koppang, Norway
| | - Boris Fuchs
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, NO - 2480 Koppang, Norway
| | - Jon M. Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, NO - 2480 Koppang, Norway
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Malin Aronsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Jens Persson
- Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
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6
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Resting preferences and welfare of Finnraccoon (Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis) females housed in various housing conditions in winter. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Koistinen T, Korhonen HT. Juvenile Finnraccoons ( Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis ) choose to allohuddle on the cage floor instead of resting on a platform. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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A review of the physiology of a survival expert of big freeze, deep snow, and an empty stomach: the boreal raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). J Comp Physiol B 2017; 188:15-25. [PMID: 28674771 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is an invasive canid originating from eastern Asia. Here, we review its physiological adaptations to wintering, with an emphasis on northern Europe, where the raccoon dog spends the coldest part of the year in winter sleep. The timing of physiological changes related to wintering is connected to photoperiod by melatonin. In preparation to winter, raccoon dogs display autumnal hyperphagia and fattening probably regulated by the interaction of several peptide hormones. Sufficient fat deposition is essential for survival through the cold season and for reproduction in spring. The wintering strategy includes alternating periods of physical activity and passivity. Effective arousal and foraging during warmer bouts are enabled by normoglycaemia. During active periods, raccoon dogs are opportunistic participants in the food web, and they mainly utilize ungulate carcasses, plant material, and small mammals. Preferred wintertime habitats include watersides, forests, wetlands, and gardens. However, many food items become limited in mid-winter and snow restricts foraging leading to a negative energy balance. During passivity, energy is preserved by denning and by modest metabolic suppression, probably enabled by decreased thyroid hormone levels. Sleepiness and satiety could be maintained by high growth hormone and leptin concentrations. Several hormones participate in the extension of phase II of fasting with selective fatty acid mobilization and efficient protein conservation. The blood count, organ function tests, bone mass, and bone biomechanical properties exhibit high resistance against catabolism, and breeding can be successful after significant weight loss. The flexible physiological response to wintering is probably one reason enabling the successful colonization of this species into new areas.
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Boyles JG, Bennett NC, Mohammed OB, Alagaili AN. Torpor Patterns in Desert Hedgehogs (Paraechinus aethiopicus) Represent Another New Point along a Thermoregulatory Continuum. Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:445-452. [PMID: 28402233 DOI: 10.1086/691542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Documenting variation in thermoregulatory patterns across phylogenetically and geographically diverse taxa is key to understanding the evolution of endothermy and heterothermy in birds and mammals. We recorded body temperature (Tb) in free-ranging desert hedgehogs (Paraechinus aethiopicus) across three seasons in the deserts of Saudi Arabia. Modal Tb's (35°-36.5°C) were slightly below normal for mammals but still warmer than those of other hedgehogs. The single maximum Tb recorded was 39.2°C, which is cooler than maximum Tb's recorded in most desert mammals. Desert hedgehogs commonly used torpor during winter and spring but never during summer. Torpor bouts occurred frequently but irregularly, and most lasted less than 24 h. Unlike daily heterotherms, desert hedgehogs did occasionally remain torpid for more than 24 h, including one bout of 101 h. Body temperatures during torpor were often within 2°-3°C of ambient temperature; however, we never recorded repeated bouts of long, predictable torpor punctuated by brief arousal periods similar to those common among seasonal hibernators. Thus, desert hedgehogs can be included on the ever-growing list of species that display torpor patterns intermediate to traditionally defined hibernators and daily heterotherms. Extant hedgehogs are a recent radiation within an ancient family, and the intermediate thermoregulatory pattern displayed by desert hedgehogs is unlike the deeper and more regular torpor seen in other hedgehogs, suggesting that this may be a derived-as opposed to ancestral-trait in this subfamily. We suggest that this family (Erinaceidae) and order (Eulipotyphla) may be important for understanding the evolution of thermoregulatory patterns among Laurasiatheria and mammals in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Boyles
- 1 Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- 2 King Saud University Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,3 Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Osama B Mohammed
- 2 King Saud University Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz N Alagaili
