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Akaarir M, Martorell-Barceló M, Morro B, Suau M, Alós J, Aspillaga E, Gamundí A, Grau A, Lana A, Nicolau MC, Pons A, Rial RV, Signaroli M, Barcelo-Serra M. Measuring activity-rest rhythms under different acclimation periods in a marine fish using automatic deep learning-based video tracking. Chronobiol Int 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38975732 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2371143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Most organisms synchronize to an approximately 24-hour (circadian) rhythm. This study introduces a novel deep learning-powered video tracking method to assess the stability, fragmentation, robustness and synchronization of activity rhythms in Xyrichtys novacula. Experimental X. novacula were distributed into three groups and monitored for synchronization to a 14/10 hours of light/dark to assess acclimation to laboratory conditions. Group GP7 acclimated for 1 week and was tested from days 7 to 14, GP14 acclimated for 14 days and was tested from days 14 to 21 and GP21 acclimated for 21 days and was tested from days 21 to 28. Telemetry data from individuals in the wild depicted their natural behavior. Wild fish displayed a robust and minimally fragmented rhythm, entrained to the natural photoperiod. Under laboratory conditions, differences in activity levels were observed between light and dark phases. However, no differences were observed in activity rhythm metrics among laboratory groups related to acclimation period. Notably, longer acclimation (GP14 and GP21) led to a larger proportion of individuals displaying rhythm synchronization with the imposed photoperiod. Our work introduces a novel approach for monitoring biological rhythms in laboratory conditions, employing a specifically engineered video tracking system based on deep learning, adaptable for other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Akaarir
- Laboratorio del Sueño y Ritmos Biológicos, Universitat de les Illes Balears IDISBA, IUNICS, Palma, Spain
| | | | - Bernat Morro
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Margalida Suau
- Laboratorio del Sueño y Ritmos Biológicos, Universitat de les Illes Balears IDISBA, IUNICS, Palma, Spain
| | - Josep Alós
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Eneko Aspillaga
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Antoni Gamundí
- Laboratorio del Sueño y Ritmos Biológicos, Universitat de les Illes Balears IDISBA, IUNICS, Palma, Spain
| | - Amalia Grau
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura de Andratx (IRFAP LIMIA), Andratx, Spain
| | - Arancha Lana
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - M Cristina Nicolau
- Laboratorio del Sueño y Ritmos Biológicos, Universitat de les Illes Balears IDISBA, IUNICS, Palma, Spain
| | - Aina Pons
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Rubén V Rial
- Laboratorio del Sueño y Ritmos Biológicos, Universitat de les Illes Balears IDISBA, IUNICS, Palma, Spain
| | - Marco Signaroli
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
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Akaarir M, Pujol JM, Suau M, Rial RV, Nicolau MC, Gamundi A, Martorell-Barceló M, Barceló-Serra M, Aspillaga E, Alós J. Activity-Rest Circadian Rhythm of the Pearly Razorfish in Its Natural Habitat, before and during Its Mating. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:810. [PMID: 37372095 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in marine biotelemetry have demonstrated that marine fish species perform activity-rest rhythms that have relevant ecological and evolutionary consequences. The main objective of the present report is to study the circadian rhythm of activity-rest of the pearly razorfish, Xyrichtys novacula in its own habitat, before and during the reproduction season using a novel biotelemetry system. This fish species is a small-bodied marine species that inhabits most shallow soft habitats of temperate areas and has a high interest for commercial and recreational fisheries. The activity of free-living fish was monitored by means of high-resolution acoustic tracking of the motor activity of the fish in one-minute intervals. The obtained data allowed the definition of the circadian rhythm of activity-rest in terms of classical non-parametric values: interdaily stability (IS), intradaily variability (IV), relative amplitude (RA), average activity during the most-active period of consecutive 10 h (M10), and average activity during the least-active period of consecutive 5 h (L5). We observed a well-marked rhythm, with little fragmentation and good synchrony with the environmental cycle of light-darkness, regardless of sex and the period studied. However, the rhythm was found to be slightly more desynchronized and fragmented during reproduction because of variations in the photoperiod. In addition, we found that the activity of the males was much higher than that of the females (p < 0.001), probably due to the peculiar behavior of the males in defending the harems they lead. Finally, the time at which activity began in males was slightly earlier than it was in females (p < 0.001), presumably due to the same fact, as differences in activity or for the individual heterogeneity of this species in the time of awakening are considered to be an independent axis of the fish's personality. Our work is novel, as it is one of the first studies of activity-rest rhythm using classical circadian-related descriptors in free-living marine fish using locomotory data facilitated by novel technological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Akaarir
- Laboratorio del Sueño y Rítmos Biológicos, Universitat de les Illes Balears, IDISBA, IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - José Manuel Pujol
- Laboratorio del Sueño y Rítmos Biológicos, Universitat de les Illes Balears, IDISBA, IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Margalida Suau
- Laboratorio del Sueño y Rítmos Biológicos, Universitat de les Illes Balears, IDISBA, IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Rubén V Rial
- Laboratorio del Sueño y Rítmos Biológicos, Universitat de les Illes Balears, IDISBA, IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - María Cristina Nicolau
- Laboratorio del Sueño y Rítmos Biológicos, Universitat de les Illes Balears, IDISBA, IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Antoni Gamundi
- Laboratorio del Sueño y Rítmos Biológicos, Universitat de les Illes Balears, IDISBA, IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Martina Martorell-Barceló
- Fish Ecology Group, The Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Spain
| | - Margarida Barceló-Serra
- Fish Ecology Group, The Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Spain
| | - Eneko Aspillaga
- Fish Ecology Group, The Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Spain
| | - Josep Alós
- Fish Ecology Group, The Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Spain
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Vera LM, de Alba G, Santos S, Szewczyk TM, Mackenzie SA, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Rey Planellas S. Circadian rhythm of preferred temperature in fish: Behavioural thermoregulation linked to daily photocycles in zebrafish and Nile tilapia. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103544. [PMID: 37055103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Ectothermic vertebrates, e.g. fish, maintain their body temperature within a specific physiological range mainly through behavioural thermoregulation. Here, we characterise the presence of daily rhythms of thermal preference in two phylogenetically distant and well-studied fish species: the zebrafish (Danio rerio), an experimental model, and the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), an aquaculture species. We created a non-continuous temperature gradient using multichambered tanks according to the natural environmental range for each species. Each species was allowed to freely choose their preferred temperature during the 24h cycle over a long-term period. Both species displayed strikingly consistent temporal daily rhythms of thermal preference with higher temperatures being selected during the second half of the light phase and lower temperatures at the end of the dark phase, with mean acrophases at Zeitgeber Time (ZT) 5.37 h (zebrafish) and ZT 12.5 h (tilapia). Interestingly, when moved to the experimental tank, only tilapia displayed consistent preference for higher temperatures and took longer time to establish the thermal rhythms. Our findings highlight the importance of integrating both light-driven daily rhythm and thermal choice to refine our understanding of fish biology and improve the management and welfare of the diversity of fish species used in research and food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M Vera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gonzalo de Alba
