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Shaheen N, Shaheen A, Diab RA, Saad AM, Abdelwahab OA, Soliman S, Hefnawy MT, Ramadan A, Meshref M, Nashwan AJ. Association of serum leptin and ghrelin levels with smoking status on body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1296764. [PMID: 38111614 PMCID: PMC10725976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1296764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Smoking cigarettes is a major global health problem that affects appetite and weight. The aim of this systematic review was to determine how smoking affected plasma leptin and ghrelin levels. Methods A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Ovid was conducted using a well-established methodology to gather all related publications. Results A total of 40 studies were included in the analysis of 11,336 patients. The overall effect showed a with a mean difference (MD) of -1.92[95%CI; -2.63: -1.20] and p = 0.00001. Subgroup analysis by study design revealed significant differences as well, but with high heterogeneity within the subgroups (I2 of 82.3%). Subgroup by sex showed that there was a significant difference in mean difference between the smoking and non-smoking groups for males (MD = -5.75[95% CI; -8.73: -2.77], p = 0.0002) but not for females (MD = -3.04[95% CI; -6.6:0.54], p = 0.10). Healthy, pregnant, diabetic and CVD subgroups found significant differences in the healthy (MD = -1.74[95% CI; -03.13: -0.35], p = 0.01) and diabetic (MD = -7.69[95% CI, -1.64: -0.73], p = 0.03). subgroups, but not in the pregnant or cardiovascular disease subgroups. On the other hand, the meta-analysis found no statistically significant difference in Ghrelin serum concentration between smokers and non-smokers (MD = 0.52[95% CI, -0.60:1.63], p = 0.36) and observed heterogeneity in the studies (I2 = 68%). Conclusion This study demonstrates a correlation between smoking and serum leptin/ghrelin levels, which explains smoking's effect on body weight. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/ prospero/display_record.php, identifier (Record ID=326680).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Shaheen
- Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shaheen
- Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rehab Adel Diab
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Omar Ahmed Abdelwahab
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sama Soliman
- Faculty of Medicine, The Pavlov First State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mahmoud Tarek Hefnawy
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa Ramadan
- Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Meshref
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Galindo-Cáceres MA, Parra-Unda R, Murillo-Llanes J, Morgan-Ortiz F, Rendón-Maldonado JG, Osuna-Espinoza KY, Osuna-Ramírez I. Association of leptin receptor expression in placenta and peripheral blood mononuclear cell with maternal weight in birth outcomes. Cytokine 2020; 138:155362. [PMID: 33264748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pregnancy period represents the most intense period of growth and development. Pre-pregnancy weight influences weight gain during pregnancy. Leptin is a hormone mainly derived from white adipose tissue, during pregnancy leptin is also produced by the placenta. It has been suggested that the effects of placental leptin on the mother may contribute to endocrine-mediated alterations in energy balance; a dysregulation in leptin levels or its receptors may lead to poor birth outcomes. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to analyze the differences in birth outcomes by maternal weight with the expression level of leptin receptor in maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and placental tissue. METHODS Women with full-term gestation and its offspring were enrolled. Total RNA from maternal PBMC and placenta was obtained to perform the analysis of expression of the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene trough real-time PCR technique. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA or Mann-Whitney u test when applicable. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between continuous variables (Stata v.13); p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between LEPR expression level and the BMI studied groups in maternal PBMC and placental tissue. Interaction between gestational weight gain (GWG) and LEPR in maternal PBMC explain in a 32% the variability of the newborn weight. CONCLUSIONS LEPR expression level in maternal PBMC correlates with newborn measurements independent from sex. GWG can affect fetal development by increasing fetal birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Galindo-Cáceres
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - R Parra-Unda
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - J Murillo-Llanes
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital de la Mujer de Culiacán, Servicios de Salud de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - F Morgan-Ortiz
- Ginecología y Obstetricia, Centro de Investigación y Docencia en Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital Civil de Culiacán, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - J G Rendón-Maldonado
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - K Y Osuna-Espinoza
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Gastronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - I Osuna-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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Macchi M, Bambini L, Franceschini S, Alexa ID, Agostoni C. The effect of tobacco smoking during pregnancy and breastfeeding on human milk composition-a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 75:736-747. [PMID: 33087893 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is still a widespread habit in pregnant and breastfeeding women. While the role of these risk factors on neonatal outcomes has been deeply studied, their effect on human milk composition is still not completely clear. This study aimed to report the most up to date evidence about the alteration of breast milk composition of smoking breastfeeding mothers compared to non-smoking ones. We performed a systematic review by searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Evaluated data were extracted and critically analyzed by two independent authors. PRISMA guidelines were applied, and the risk of bias was assessed (ROBINS), as was the methodological quality of the included studies (GRADE). After applying the inclusion criteria, we included 20 studies assessed as medium or high quality. In all the studies, we analyzed data regarding 1769 mothers (398 smokers and 971 nonsmokers). Smoking was associated with a lower content of lipids, calories, and proteins. Moreover, it was characterized by decreased antioxidant properties and an altered immune status. Smoking during pregnancy and breastfeeding is significantly associated with an alteration of milk metabolic properties. Further studies are needed to investigate how these changes can alter newborns' development and outcomes and which molecular patterns are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Macchi
- University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122, Milano, MI, Italy.