- 2 King Saud University Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Mustonen AMJ, Finnilä MAJ, Puukka KS, Jämsä TJ, Saarakkala S, Tuukkanen JK, Nieminen TP. Raccoon dog model shows preservation of bone during prolonged catabolism and reduced physical activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:2196-2202. [PMID: 28373598 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.135475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a promising animal model capable of preventing disuse-induced osteoporosis. Previous data suggest that this species resembles bears in the preservation of bone mass and biomechanical properties during prolonged passivity and catabolism. This longitudinal study examined the osteological properties of tibiae in farm-bred raccoon dogs that were either fed or fasted (n=6 per group) for a 10 week period. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was utilized and plasma markers of bone turnover measured before fasting and at 9 weeks followed by mechanical testing (three-point bending), micro-computed tomography and Fourier transform infrared imaging at 10 weeks. Passive wintering with prolonged catabolism (body mass loss 32%) had no significant effects on bone mineralization, porosity or strength. The concentration of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, indicative of bone resorption, increased in the plasma of the fasted raccoon dogs, while the bone formation markers were unchanged. The levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were reduced in the fasted animals. Based on these data, the preservation of bone in wintering raccoon dogs shares characteristics with that of bears with no apparent decrease in the formation of bone but increased resorption. To conclude, raccoon dogs were able to minimize bone loss during a 10 week period of catabolism and passivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari J Mustonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, PO Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland .,University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, PO Box 111, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Mikko A J Finnilä
- University of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, PO Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland.,University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Applied Physics, PO Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Katri S Puukka
- NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 500, Oulu FI-90029, OYS, Finland.,University of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, PO Box 8000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Timo J Jämsä
- University of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, PO Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 50, Oulu FI-90029, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- University of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, PO Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 50, Oulu FI-90029, Finland
| | - Juha K Tuukkanen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland.,University of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Research Group of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, PO Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - T Petteri Nieminen
- University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, PO Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.,University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, PO Box 111, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
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12
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Süld K, Saarma U, Valdmann H. Home ranges of raccoon dogs in managed and natural areas. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171805. [PMID: 28273085 PMCID: PMC5342178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of space use is central to understand animals' role in ecosystems. The raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides is considered as one of the most influential alien mesopredator species in Europe, having the potential to cause loss of local biodiversity and act as a vector for zoonotic diseases. We collared 12 animals to study their home range and habitat use in two areas with different management regimes in Estonia: in a protected natural area and in an intensively managed area. From May to October raccoon dogs inhabiting the natural area had considerably smaller home ranges compared to the managed area, 193.3ha±37.3SD and 391.9ha±292.9SD, respectively. This result contradicts somewhat earlier findings in other European raccoon dog populations, where the home range sizes in natural areas in summer and autumn period have usually been larger compared to managed areas. In both study areas raccoon dogs preferred watersides, where amphibians and other semi-aquatic prey are abundant, to other habitats available in their home ranges. We also studied movements of a raccoon dog pair in the managed study area in winter period. Due to mild weather conditions during the study period, raccoon dogs changed their resting sites quite often, covering a relatively large 599 ha area from November 2012 to January 2013, indicating the absence of usual winter lethargy during the mild winters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmen Süld