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvere Santos
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Tim M Szewczyk
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK; The Scottish Association for Marine Science, SAMS, Dunbeg, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Simon A Mackenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sònia Rey Planellas
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
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Lee CJ, Paull GC, Tyler CR. Improving zebrafish laboratory welfare and scientific research through understanding their natural history. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1038-1056. [PMID: 34983085 PMCID: PMC9303617 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globally, millions of zebrafish (Danio rerio) are used for scientific laboratory experiments for which researchers have a duty of care, with legal obligations to consider their welfare. Considering the growing use of the zebrafish as a vertebrate model for addressing a diverse range of scientific questions, optimising their laboratory conditions is of major importance for both welfare and improving scientific research. However, most guidelines for the care and breeding of zebrafish for research are concerned primarily with maximising production and minimising costs and pay little attention to the effects on welfare of the environments in which the fish are maintained, or how those conditions affect their scientific research. Here we review the physical and social conditions in which laboratory zebrafish are kept, identifying and drawing attention to factors likely to affect their welfare and experimental science. We also identify a fundamental lack knowledge of how zebrafish interact with many biotic and abiotic features in their natural environment to support ways to optimise zebrafish health and well-being in the laboratory, and in turn the quality of scientific data produced. We advocate that the conditions under which zebrafish are maintained need to become a more integral part of research and that we understand more fully how they influence experimental outcome and in turn interpretations of the data generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole J. Lee
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
| | - Gregory C. Paull
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
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Krylov VV, Izvekov EI, Pavlova VV, Pankova NA, Osipova EA. Magnetic Fluctuations Entrain the Circadian Rhythm of Locomotor Activity in Zebrafish: Can Cryptochrome Be Involved? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040591. [PMID: 35453790 PMCID: PMC9025847 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Most physiological processes are subject to biological circadian rhythms maintained by a complex cascade of biochemical events. The circadian rhythmicity of behavior allows organisms to use energy and resources optimally under changing environmental conditions. To that end, endogenous circadian rhythms are synchronized with external pacemakers (zeitgebers), especially daily changes in illumination. In the 1960s, it was assumed that, in addition to this primary photic cue, animals can use diurnal geomagnetic variation as a secondary zeitgeber. Earlier research found that slow magnetic fluctuations can affect some behavioral endpoints of circadian rhythms by modulating an organism’s physiological state. However, no direct experiments to test such an entrainment of biological clocks by artificial magnetic fields were performed due to the technical difficulty of eliminating natural geomagnetic variation. For the first time, we carried out such tests in a fully controlled magnetic environment using zebrafish as a research model. The experimental treatments included various light/dark cycles and continuous illumination coupled with pre-recorded natural geomagnetic variations. The obtained results indicate that slow magnetic fluctuations can entrain endogenous rhythmical activity in vertebrates. Probably, cryptochromes play a key role in this process. This research provides promising opportunities for the magnetic control of circadian processes, e.g., correcting circadian dysfunctions. Abstract In the 1960s, it was hypothesized that slow magnetic fluctuations could be a secondary zeitgeber for biological circadian rhythms. However, no comprehensive experimental research has been carried out to test the entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by this zeitgeber. We studied the circadian patterns of the locomotor activity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under different combinations of light regimes and slow magnetic fluctuations, based on a record of natural geomagnetic variation. A rapid synchronization of activity rhythms to an unusual 24:12 light/dark cycle was found under magnetic fluctuations with a period of 36 h. Under constant illumination, significant locomotor activity rhythms with 26.17 h and 33.07 h periods were registered in zebrafish exposed to magnetic fluctuations of 26.8 h and 33.76 h, respectively. The results reveal the potential of magnetic fluctuations for entrainment of circadian rhythms in zebrafish and genuine prospects to manipulate circadian oscillators via magnetic fields. The putative mechanisms responsible for the entrainment are discussed, including the possible role of cryptochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav V. Krylov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, 152742 Borok, Russia; (E.I.I.); (V.V.P.); (N.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
- Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117342 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Evgeny I. Izvekov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, 152742 Borok, Russia; (E.I.I.); (V.V.P.); (N.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
| | - Vera V. Pavlova
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, 152742 Borok, Russia; (E.I.I.); (V.V.P.); (N.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
| | - Natalia A. Pankova
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, 152742 Borok, Russia; (E.I.I.); (V.V.P.); (N.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
| | - Elena A. Osipova
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, 152742 Borok, Russia; (E.I.I.); (V.V.P.); (N.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
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Transcriptome analysis provides the first insight into the molecular basis of temperature plasticity in Banggai cardinalfish, Pterapogon kauderni. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100909. [PMID: 34479169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Banggai cardinalfish, Pterapogon kauderni, is a tropical fish listed as an endangered species by IUCN. Its distribution and survival condition are extremely limited, and the changes of living environment caused by global warming may seriously threaten its geographical distribution. In order to understand the survival temperature range and the potential mechanism of temperature plasticity of P. kauderni, transcriptome analysis was performed under five temperature conditions (18 °C, 22 °C, 26 °C, 30 °C and 34 °C). A total of 432,444,497 clean reads were obtained from the mix tissues of whole head, viscera (except intestine), and muscle. All clean data were spliced into 194,832 unigenes. Compared with 26 °C, 57, 107, 187 and 174 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained at 18 °C, 22 °C, 30 °C and 34 °C, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed the most highly enriched in the DEGs were cellular processes, binding, metabolic processes and biological regulation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated circadian rhythm, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, influenza A and prion disease were significantly enriched. 47 genes that may be related to temperature stress were identified, such as Per1, MLP, IGFBP1, HSP70, HSP90α, HSPA4, DNAJB1, CALR. This is the first RNA-Seq study of P. kauderni. This information should be valuable for further targeted studies on temperature tolerance, thereby assisting the protection and development of P. kauderni.
