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Abstract
The timing of life on Earth is remarkable: between individuals of the same species, a highly similar temporal pattern is observed, with shared periods of activity and inactivity each day. At the individual level, this means that over the course of a single day, a person alternates between two states. They are either upright, active, and communicative or they lie down in a state of (un)consciousness called sleep where even the characteristic of neuronal signals in the brain shows distinctive properties. The circadian clock governs both of these time stamps-activity and (apparent) inactivity-making them come and go consistently at the same approximate time each day. This behavior thus represents the meeting of two pervasive systems: the circadian clock and metabolism. In this article, we will describe what is known about how the circadian clock anticipates daily changes in oxygen usage, how circadian clock regulation may relate to normal physiology, and to hypoxia and ischemia that can result from pathologies such as myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sartor
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Germany (F.S., B.F.-B., M.M.)
| | - Borja Ferrero-Bordera
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Germany (F.S., B.F.-B., M.M.)
| | - Jeffrey Haspel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (J.H.)
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, and the Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Paul M Holloway
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (P.M.H.)
| | - Martha Merrow
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Germany (F.S., B.F.-B., M.M.)
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Dobrowolska-Zrałka K, Kujawa K, Regulska-Ilow B. Association of the Length of Service of 24/48 Firefighters with the Quality of Their Diet and Selected Anthropometric Parameters. Nutrients 2023; 15:4029. [PMID: 37764812 PMCID: PMC10536748 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the association of lengths of service (LS) ≤ 10 years and >10 years in 24/48 shifts with the quality of the observed diet based on the Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF9.3) and selected anthropometric parameters of 130 firefighters of the State Fire Service (SFS) in Wroclaw, Poland. The study also analysed the individual components of the men's diets required to calculate the NRF9.3 index in both seniority groups. Men with LS > 10 years had statistically significant higher body weight (89.00 kg vs. 81.59 kg), body-fat level (22.80 kg vs. 17.95 kg), waist circumference (96.50 cm vs. 89.00 cm), body-fat percentage (21.94 ± 4.06% vs. 25.00 ± 5.45%), body mass index (BMI) (28.10 kg/m2 vs. 25.40 kg/m2) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) (0.84 0.92 vs. 0.84), compared to the LF ≤ 10 years group. In contrast, the quality of the men's dietary adherence, based on the calculated NRF9.3 index, did not differ between the study groups, and was 662.50 ± 103.1 and 664.78 for the LS ≤ 10 years and LS > 10 years groups, respectively. Based on a statistical analysis using the NRF9.3 diet quality index by tertile (NRF9.3-C), a leading and statistically significant association of LS > 10 years vs. ≤10 years was observed as to most of the anthropometric parameters studied. In contrast, the association of participants' diet quality, as assessed by the NRF9.3 index value, was insignificant for all anthropometric parameters studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dobrowolska-Zrałka
- Department of Dietetics and Bromatology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Kujawa
- Statistical Analysis Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. K. Marcinkowskiego 2-6, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Bożena Regulska-Ilow
- Department of Dietetics and Bromatology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Adi NP, Nagata T, Mori K, Kubo T, Fujimoto K, Ohtani M, Odagami K, Nagata M, Kajiki S, Fujino Y, Matsuda S. Seeking Treatment Profile of Male Shift Workers With Hypertension and Diabetes. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:783-788. [PMID: 37311081 PMCID: PMC10487365 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was identified seeking treatment for hypertension and diabetes among male shift workers. METHOD This retrospective cohort study included nine large companies in Japan. Data were collected from health checkup, health insurance records, and self-administered questionnaires in 2017 and 2020. Data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression. RESULT Person-days shift workers and day workers seeking treatment for hypertension were 41,604 and 327,301, respectively and, for diabetes, were 7326 and 60,735, respectively. The log ranks were statistically significant. Shift workers were 46% and 56% less likely to seek treatment for hypertension and diabetes, respectively, than day workers were after adjustment for age, marital status, education level, and intention to modify lifestyle (model 2) ( P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Male shift workers are less likely to seek treatment for hypertension and diabetes compared with day workers.