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Harri Valdmann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Unzhakov AR, Tyutyunnik NN. The isozyme spectra of lactate dehydrogenase in the tissues of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in the autumn. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350916040254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Kinnunen S, Mänttäri S, Herzig KH, Nieminen P, Mustonen AM, Saarela S. Effects of wintertime fasting and seasonal adaptation on AMPK and ACC in hypothalamus, adipose tissue and liver of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 192:44-51. [PMID: 26603554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid with autumnal fattening and passive wintering strategy. We examined the effects of wintertime fasting and seasonality on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a regulator of metabolism, and its target, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) on the species. Twelve farmed raccoon dogs (eleven females/one male) were divided into two groups: half were fasted for ten weeks in December-March (winter fasted) and the others were fed ad libitum (winter fed). A third group (autumn fed, eight females) was fed ad libitum and sampled in December. Total AMPK, ACC and their phosphorylated forms (pAMPK, pACC) were measured from hypothalamus, liver, intra-abdominal (iWAT) and subcutaneous white adipose tissues (sWAT). The fasted animals lost 32% and the fed 20% of their body mass. Hypothalamic AMPK expression was lower and pACC levels higher in the winter groups compared to the autumn fed group. Liver pAMPK was lower in the winter fasted group, with consistently decreased ACC and pACC. AMPK and pAMPK were down-regulated in sWAT and iWAT of both winter groups, with a parallel decline in pACC in sWAT. The responses of AMPK and ACC to fasting were dissimilar to the effects observed previously in non-seasonal mammals and hibernators. Differences between the winter fed and autumn fed groups indicate that the functions of AMPK and ACC could be regulated in a season-dependent manner. Furthermore, the distinctive effects of prolonged fasting and seasonal adaptation on AMPK-ACC pathway could contribute to the wintering strategy of the raccoon dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Kinnunen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - Satu Mänttäri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Aapistie 1, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Petteri Nieminen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anne-Mari Mustonen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Seppo Saarela
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Finland
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Kinnunen S, Mänttäri S, Herzig KH, Nieminen P, Mustonen AM, Saarela S. Maintenance of skeletal muscle energy homeostasis during prolonged wintertime fasting in the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:435-45. [PMID: 25652584 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid species with autumnal fattening and prolonged wintertime fasting. Nonpathological body weight cycling and the ability to tolerate food deficiency make this species a unique subject for studying physiological mechanisms in energy metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor regulating energy homeostasis. During acute fasting, AMPK promotes fatty acid oxidation and enhances glucose uptake. We evaluated the effects of prolonged fasting on muscle energy metabolism in farm-bred raccoon dogs. Total and phosphorylated AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4), insulin receptor and protein kinase B (Akt) protein expressions of hind limb muscles were determined by Western blot after 10 weeks of fasting. Plasma insulin, leptin, ghrelin, glucose and free fatty acid levels were measured, and muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition analyzed. Fasting had no effects on AMPK phosphorylation, but total AMPK expression decreased in m. rectus femoris, m. tibialis anterior and m. extensor digitorum longus resulting in a higher phosphorylation ratio. Decreased total expression was also observed for ACC. Fasting did not influence GLUT 4, insulin receptor or Akt expression, but Akt phosphorylation was lower in m. flexor digitorum superficialis and m. extensor digitorum longus. Three MHC isoforms (I, IIa and IIx) were detected without differences in composition between the fasted and control animals. The studied muscles were resistant to prolonged fasting indicating that raccoon dogs have an effective molecular regulatory system for preserving skeletal muscle function during wintertime immobility and fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Kinnunen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland,
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Mustonen AM, Bowman J, Sadowski C, Nituch LA, Bruce L, Halonen T, Puukka K, Rouvinen-Watt K, Aho J, Nieminen P. Physiological adaptations to prolonged fasting in the overwintering striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 166:555-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Van der Zee CEEM. Hypothalamic plasticity of neuropeptide Y is lacking in brain-type creatine kinase double knockout mice with defective thermoregulation. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:137-144. [PMID: 23891845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The neural substrate of adaptive thermoregulation in mice lacking both brain-type creatine kinase isoforms is further investigated. The cytosolic brain-type creatine kinase (CK-B) and mitochondrial ubiquitous creatine kinase (UbCKmit) are expressed in neural cells throughout the central and peripheral nervous system, where they have an important role in cellular energy homeostasis. Several integral functions appear altered when creatine kinases are absent in the brain (Jost et al., 2002; Streijger et al., 2004, 2005), which has been explained by inefficient neuronal transmission. The CK--/-- double knockout mice demonstrate every morning a body temperature drop of ~1.0 °C, and they have impaired thermogenesis, as revealed by severe hypothermia upon cold exposure. This defective thermoregulation is not associated with abnormal food