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Krylov VV, Izvekov EI, Pavlova VV, Pankova NA, Osipova EA. Circadian rhythms in zebrafish (Danio rerio) behaviour and the sources of their variability. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:785-797. [PMID: 33331134 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over recent decades, changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) behaviour have become popular quantitative indicators in biomedical studies. The circadian rhythms of behavioural processes in zebrafish are known to enable effective utilization of energy and resources, therefore attracting interest in zebrafish as a research model. This review covers a variety of circadian behaviours in this species, including diurnal rhythms of spawning, feeding, locomotor activity, shoaling, light/dark preference, and vertical position preference. Changes in circadian activity during zebrafish ontogeny are reviewed, including ageing-related alterations and chemically induced variations in rhythmicity patterns. Both exogenous and endogenous sources of inter-individual variability in zebrafish circadian behaviour are detailed. Additionally, we focus on different environmental factors with the potential to entrain circadian processes in zebrafish. This review describes two principal ways whereby diurnal behavioural rhythms can be entrained: (i) modulation of organismal physiological state, which can have masking or enhancing effects on behavioural endpoints related to endogenous circadian rhythms, and (ii) modulation of period and amplitude of the endogenous circadian rhythm due to competitive relationships between the primary and secondary zeitgebers. In addition, different peripheral oscillators in zebrafish can be entrained by diverse zeitgebers. This complicated orchestra of divergent influences may cause variability in zebrafish circadian behaviours, which should be given attention when planning behavioural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav V Krylov
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
| | - Evgeny I Izvekov
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
| | - Vera V Pavlova
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
| | - Natalia A Pankova
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
| | - Elena A Osipova
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
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8
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Liu L, Zhang R, Wang X, Zhu H, Tian Z. Transcriptome analysis reveals molecular mechanisms responsive to acute cold stress in the tropical stenothermal fish tiger barb (Puntius tetrazona). BMC Genomics 2020; 21:737. [PMID: 33096997 PMCID: PMC7584086 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropical stenothermal fish exhibit special tolerance and response to cold stress. However current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms response to cold stress in aquatic ectotherms is largely drawn from eurythermal or extreme stenothermal species. The tiger barb Puntius tetrazona is a tropical stenothermal fish, with great popularity in aquarium trade and research. RESULTS To investigate the response mechanism of P. tetrazona to low temperature, fish were exposed to increasing levels of acute cold stress. Histopathological analysis showed that the brain, gill, liver and muscle tissues appeared serious damage after cold stress (13 °C). Brain, gill, liver and muscle tissues from control (CTRL) groups (27 °C) and COLD stress groups (13 °C) of eight-month fish (gender-neutral) were sampled and assessed for transcriptomic profiling by high-throughput sequencing. 83.0 Gb of raw data were generated, filtered and assembled for de novo transcriptome assembly. According to the transcriptome reference, we obtained 392,878 transcripts and 238,878 unigenes, of which 89.29% of the latter were annotated. There were 23,743 differently expressed genes (DEGs) been filtered from four pairs of tissues (brain, gill, liver and muscle) between these cold stress and control groups. These DEGs were mainly involved in circadian entrainment, circadian rhythm, biosynthesis of steroid and fatty acid. There were 64 shared DEGs between the four pairs of groups, and five were related to ubiquitylation/deubiquitylation. Our results suggested that ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation might be necessary for tropical stenothermal fish coping with acute cold stress. Also, the significant cold-induced expression of heat shock 70 kDa protein (HSP70) and cold-induced RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) was verified. These results suggested that the expression of the molecular chaperones HSP70 and CIRBP in P. tetrazona might play a critical role in coping with acute cold stress. CONCLUSIONS This is the first transcriptome analysis of P. tetrazona using RNA-Seq technology. Novel findings about tropical stenothermal fish under cold stress (such as HSP70 and CIRBP genes) are presented here. This study contributes new insights into the molecular mechanisms of tropical stenothermal species response to acute cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Zhaohui Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
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9
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Servili A, Canario AVM, Mouchel O, Muñoz-Cueto JA. Climate change impacts on fish reproduction are mediated at multiple levels of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 291:113439. [PMID: 32061640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have generated rapid variations in atmospheric composition which drives major climate changes. Climate change related effects include changes in physico-chemical proprieties of sea and freshwater, such as variations in water temperature, salinity, pH/pCO2 and oxygen content, which can impact fish critical physiological functions including reproduction. In this context, the main aim of the present review is to discuss how climate change related effects (variation in water temperature and salinity, increases in duration and frequency of hypoxia events, water acidification) would impact reproduction by affecting the neuroendocrine axis (brain-pituitary-gonad axis). Variations in temperature and photoperiod regimes are known to strongly affect sex differentiation and the timing and phenology of spawning period in several fish species. Temperature mainly acts at the level of gonad by interfering with steroidogenesis, (notably on gonadal aromatase activity) and gametogenesis. Temperature is also directly involved in the quality of released gametes and embryos development. Changes in salinity or water acidification are especially associated with reduction of sperm quality and reproductive output. Hypoxia events are able to interact with gonad steroidogenesis by acting on the steroids precursor cholesterol availability or directly on aromatase action, with an impact on the quality of gametes and reproductive success. Climate change related effects on water parameters likely influence also the reproductive behavior of fish. Although the precise mechanisms underlying the regulation of these effects are not always understood, in this review we discuss different hypothesis and propose future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Servili
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
| | - Adelino V M Canario
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Olivier Mouchel
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzane, France
| | - José Antonio Muñoz-Cueto
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR, Department of Biology, University of Cádiz, Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3) and European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), E11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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10
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Wolter ME, Svoboda KR. Doing the locomotion: Insights and potential pitfalls associated with using locomotor activity as a readout of the circadian rhythm in larval zebrafish. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 330:108465. [PMID: 31634493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish have been used as a model to study circadian rhythms (CRs) for over 20 years by analyzing various endpoints including locomotor activity. Such studies often utilize high-throughput analysis monitoring activity of larvae placed in well plates numbering >48 wells per plate. Although the CR can be influenced by numerous factors, it is not clear if such effects are permanent. Here, we investigated the variability of CRs of larvae analyzed in different types of well plates and determined the permanency of experimentally-induced aberrations in CRs. NEW METHOD Utilized the tracking software Ethovision XT to investigate how different well plate sizes influence the CR. Re-tested subjects for recovery from long-term CR disruptions and evaluated CR patterns at the individual level. RESULTS CR tracking using locomotion as a readout is best in 24 well plates. CR consistency is not maintained in larvae tracked in 48 or 96 well plates. A perturbed CR due to constant light recovered after just 3 days of a normal light/dark cycle. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Unlike other CR locomotor-based assays, our approach allowed for a medium-throughput analysis of individual CRs, minimized variability and allowed for the re-evaluation of larval CRs 4-5 days later. CONCLUSIONS This medium-throughput locomotor CR analysis allows for a standardized, less variable approach whereby larvae can be re-tested to identify potential long-term changes after experimental manipulations. Long-term behavioral experiments in 48 or 96 well plates may impart stress on the larvae due to space constraints which could impact nervous system function and/or behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Wolter
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53205, USA
| | - Kurt R Svoboda
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53205, USA.