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Grosjean E, Simonneaux V, Challet E. Reciprocal Interactions between Circadian Clocks, Food Intake, and Energy Metabolism. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040539. [PMID: 37106739 PMCID: PMC10136292 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Like other biological functions, food intake and energy metabolism display daily rhythms controlled by the circadian timing system that comprises a main circadian clock and numerous secondary clocks in the brain and peripheral tissues. Each secondary circadian clock delivers local temporal cues based on intracellular transcriptional and translational feedback loops that are tightly interconnected to intracellular nutrient-sensing pathways. Genetic impairment of molecular clocks and alteration in the rhythmic synchronizing cues, such as ambient light at night or mistimed meals, lead to circadian disruption that, in turn, negatively impacts metabolic health. Not all circadian clocks are sensitive to the same synchronizing signals. The master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus is mostly synchronized by ambient light and, to a lesser extent, by behavioral cues coupled to arousal and exercise. Secondary clocks are generally phase-shifted by timed metabolic cues associated with feeding, exercise, and changes in temperature. Furthermore, both the master and secondary clocks are modulated by calorie restriction and high-fat feeding. Taking into account the regularity of daily meals, the duration of eating periods, chronotype, and sex, chrononutritional strategies may be useful for improving the robustness of daily rhythmicity and maintaining or even restoring the appropriate energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Grosjean
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Challet
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Ansu Baidoo V, Knutson KL. Associations between circadian disruption and cardiometabolic disease risk: A review. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:615-624. [PMID: 36750239 PMCID: PMC9974590 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The human circadian system plays a vital role in many physiological processes, and circadian rhythms are found in virtually all tissues and organs. The disruption of circadian rhythms may lead to adverse health outcomes. Evidence from recent population-based studies was reviewed because they represent real-world behavior and can be useful in developing future studies to reduce the risk of adverse health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes mellitus, which may occur because of circadian disruption. An electronic search in PubMed and Web of Science (2012-2022) was performed. Selected articles were based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Five factors that may disrupt circadian rhythm alignment are discussed: shift work, late chronotype, late sleep timing, sleep irregularity, and late meal timing. Evidence from observational studies of these circadian disruptors suggests potential detrimental effects on cardiometabolic health, including higher BMI/obesity, higher blood pressure, greater dyslipidemia, greater inflammation, and diabetes. Future research should identify the specific underlying pathways in order to mitigate the health consequences of shift work. Furthermore, optimal sleep and mealtimes for metabolic health can be explored in intervention studies. Lastly, it is important that the timing of external environmental cues (such as light) and behaviors that influence circadian rhythms are managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velarie Ansu Baidoo
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristen L Knutson
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Lee WP, Wu PY, Chen LC, Shih WM. Using a Motivational Paradigm to Develop an Exercise Program for Nurses with High Risk of Metabolic Syndrome. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 11:healthcare11010005. [PMID: 36611465 PMCID: PMC9818651 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurses are frontline care providers whose health is vital to providing good quality of care to patients. The purpose of this study was to develop an exercise program for high-risk metabolic syndrome nurses based on the transtheoretical model. The transtheoretical model was used in this study due to its popular use in exercise behavior change and it can clearly identify the stage of exercise so as to plan an effective program to promote health. This was a quasi-experimental pilot study with a total of 40 participants who met the inclusion criteria. Exercise programs were developed for three groups distinguished by their commitment to exercising for health. Sixteen (40%) nurses moved one step forward, six (15%) nurses moved backward, and eighteen (45%) nurses maintained at the same stage over time (stable sedentary, 40%; stable active, 5%). Bowker’s test of symmetry, χ2 = 14.00 (p < 0.01), revealed that the population exercising increased significantly after the intervention. After the program, the perceived benefits from exercise in the decisional balance significantly increased to 1.53 (t = 2.223, p < 0.05), perceived exercise barriers significantly decreased to 3.10 (t = −3.075, p < 0.05), and self-efficacy significantly increased to 2.90 (t = 3.251, p < 0.01), respectively. Applying the transtheoretical model to health behavior enables significant change. The benefits of applying the transtheoretical model for promoting exercise include increasing perceived exercise benefits and self-efficacy, decreasing perceived exercise barriers, and increasing physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ping Lee
- Department of Nursing, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation), New Taipei City 236, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yuan Wu
- Department of Nursing, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation), New Taipei City 236, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, University of Kang Ning, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Chen
- Department of Nursing, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation), New Taipei City 236, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Whei-Mei Shih