intake, decreased locomotive activity, or increased torpor sensitivity. Although white and brown adipose tissue fat pads are diminished in CK--/-- mice, intravenous norepinephrine infusion results in a normal brown adipose tissue response with increasing core body temperatures, indicating that the sympathetic innervation functions correctly (Streijger et al., 2009). This study revealed c-fos changes following a cold challenge, and that neuropeptide Y levels were decreased in the paraventricular nucleus of wildtype, but not CK--/--, mice. A reduction in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y is coupled to increased uncoupling protein 1 expression in brown adipose tissue, resulting in thermogenesis. In CK--/-- mice the neuropeptide Y levels did not change. This lack of hypothalamic plasticity of neuropeptide Y might be the result of inefficient neuronal transmission or can be explained by the previous observation of reduced circulating levels of leptin in CK--/-- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina E E M Van der Zee
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Nieminen P, Hohtola E, Mustonen AM. Body temperature rhythms inMicrotusvoles during feeding, food deprivation, and winter acclimatization. J Mammal 2013. [DOI: 10.1644/12-mamm-a-219.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Mustonen AM, Lempiäinen T, Aspelund M, Hellstedt P, Ikonen K, Itämies J, Vähä V, Erkinaro J, Asikainen J, Kunnasranta M, Niemelä P, Aho J, Nieminen P. Application of change-point analysis to determine winter sleep patterns of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from body temperature recordings and a multi-faceted dietary and behavioral study of wintering. BMC Ecol 2012; 12:27. [PMID: 23237274 PMCID: PMC3549453 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-12-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multi-faceted approach was used to investigate the wintertime ecophysiology and behavioral patterns of the raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides, a suitable model for winter sleep studies. By utilizing GPS tracking, activity sensors, body temperature (Tb) recordings, change-point analysis (CPA), home range, habitat and dietary analyses, as well as fatty acid signatures (FAS), the impact of the species on wintertime food webs was assessed. The timing of passive bouts was determined with multiple methods and compared to Tb data analyzed by CPA. RESULTS Raccoon dogs displayed wintertime mobility, and the home range sizes determined by GPS were similar or larger than previous estimates by radio tracking. The preferred habitats were gardens, shores, deciduous forests, and sparsely forested areas. Fields had close to neutral preference; roads and railroads were utilized as travel routes. Raccoon dogs participated actively in the food web and gained benefit from human activity. Mammals, plants, birds, and discarded fish comprised the most important dietary classes, and the consumption of fish could be detected in FAS. Ambient temperature was an important external factor influencing Tb and activity. The timing of passive periods approximated by behavioral data and by CPA shared 91% similarity. CONCLUSIONS Passive periods can be determined with CPA from Tb recordings without the previously used time-consuming and expensive methods. It would be possible to recruit more animals by using the simple methods of data loggers and ear tags. Hunting could be used as a tool to return the ear-tagged individuals allowing the economical extension of follow-up studies. The Tb and CPA methods could be applied to other northern carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Mustonen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P,O, Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Nieminen P, Paakkonen T, Eerilä H, Puukka K, Riikonen J, Lehto VP, Mustonen AM. Freezing tolerance and low molecular weight cryoprotectants in an invasive parasitic fly, the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 317:1-8. [PMID: 22076947 DOI: 10.1002/jez.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Insect cold hardiness is often mediated by low molecular weight cryoprotectants, such as sugars, polyols, and amino acids (AA). While many free-living northern insects must cope with extended periods of freezing ambient temperatures (Ta), the ectoparasitic deer ked Lipoptena cervi imago can encounter subfreezing Ta only during a short autumnal period between hatching and host location. Subsequently, it benefits from the body temperature of the cervid host for survival in winter. This study investigated the cold tolerance of the species by determining its lower lethal temperature (100% mortality, LLT100) during faster and slower cold acclimation, by determining the supercooling point (SCP) and by measuring the concentrations of potential low molecular weight cryoprotectants. The LLT100 of the deer ked was approximately -16 ° C, which would enable it to survive freezing nighttime Ta not only in its current area of distribution but also further north. The SCP was -7.8 ° C, clearly higher than the LLT100 , indicating that the deer ked displays freezing tolerance. The concentrations of free AA, especially nonessential AA, were higher in the cold-acclimated deer keds similar to several other insects. The concentrations of proline increased together with γ-aminobutyrate, arginine, asparagine, cystine, glutamate, glutamine, hydroxylysine, sarcosine, serine, and taurine. AA could be hypothesized to act as cryoprotectants by, e.g., protecting enzymes and lipid membranes from damage caused by cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Nieminen
- University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, Kuopio, Finland.