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Rozenfeld C, García-Carpintero V, Pérez L, Gallego V, Herranz-Jusdado JG, Tveiten H, Johnsen HK, Fontaine R, Weltzien FA, Cañizares J, Asturiano JF, Peñaranda DS. Cold seawater induces early sexual developmental stages in the BPG axis of European eel males. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:597. [PMID: 31331264 PMCID: PMC6647157 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impossibility of closing the life cycle of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in captivity troubles the future of this critically endangered species. In addition, the European eel is a highly valued and demanded resource, thus the successful closing of its life cycle would have a substantial economic and ecological impact. With the aim of obtaining the highest gamete quality, the study of the effects of environmental factors, such as temperature, on reproductive performance may prove valuable. This is especially true for the exposure to cold water, which has been reported to improve sexual development in multiple other Actinopterygii species. RESULTS European eel males treated with cold seawater (10 °C, T10) for 2 weeks showed an increase in the proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial cells until the differentiated spermatogonial type A cell stage, and elevated testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone plasma levels. Transcriptomes from the tissues of the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis of T10 samples revealed a differential gene expression profile compared to the other experimental groups, with clustering in a principal component analysis and in heat maps of all differentially expressed genes. Furthermore, a functional analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed enriched gene ontology terms involved in the regulation of circadian rhythm, histone modification, meiotic nuclear division, and others. CONCLUSIONS Cold seawater treatment had a clear effect on the activity of the BPG-axis of European eel males. In particular, our cold seawater treatment induces the synchronization and increased proliferation and differentiation of specific spermatogonial cells. In the transcriptomic results, genes related to thermoception were observed. This thermoception may have caused the observed effects through epigenetic mechanisms, since all analysed tissues further revealed differentially expressed genes involved in histone modification. The presented results support our hypothesis that a low temperature seawater treatment induces an early sexual developmental stage in European eels. This hypothesis is logical given that the average temperature experienced by eels in the early stages of their oceanic reproductive migration is highly similar to that of this cold seawater treatment. Further studies are needed to test whether a cold seawater treatment can improve the response of European eels to artificial hormonal treatment, as the results suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Rozenfeld
- Grupo de Acuicultura y Biodiversidad. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València. Edificio 7G, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor García-Carpintero
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luz Pérez
- Grupo de Acuicultura y Biodiversidad. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València. Edificio 7G, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor Gallego
- Grupo de Acuicultura y Biodiversidad. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València. Edificio 7G, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Germán Herranz-Jusdado
- Grupo de Acuicultura y Biodiversidad. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València. Edificio 7G, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Helge Tveiten
- Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Food Research, Nofima AS, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Helge K Johnsen
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Muninbakken 21, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Romain Fontaine
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joaquín Cañizares
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan F Asturiano
- Grupo de Acuicultura y Biodiversidad. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València. Edificio 7G, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - David S Peñaranda
- Grupo de Acuicultura y Biodiversidad. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València. Edificio 7G, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Chen T, Wong MKH, Chan BCB, Wong AOL. Mechanisms for Temperature Modulation of Feeding in Goldfish and Implications on Seasonal Changes in Feeding Behavior and Food Intake. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:133. [PMID: 30899246 PMCID: PMC6416165 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In fish models, seasonal change in feeding is under the influence of water temperature. However, the effects of temperature on appetite control can vary among fish species and the mechanisms involved have not been fully characterized. Using goldfish (Carassius auratus) as a model, seasonal changes in feeding behavior and food intake were examined in cyprinid species. In our study, foraging activity and food consumption in goldfish were found to be reduced with positive correlation to the gradual drop in water temperature occurring during the transition from summer (28.4 ± 2.2°C) to winter (15.1 ± 2.6°C). In goldfish with a 4-week acclimation at 28°C, their foraging activity and food consumption were notably higher than their counterparts with similar acclimation at 15°C. When compared to the group at 28°C during summer, the attenuation in feeding responses at 15°C during the winter also occurred with parallel rises of leptin I and II mRNA levels in the liver. Meanwhile, a drop in orexin mRNA along with concurrent elevations of CCK, MCH, POMC, CART, and leptin receptor (LepR) transcript expression could be noted in brain areas involved in feeding control. In short-term study, goldfish acclimated at 28°C were exposed to 15°C for 24 h and the treatment was effective in reducing foraging activity and food intake. The opposite was true in reciprocal experiment with a rise in water temperature to 28°C for goldfish acclimated at 15°C. In parallel time-course study with lowering of water temperature from 28 to 15°C, short-term exposure (6-12 h) of goldfish to 15°C could also increase leptin I and II mRNA levels in the liver. Similar to our seasonality study, transcript level of orexin was reduced along with up-regulation of CCK, MCH, POMC, CART, and LepR gene expression in different brain areas. Our results, as a whole, suggest that temperature-driven regulation of leptin output from the liver in conjunction with parallel modulations of orexigenic/anorexigenic signals and leptin responsiveness in the brain may contribute to the seasonal changes of feeding behavior and food intake observed in goldfish.