- Department of Nursing, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation), New Taipei City 236, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Gerontology and Health Care Management, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-953313075; Fax: +886-32118866
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Sooriyaarachchi P, Jayawardena R, Pavey T, King NA. Shift work and the risk for metabolic syndrome among healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13489. [PMID: 35734805 PMCID: PMC9539605 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Shift work, defined as work occurring outside typical daytime working hours, is associated with an increased risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS) due to several biological and environmental changes. The MetS refers to the clustering of several known cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. This systematic review aims to evaluate the literature on the association between shift work and the risk of MetS in employees of the health sector. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using appropriate keywords for studies published before September 1, 2021. Eligible studies were those that compared the prevalence of MetS between day and shift healthcare workers; had a cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort study design; provided sufficient data for calculating odds ratios or relative risks with 95% confidence intervals; and articles in English. The Joanna Briggs Institute prevalence critical appraisal tool was used for quality analysis. Risk for MetS and related measures of effect size were retrieved from studies for meta-analysis. Twelve studies met the criteria for inclusion in the review and meta-analysis. Sample sizes ranged from 42 to 738, and the age range of subjects was between 18 and 65 years. Ten studies demonstrated high methodological quality, while two studies were of average quality. Ten out of 12 studies in the review demonstrated a higher risk in shift workers for developing MetS than day workers. The pooled OR of MetS in shift workers based on 12 studies was 2.17 (95% CI = 1.31-3.60, P = 0.003; I2 = 82%, P < 0.001). Shift workers exhibited more than a twofold increase in the chance of developing MetS in comparison with day workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piumika Sooriyaarachchi
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Health and Wellness Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ranil Jayawardena
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Toby Pavey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neil A King
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Lee Y, Seo E, Lee W. Long Working Hours and the Risk of Glucose Intolerance: A Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11831. [PMID: 36142103 PMCID: PMC9517219 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Long working hours have negative effects on the health of workers. Several studies have reported the association between long working hours and both diabetes and prediabetes. Therefore, we aimed to examine the temporal relationship between long working hours and glucose intolerance. Our cohort study collected data from 25,803 healthy male participants at baseline. To evaluate the risk of incident glucose intolerance, we estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. During 77,605.0 person-years of follow-up, 6741 participants developed glucose intolerance. Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CI) for weekly working 41-52 and >52 h compared with working 35-40 h, were 1.28 (1.17-1.40) and 2.80 (2.54-3.09), respectively. In the dose-response analyses, long working hours had a nearly linear relationship with the development of glucose intolerance across most working hours per week. The association between long working hours and incident glucose intolerance was stronger in the younger-age subgroups than in the older-age subgroups (p for interaction <0.001). Our large-scale cohort study demonstrated that long working hours were associated with incident glucose intolerance, with a dose-response relationship.
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Cheng KH, Wu NK, Chen CT, Hsu CY, Lin YA, Luo JJC, Lee LA, Chuang HH. Effectiveness and response differences of a multidisciplinary workplace health promotion program for healthcare workers. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:930165. [PMID: 35957848 PMCID: PMC9360800 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.930165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Workplace health promotion (WHP) in the healthcare industry is an important yet challenging issue to address, given the high workload, heterogeneity of work activities, and long work hours of healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and response differences of a multidisciplinary WHP program conducted in HCWs. Methods This retrospective cohort study included HCWs participating in a multidisciplinary WHP program in five healthcare facilities. The 20-week intervention included multiple easy-to-access 90-min exercise classes, one 15-min nutrition consultation, and behavioral education. Pre- and post-interventional anthropometrics, body composition, and physical fitness (PF) were compared with paired sample t-tests. Response differences across sex, age, weight status, and shiftwork status were analyzed with a generalized estimating equation. Results A total of 302 HCWs were analyzed. The intervention effectively improved all anthropometric (body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio), body composition (body fat percentage, muscle weight, visceral fat area), and PF (grip strength, high jump, sit-up, sit-and-reach, step test) parameters in all participants (all p < 0.05). Subgroup analyses revealed shift workers had a more significant mean reduction in body mass index than non-shift workers (adjusted p = 0.045). However, there was no significant response difference across sex, age, and weight subgroups. Conclusion This study suggested that a multidisciplinary WHP program can improve anthropometric and PF profiles regardless of sex, age, and weight status for HCWs, and shifter workers might benefit more from the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hung Cheng