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Nieminen P, Finnilä MAJ, Tuukkanen J, Jämsä T, Mustonen AM. Preservation of bone mass and biomechanical properties during winter sleep--the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) as a novel model species. Bone 2011; 48:878-84. [PMID: 21146643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been established that almost 40% of postmenopausal women in the United States have osteopenia and models to study its prevention are thus urgently needed. Bears (Ursus spp.) displaying winter sleep were previously introduced as promising models to study the treatment of disuse-induced bone loss. The present study examined the potential of another analogous model species, the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), in bone research. Similar to bears, raccoon dogs display prolonged passivity and catabolism in winter, but they are of a moderate body mass, easy to handle and reared on farms. Wild specimens (n=51) were hunted in winter 2007-2008. The bone mineral density of femoral diaphysis and neck was examined with peripheral quantitative computed tomography, after which their mechanical properties were tested with the three-point bending and femoral neck loading tests. A subsample of the specimens was analyzed histologically. While the body mass of the raccoon dogs decreased from 7.0±0.3 to 4.5±0.2 kg (-36%) during winter, the bone mass and biomechanical properties remained unchanged despite of heavy wintertime catabolism similar to bears. Thus, the cortical mineral density remained at approximately 1400 mg/cm(3), the trabecular mineral density at 450 mg/cm(3) and the maximum load of the femoral neck at 700 N. However, in histological samples, the proportion of osteoid perimeter vs. mineralized bone perimeter decreased during wintering. A possible mechanism of bone mass preservation is the endocrine status of overwintering raccoon dogs, which could participate in preventing bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Nieminen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, P.O. Box 1674, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Kitao N, Fukui D, Shibata H, Saito M, Osborne PG, Hashimoto M. Seasonality and fasting effect in raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides serum leptin levels determined by canine leptin-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 315A:84-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kowalczyk R, Zalewski A. Adaptation to cold and predation—shelter use by invasive raccoon dogs Nyctereutes procyonoides in Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Melis C, Herfindal I, Kauhala K, Andersen R, Høgda KA. Predicting animal performance through climatic and plant phenology variables: The case of an omnivore hibernating species in Finland. Mamm Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vivanco P, Rol MÁ, Madrid JA. Two Steady‐Entrainment Phases and Graded Masking Effects by Light Generate Different Circadian Chronotypes inOctodon degus. Chronobiol Int 2009; 26:219-41. [DOI: 10.1080/07420520902768203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kitao N, Fukui D, Hashimoto M, Osborne PG. Overwintering strategy of wild free-ranging and enclosure-housed Japanese raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides albus). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2009; 53:159-165. [PMID: 19101736 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-008-0199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides, is a canid with a passive overwintering strategy in northern Europe. However, the behaviour and physiology of the Japanese subspecies, N. p. albus, which has fewer chromosomes than the other subspecies, remain unknown. We measured body temperature, body composition and blood biochemistry of wild free-ranging and fasted enclosure-housed N. p. albus during boreal winter in Hokkaido, Japan. Body temperature of N. p. albus decreased from 38 degrees C in autumn to 35.9-36.7 degrees C while maintaining a circadian rhythm in late February (n = 3). A transient 18-36% decrease in resting heart rate occurred when body temperature was low (n = 2). Despite a 33-45% decrease in body weight due to winter fasting, circulating glucose, total protein and triglyceride levels were maintained (n = 4). Serum urea nitrogen dropped by 43-45% from autumn to spring, suggesting protein conservation during fasting. The overwintering survival strategy of N. p. albus in central Hokkaido is based upon large changes in seasonal activity patterns, winter denning and communal housing without the large decrease in body temperature that is characteristic of subarctic animals exhibiting hibernation or torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kitao
- Department of Physiology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-higashi, Hokkaido, Japan.
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