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13
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Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, López-Olmeda JF, Vera LM, Migaud H, López-Patiño MA, Míguez JM. Environmental Cycles, Melatonin, and Circadian Control of Stress Response in Fish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:279. [PMID: 31244768 PMCID: PMC6579845 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish have evolved a biological clock to cope with environmental cycles, so they display circadian rhythms in most physiological functions including stress response. Photoperiodic information is transduced by the pineal organ into a rhythmic secretion of melatonin, which is released into the blood circulation with high concentrations at night and low during the day. The melatonin rhythmic profile is under the control of circadian clocks in most fish (except salmonids), and it is considered as an important output of the circadian system, thus modulating most daily behavioral and physiological rhythms. Lighting conditions (intensity and spectrum) change in the underwater environment and affect fish embryo and larvae development: constant light/darkness or red lights can lead to increased malformations and mortality, whereas blue light usually results in best hatching rates and growth performance in marine fish. Many factors display daily rhythms along the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis that controls stress response in fish, including corticotropin-releasing hormone (Crh) and its binding protein (Crhbp), proopiomelanocortin A and B (Pomca and Pomcb), and plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate. Many of these circadian rhythms are under the control of endogenous molecular clocks, which consist of self-sustained transcriptional-translational feedback loops involving the cyclic expression of circadian clock genes (clock, bmal, per, and cry) which persists under constant light or darkness. Exposing fish to a stressor can result in altered rhythms of most stress indicators, such as cortisol, glucose, and lactate among others, as well as daily rhythms of most behavioral and physiological functions. In addition, crh and pomca expression profiles can be affected by other factors such as light spectrum, which strongly influence the expression profile of growth-related (igf1a, igf2a) genes. Additionally, the daily cycle of water temperature (warmer at day and cooler at night) is another factor that has to be considered. The response to any acute stressor is not only species dependent, but also depends on the time of the day when the stress occurs: nocturnal species show higher responses when stressed during day time, whereas diurnal fish respond stronger at night. Melatonin administration in fish has sedative effects with a reduction in locomotor activity and cortisol levels, as well as reduced liver glycogen and dopaminergic and serotonergic activities within the hypothalamus. In this paper, we are reviewing the role of environmental cycles and biological clocks on the entrainment of daily rhythms in the HPI axis and stress responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luisa Maria Vera
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Antonio López-Patiño
- Laboratory Animal Physiology, Department Biology and Health Science, Faculty of Biology and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Míguez
- Laboratory Animal Physiology, Department Biology and Health Science, Faculty of Biology and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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14
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Guerra-Santos B, López-Olmeda JF, Pereira DSP, Ruiz CE, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Esteban MÁ, Cerqueira RB, Fortes-Silva R. Daily rhythms after vaccination on specific and non-specific responses in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1305-1318. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1477791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartira Guerra-Santos
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Campus Salvador, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Fernando López-Olmeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Denise Soledade Peixoto Pereira
- Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological (CCAAB), Campus Cruz das Almas, Federal University of Bahia (UFRB), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cristóbal Espinossa Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Robson Bahia Cerqueira
- Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological (CCAAB), Campus Cruz das Almas, Federal University of Bahia (UFRB), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fortes-Silva
- Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological (CCAAB), Campus Cruz das Almas, Federal University of Bahia (UFRB), Bahia, Brazil
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15
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Prokkola JM, Nikinmaa M, Lewis M, Anttila K, Kanerva M, Ikkala K, Seppänen E, Kolari I, Leder EH. Cold temperature represses daily rhythms in the liver transcriptome of a stenothermal teleost under decreasing day length. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.170670. [PMID: 29361589 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.170670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The climate-change-driven increase in temperature is occurring rapidly and decreasing the predictability of seasonal rhythms at high latitudes. It is therefore urgent to understand how a change in the relationship between photoperiod and temperature can affect ectotherms in these environments. We tested whether temperature affects daily rhythms of transcription in a cold-adapted salmonid using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from a subarctic population were reared at a high and a low temperature (15 and 8°C) for 1 month under natural, decreasing day length during late summer. Liver transcriptomes were compared between samples collected in the middle and towards the end of the light period and in the middle of the dark period. Daily variation in transcription was lower in fish from the low temperature compared with strong daily variation in warm-acclimated fish, suggesting that cold temperatures dampen the cycling of transcriptional rhythms under a simultaneously decreasing day length. Different circadian clock genes had divergent expression patterns, responding either by decreased expression or by increased rhythmicity at 15°C compared with 8°C. The results point out mechanisms that can affect the ability of fish to adapt to increasing temperatures caused by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni M Prokkola
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland .,Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mikko Nikinmaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Mario Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Anttila
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Mirella Kanerva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Ikkala
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Eila Seppänen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Laasalantie 9, FI-58175 Enonkoski, Finland
| | - Irma Kolari
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Laasalantie 9, FI-58175 Enonkoski, Finland
| | - Erica H Leder
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.,Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0318, Norway
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16
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Cruz BP, Brongar LF, Popiolek P, Gonçalvez BSB, Figueiredo MA, Amaral IPG, Da Rosa VS, Nery LEM, Marins LF. Clock genes expression and locomotor activity are altered along the light-dark cycle in transgenic zebrafish overexpressing growth hormone. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:739-752. [PMID: 28795260 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-017-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work it was demonstrated that transgenic Danio rerio overexpressing growth hormone (GH-transgenic) present either altered gene expression at a determined time point, or different expression pattern along the LD cycle, when compared with non-transgenic (NT) animals, in the positive and negative loops of the circadian system. Gene expression of clock paralogs was reduced in GH fish at the beginning of the dark phase, leading to diminished expression amplitude along the LD cycle. Furthermore, although no differences were observed between NT and GH animals for bmal1a and cry2b expression at each time point, only GH fish presented amplitude along the LD cycle. Also, the locomotor activity behavior was evaluated for both groups. GH-transgenic animals presented higher locomotor activity along the whole LD cycle when compared with NT animals. These data suggest that alterations in the gene expression patterns along the LD cycle of the positive and negative loops of the circadian system, could lead to altered locomotor activity behavior in GH-transgenic fish, and GH overexpression could be responsible for these alterations, either affecting the pathways involved in the expression of genes from the circadian system or altering the metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Cruz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - L F Brongar
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - P Popiolek
- Centro de Ciências Computacionais (C3), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - B S B Gonçalvez
- Instituto Federal Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Campus Barbacena, Barbacena, Brazil
| | - M A Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - I P G Amaral
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - V S Da Rosa
- Centro de Ciências Computacionais (C3), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - L E M Nery
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil.