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Kuang Wu
- Department of Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Tung Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Hsu
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-An Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - John Jiin-Chyuan Luo
- Department of Occupational Medicine, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ang Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Hua Chuang
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Health Promotion Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Boivin DB, Boudreau P, Kosmadopoulos A. Disturbance of the Circadian System in Shift Work and Its Health Impact. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 37:3-28. [PMID: 34969316 PMCID: PMC8832572 DOI: 10.1177/07487304211064218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The various non-standard schedules required of shift workers force abrupt changes in the timing of sleep and light-dark exposure. These changes result in disturbances of the endogenous circadian system and its misalignment with the environment. Simulated night-shift experiments and field-based studies with shift workers both indicate that the circadian system is resistant to adaptation from a day- to a night-oriented schedule, as determined by a lack of substantial phase shifts over multiple days in centrally controlled rhythms, such as those of melatonin and cortisol. There is evidence that disruption of the circadian system caused by night-shift work results not only in a misalignment between the circadian system and the external light-dark cycle, but also in a state of internal desynchronization between various levels of the circadian system. This is the case between rhythms controlled by the central circadian pacemaker and clock genes expression in tissues such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells, hair follicle cells, and oral mucosa cells. The disruptive effects of atypical work schedules extend beyond the expression profile of canonical circadian clock genes and affects other transcripts of the human genome. In general, after several days of living at night, most rhythmic transcripts in the human genome remain adjusted to a day-oriented schedule, with dampened group amplitudes. In contrast to circadian clock genes and rhythmic transcripts, metabolomics studies revealed that most metabolites shift by several hours when working nights, thus leading to their misalignment with the circadian system. Altogether, these circadian and sleep-wake disturbances emphasize the all-encompassing impact of night-shift work, and can contribute to the increased risk of various medical conditions. Here, we review the latest scientific evidence regarding the effects of atypical work schedules on the circadian system, sleep and alertness of shift-working populations, and discuss their potential clinical impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane B Boivin
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Boudreau
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anastasi Kosmadopoulos
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Hemmer A, Mareschal J, Dibner C, Pralong JA, Dorribo V, Perrig S, Genton L, Pichard C, Collet TH. The Effects of Shift Work on Cardio-Metabolic Diseases and Eating Patterns. Nutrients 2021; 13:4178. [PMID: 34836433 PMCID: PMC8617838 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism is tightly linked with circadian rhythms, exposure to ambient light, sleep/wake, fasting/eating, and rest/activity cycles. External factors, such as shift work, lead to a disruption of these rhythms, often called circadian misalignment. Circadian misalignment has an impact on some physiological markers. However, these proxy measurements do not immediately translate into major clinical health outcomes, as shown by later detrimental health effects of shift work and cardio-metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the effects of shift work on circadian rhythms and its implications in cardio-metabolic disorders and eating patterns. Shift work appears to be a risk factor of overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes, elevated blood pressure, and the metabolic syndrome. However, past studies showed discordant findings regarding the changes of lipid profile and eating patterns. Most studies were either small and short lab studies, or bigger and longer cohort studies, which could not measure health outcomes in a detailed manner. These two designs explain the heterogeneity of shift schedules, occupations, sample size, and methods across studies. Given the burden of non-communicable diseases and the growing concerns about shift workers' health, novel approaches to study shift work in real contexts are needed and would allow a better understanding of the interlocked risk factors and potential mechanisms involved in the onset of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hemmer
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.H.); (J.M.); (L.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Julie Mareschal
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.H.); (J.M.); (L.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Charna Dibner
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques A. Pralong
- Service of Pneumology, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Victor Dorribo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1066 Épalinges, Switzerland;
| | - Stephen Perrig
- Service of Pneumology, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Laurence Genton
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.H.); (J.M.); (L.G.); (C.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claude Pichard
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.H.); (J.M.); (L.G.); (C.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tinh-Hai Collet
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.H.); (J.M.); (L.G.); (C.P.)
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