| | - L F Marins
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil
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17
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López-Olmeda JF. Nonphotic entrainment in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:133-143. [PMID: 27642096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Organisms that live on the Earth are subjected to environmental variables that display cyclic variations, such as light, temperature and tides. Since these cyclic changes in the environment are constant and predictable, they have affected biological evolution through selecting the occurrence of biological rhythms in the physiology of all living organisms, from prokaryotes to mammals. Biological clocks confer organisms an adaptive advantage as they can synchronize their behavioral and physiological processes to occur at a given moment of time when effectiveness and success would be greater and/or the cost and risk for organisms would be lower. Among environmental synchronizers, light has been mostly widely studied to date. However, other environmental signals play an important role in biological rhythms, especially in aquatic animals like fish. This review focuses on current knowledge about the role of nonphotic synchronizers (temperature, food and tidal cycles) on biological rhythms in fish, and on the entrainment of the fish circadian system to these synchronizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F López-Olmeda
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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18
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Di Rosa V, López-Olmeda JF, Burguillo A, Frigato E, Bertolucci C, Piferrer F, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Daily Rhythms of the Expression of Key Genes Involved in Steroidogenesis and Gonadal Function in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157716. [PMID: 27322588 PMCID: PMC4913968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish present daily and seasonal rhythms in spawning and plasmatic levels of steroids that control reproduction. However, the existence of the rhythms of expression of the genes that underlie the endocrine mechanisms responsible for processes such as steroidogenesis and reproduction in fish have still been poorly explored to date. Here we investigated the daily pattern of the expression of key genes involved in sex steroid production that ultimately set the sex ratio in fish. Adult zebrafish were maintained under a 12:12 h light-dark cycle at a constant temperature of 27°C and were sampled every 4 h during a 24-hour cycle. The expression of key genes in the gonads and brains of female and male individuals were analyzed. In gonads, the expression of aromatase (cyp19a1a, ovarian aromatase) and the antimüllerian hormone (amh, testis) was rhythmic, with almost opposite acrophases: ZT 5:13 h (in the light phase) and ZT 15:39 h (at night), respectively. The expression of foxl2 (forkhead box L2) was also rhythmic in the ovary (acrophase located at ZT 5:02 h) and the expression of dmrt1 (doublesex and mab-3-related transcription factor 1) was rhythmic in testes (acrophase at ZT 18:36 h). In the brain, cyp19a1b (brain aromatase) and cyp11b (11beta-hydroxylase) presented daily differences, especially in males, where the expression peaked at night. These results provide the first evidence for marked time-of-the-day-dependent differences in the expression of the genes involved in sex ratio control, which should be considered when investigating processes such as reproduction, sex differentiation and steroidogenesis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Di Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Fernando López-Olmeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Burguillo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Frigato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesc Piferrer
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Sokołowska E, Kleszczyńska A, Nietrzeba M, Kulczykowska E. Annual changes in brain concentration of arginine vasotocin and isotocin correspond with phases of reproductive cycle in round goby, Neogobius melanostomus. Chronobiol Int 2016; 32:917-24. [PMID: 26172224 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1052142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive cycle of seasonally breeding fish is synchronized with changes of photoperiod and temperature in environment. We hypothesize that arginine vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin (IT) are involved in timing and synchronization of seasonal reproductive activity in the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). To verify this hypothesis, we examined the annual profiles of brain AVT and IT in round goby males and females in relation to their reproductive cycle. Wild round gobies were exposed to annual environmental changes in their natural habitats from where they were sampled monthly over a year. AVT and IT were measured using HPLC with fluorescence detection preceded by solid-phase extraction. This study shows seasonal variations in brain AVT and IT levels. Profiles of changes were similar in males and females: the peak of AVT was observed before spawning in March-April, whereas that of IT during spawning in May-June. Furthermore, the lowest AVT level was noted out of breeding season from November to January, while the level of IT decreased immediately at the end of the spawning. The results show that high AVT levels correlate with pre-spawning period whereas the highest IT levels correspond to spawning. A significant decline in AVT and IT in non-spawning season coincided with the quiescent phase of gametogenesis in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sokołowska
- a Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology , Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Sopot , Poland
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20
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Felip O, Blasco J, Ibarz A, Martín-Pérez M, Fernández-Borràs J. Diets labelled with 13C-starch and 15N-protein reveal daily rhythms of nutrient use in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 179:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Villamizar N, Ribas L, Piferrer F, Vera LM, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Impact of daily thermocycles on hatching rhythms, larval performance and sex differentiation of zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52153. [PMID: 23284912 PMCID: PMC3527402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wild, water temperature cycles daily: it warms up after sunrise, and cools rapidly after sunset. Surprisingly, the impact of such daily thermocycles during the early development of fish remains neglected. We investigated the influence of constant vs daily thermocycles in zebrafish, from embryo development to sexual differentiation, by applying four temperature regimens: two constant (24°C and 28°C) and two daily thermocycles: 28:24°C, TC (thermophase coinciding with daytime, and cryophase coinciding with night-time) and 24:28°C, CT (opposite to TC) in a 12:12 h light:dark cycle (LD). Embryo development was temperature-dependent but enhanced at 28°C and TC. Hatching rhythms were diurnal (around 4 h after lights on), but temperature- and cycle-sensitive, since hatching occurred sooner at 28°C (48 hours post fertilization; hpf) while it was delayed at 24°C (96 hpf). Under TC, hatching occurred at 72 hpf, while under CT hatching displayed two peaks (at 70 hpf and 94 hpf). In constant light (LL) or darkness (DD), hatching rhythms persisted with tau close to 24 h, suggesting a clock-controlled “gating” mechanism. Under 28°C or TC, larvae showed the best performance (high growth and survival, and low malformations). The sex ratio was strongly influenced by temperature, as the proportion of females was higher in CT and TC (79 and 83% respectively), contrasting with 28°C and 24°C, which led to more males (83 and 76%). Ovarian aromatase (cyp19a) expression in females was highest in TC and CT (6.5 and 4.6 fold higher than at 28°C, respectively); while anti-müllerian hormone (amh) expression in males increased in testis at 24°C (3.6 fold higher compared to TC) and particularly at 28°C (14.3 fold increase). Taken together, these findings highlight the key role of environmental cycles during early development, which shaped the daily rhythms in fish embryo and larvae, and ultimately influenced sex differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Villamizar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laia Ribas
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Piferrer
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa M. Vera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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22
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Liang JO, Abata K, Bachelder E, Bartley B, Bozadjieva N, Caskey V, Christianson B, Detienne S, Dillon C, Ecklund D, Eckwright D, Erickson R, Fadness T, Fealey M, Fetter N, Flatten M, Fulton J, Galloway R, Gauer J, Hagler M, Hammer A, Hasbargen D, Heckmann B, Hildebrandt A, Hillesheim J, Hoffman M, Hovey J, Iverson S, Joyal M, Jubran R, Keller S, Kent D, Kiefer B, King J, Kuefler A, Larson A, Lewis N, Lu PN, Malone J, Mickolichek C, Mitchell S, Nelson P, Nemec M, Olsen S, Olson K, Pautz K, Pieper K, Remackel M, Rengo C, Sekenski J, Sievers T, Slavik B, Sloan J, Smrekar C, Stromquist E, Tandberg P, Taurinskas N, Thiele M, Timinski P, Tusa B, Tuthill A, Uher B, Ward A, Wilson L, Young N. Original research in the classroom: why do zebrafish spawn in the morning? Zebrafish 2012; 8:191-202. [PMID: 22181662 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2011.0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of an upper level undergraduate developmental biology course at the University of Minnesota Duluth, we developed a unit in which students carried out original research as part of a cooperative class project. Students had the opportunity to gain experience in the scientific method from experimental design all of the way through to the preparation of publication on their research that included text, figures, and tables. This kind of inquiry-based learning has been shown to have many benefits for students, including increased long-term learning and a better understanding of the process of scientific discovery. In our project, students designed experiments to explore why zebrafish typically spawn in the first few hours after the lights come on in the morning. The results of our experiments suggest that spawning still occurs when the dark-to-light transition is altered or absent. This is consistent with the work of others that demonstrates that rhythmic spawning behavior is regulated by an endogenous circadian clock. Our successes and failures carrying out original research as part of an undergraduate course should contribute to the growing approaches for using zebrafish to bring the excitement of experimental science to the classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer O Liang
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota-Duluth, 1035 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
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23
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Portaluppi F. The Medical Subject Headings® thesaurus remains inaccurate and incomplete for electronic indexing and retrieval of chronobiologic references. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2011.613619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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24
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Blanco-Vives B, Aliaga-Guerrero M, Cañavate JP, Muñoz-Cueto JA, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Does lighting manipulation during incubation affect hatching rhythms and early development of sole? Chronobiol Int 2011; 28:300-6. [PMID: 21539421 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2011.560316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Light plays a key role in the development of biological rhythms in fish. Previous research on Senegal sole has revealed that both spawning rhythms and larval development are strongly influenced by lighting conditions. However, hatching rhythms and the effect of light during incubation are as yet unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the light spectrum and photoperiod on Solea senegalensis eggs and larvae until day 7 post hatching (dph). To this end, eggs were collected immediately after spawning during the night and exposed to continuous light (LL), continuous darkness (DD), or light-dark (LD) 12L:12D cycles of white light (LD(W)), blue light (LD(B); λ(peak) = 463 nm), or red light (LD(R); λ(peak) = 685 nm). Eggs exposed to LD(B) had the highest hatching rate (94.5% ± 1.9%), whereas LD(R) and DD showed the lowest hatching rate (54.4% ± 3.9% and 48.4% ± 4.2%, respectively). Under LD conditions, the hatching rhythm peaked by the end of the dark phase, but was advanced in LD(B) (zeitgeber time 8 [ZT8]; ZT0 representing the onset of darkness) in relation to LD(W) and LD(R) (ZT11). Under DD conditions, the same rhythm persisted, although with lower amplitude, whereas under LL the hatching rhythm split into two peaks (ZT8 and ZT13). From dph 4 onwards, larvae under LD(B) showed the best growth and quickest development (advanced eye pigmentation, mouth opening, and pectoral fins), whereas larvae under LD(R) and DD had the poorest performance. These results reveal that developmental rhythms at the egg stage are tightly controlled by light characteristics, underlining the importance of reproducing their natural underwater photoenvironment (LD cycles of blue wavelengths) during incubation and early larvae development of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blanco-Vives
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Espinardo Campus, Murcia, Spain.
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25
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del Pozo A, Sánchez-Férez JA, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Circadian rhythms of self-feeding and locomotor activity in zebrafish (Danio Rerio). Chronobiol Int 2011; 28:39-47. [PMID: 21182403 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2010.530728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To investigate daily feeding rhythms in zebrafish, the authors have developed a new self-feeding system with an infrared photocell acting as a food-demand sensor, which lets small-size fish such as zebrafish trigger a self-feeder. In this paper, the authors used eight groups of 20 fish. Locomotor activity rhythms were also investigated by means of infrared sensors. Under a 12 h:12 h light (L)-dark (D) cycle, zebrafish showed a clear nocturnal feeding pattern (88.0% of the total daily food-demands occurring in the dark phase), concentrated during the last 4 h of the dark phase. In contrast, locomotor activity was mostly diurnal (88.2% of total daily activity occurring in the light phase). Moreover, both feeding and locomotor rhythms were endogenously driven, as they persisted under free-running conditions. The average period length (τ) of the locomotor and feeding rhythms was shorter (τ = 22.9 h) and longer (τ = 24.6 h) than 24 h, respectively. During the time that food availability was restricted, fish could only feed during ZT0-ZT12 or ZT12-ZT16. This resulted in feeding activity being significantly modified according to feeding time, whereas the locomotor activity pattern remained synchronized to the LD cycle and did not change during this trial. These findings revealed an independent phasing between locomotor and feeding activities (which were mostly nocturnal or diurnal, respectively), thus supporting the concept of multioscillatory control of circadian rhythmicity in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana del Pozo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia Espinardo Campus, Murcia, Spain
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26
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Vatine G, Vallone D, Gothilf Y, Foulkes NS. It's time to swim! Zebrafish and the circadian clock. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1485-94. [PMID: 21486566 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish represents a fascinating model for studying key aspects of the vertebrate circadian timing system. Easy access to early embryonic development has made this species ideal for investigating how the clock is first established during embryogenesis. In particular, the molecular basis for the functional development of the zebrafish pineal gland has received much attention. In addition to this dedicated clock and photoreceptor organ, and unlike the situation in mammals, the clocks in zebrafish peripheral tissues and even cell lines are entrainable by direct exposure to light thus providing unique insight into the function and evolution of the light input pathway. Finally, the small size, low maintenance costs and high fecundity of this fish together with the availability of genetic tools make this an attractive model for forward genetic analysis of the circadian clock. Here, we review the work that has established the zebrafish as a valuable clock model organism and highlight the key questions that will shape the future direction of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Vatine
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences 52900, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Terry MI, Felizardo VO, Vera LM. Daily Rhythms of Toxicity and Effectiveness of Anesthetics (MS222 and Eugenol) in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio). Chronobiol Int 2011; 28:109-17. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2010.538105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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López-Olmeda JF, Tartaglione EV, de la Iglesia HO, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Feeding entrainment of food-anticipatory activity and per1 expression in the brain and liver of zebrafish under different lighting and feeding conditions. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:1380-400. [PMID: 20795882 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2010.501926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Food provided on a periodic basis can act as a potent synchronizer, being a stronger zeitgeber than light for peripheral oscillators in mammals. In fish, however, little is known about the influence of feeding time on the circadian pacemaker and the relationship between central and peripheral oscillators. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of mealtime on the activity rhythms, and on central (brain) and peripheral (liver) oscillators in zebrafish. The authors tested different feeding times under a light-dark (LD) cycle and the endogenous origin of food-anticipatory activity (FAA) by feeding zebrafish at a fixed time under constant bright-light conditions (LL). The authors then measured locomotor activity and the expression of the clock gene per1 in animals under a LD cycle and fed at random times during the light phase, with restricted feeding at the mid-light phase (ML) or with restricted feeding during the mid-dark phase (MD). Finally, the authors measured locomotor activity and per1 expression in fish maintained under LL under either random feeding or scheduled feeding. Zebrafish displayed FAA in all the groups fed at a fixed time but not when feeding was randomly scheduled. Under LL, fish entrainment persisted, and when released under fasting conditions FAA free-ran with a circa-24-h period. The expression of per1 in the brain of fish under LD showed a daily rhythm with the acrophase (peak time) at the end of the dark phase regardless of feeding schedule. This brain rhythm disappeared in LL fish under both random feeding and scheduled feeding. Feeding at MD advanced the phase of per1 in the liver by 7 h compared with the ML-fed group phase (23:54 versus 07:23 h, respectively). In addition, under LL scheduled feeding entrained the rhythms of per1 expression in the liver. This study reveals for the first time that scheduled feeding entrains peripheral oscillators in a fish species, zebrafish, which is a powerful model widely used for molecular genetics and for the study of basic clock mechanisms of the vertebrate circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F López-Olmeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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30
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Yoshii T, Hermann C, Helfrich-Förster C. Cryptochrome-Positive and -Negative Clock Neurons in Drosophila Entrain Differentially to Light and Temperature. J Biol Rhythms 2010; 25:387-98. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730410381962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The blue-light photoreceptive protein Cryptochrome (CRY) plays an important role in the light synchronization of the Drosophila circadian clock. Previously, we found that among the approximately 150 clock neurons, many but not all neurons express CRY. We speculated that the CRY-positive pacemaker neurons may be especially important for light entrainment, whereas the CRY-negative neurons may be important for other environmental cues, for example, temperature. To investigate this hypothesis, we tested the entrainability of the clock neurons to out-of-phase light and temperature cycles. When light-dark or light-dim light cycles were shifted by 12 h with respect to temperature cycles, behavioral rhythms of wild-type flies were re-entrained by the light cycles. In this condition, we found that TIMELESS (TIM) level was strongly influenced by the temperature cycles in many CRY-negative clock neurons, suggesting that the CRY-negative neurons have higher sensitivity to temperature. Under the same conditions, cry-null mutants entrained to the temperature cycles or very slowly re-entrained to light-dark cycles. Our results suggest that there are 2 types of clock neurons having differential sensitivities to light and temperature, and CRY is a key component for the preferential entrainment to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Yoshii
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,
| | | | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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López-Olmeda JF, Montoya A, Oliveira C, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. SYNCHRONIZATION TO LIGHT AND RESTRICTED-FEEDING SCHEDULES OF BEHAVIORAL AND HUMORAL DAILY RHYTHMS IN GILTHEAD SEA BREAM(SPARUS AURATA). Chronobiol Int 2009; 26:1389-408. [DOI: 10.3109/07420520903421922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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