| | - Laura Bambini
- University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122, Milano, MI, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122, Milano, MI, Italy
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4
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Nunes M, da Silva CH, Bosa VL, Bernardi JR, Werlang ICR, Goldani MZ. Could a remarkable decrease in leptin and insulin levels from colostrum to mature milk contribute to early growth catch-up of SGA infants? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17:410. [PMID: 29212463 PMCID: PMC5719575 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk is known to contain many bioactive hormones and peptides, which can influence infant growth and development. In this context, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of different clinical pregnancy conditions on hormone concentrations in colostrum and mature breast milk. METHODS An observational study was performed with mother-newborn pairs divided into five groups according to maternal clinical background: diabetes (12), hypertension (5), smoking (19), intrauterine growth restriction of unknown causes with small-for-gestational-age newborns at delivery (12), and controls (21). Socioeconomic data, anthropometric measurements and breast milk samples were collected between the first 24 and 48 h and 30 days postpartum. Leptin, adiponectin, and insulin levels in breast milk were measured by immunoassays. RESULTS A significant decrease in leptin (p = 0.050) and insulin (p = 0.012) levels from colostrum to mature breast milk in mothers of small-for-gestational-age infants was observed. Maternal body mass index was correlated with both leptin and insulin, but not with adiponectin. Insulin levels were negatively correlated to infant weight gain from birth to one month (p = 0.050). In addition, catch-up growth was verified for small-for-gestational-age infants throughout the first month of life. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a remarkable decrease in leptin and insulin levels in mature milk of mothers of small-for-gestational-age newborns may be involved in the rapid weight gain of these newborns. The physiological and external mechanisms by which these significant decreases and rapid weight gains occur in this group remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nunes
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional / Núcleo de Estudos em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente (NESCA) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Clécio Homrich da Silva
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional / Núcleo de Estudos em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente (NESCA) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Pediatria - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Bosa
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional / Núcleo de Estudos em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente (NESCA) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Pediatria - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Rombaldi Bernardi
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional / Núcleo de Estudos em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente (NESCA) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Ribas Werlang
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional / Núcleo de Estudos em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente (NESCA) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Zubaran Goldani
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional / Núcleo de Estudos em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente (NESCA) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil. .,Departamento de Pediatria - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.
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Gruszfeld D, Kułaga Z, Wierzbicka A, Rzehak P, Grote V, Martin F, Poncelet P, Closa-Monasterolo R, Escribano J, Verduci E, Riva E, Koletzko B. Leptin and Adiponectin Serum Levels from Infancy to School Age: Factors Influencing Tracking. Child Obes 2016; 12:179-87. [PMID: 27027910 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2015.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early adiponectin and leptin in children correlate with those measured at a later age. Prenatal and early life factors may influence the pattern of leptin and adiponectin longitudinal changes. We aimed to identify subgroups of children with distinct trajectories of leptin and adiponectin over the first eight years of life, and to explore determinants predisposing an individual to be included in a specific trajectory class. METHODS The analysis was based on data obtained from the EU Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) cohort. The current study involved 459 children with adiponectin and leptin measured at 6 months, 5½ and 8 years of age. RESULTS Three groups of leptin trajectories were identified: low-decreasing, medium-stable, and high-increasing, and two trajectory groups for adiponectin: lower and higher. The risk to be classified in the high-increasing group was higher than in the low-decreasing group for female gender (OR 10.67; 95% CI 4.94-23.05; p < 0.001); formula feeding (OR 3.34; 95% CI 1.11-10.09; p < 0.05); maternal overweight (OR 4.43; 95% CI 2.20-8.94; p < 0.001); and smoking in pregnancy (OR 4.14; 95% CI 2.07-8.29; p < 0.001). No predictors for being in the higher vs. lower adiponectin group were discovered. CONCLUSIONS Mothers' smoking during pregnancy, maternal overweight, and formula feeding distinguished different courses of leptin trajectories; but the effect may be associated with changes in adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Rzehak
- 2 Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre , Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Grote
- 2 Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre , Munich, Germany
| | - Francois Martin
- 3 Centre Hospitalier Chrétien St. Vincent , Liège-Rocourt, Belgium
| | - Pascale Poncelet
- 4 University Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola , Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Enrica Riva
- 6 San Paolo Hospital University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- 2 Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre , Munich, Germany
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6
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Fang F, Luo ZC, Dejemli A, Delvin E, Zhang J. Maternal Smoking and Metabolic Health Biomarkers in Newborns. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143660. [PMID: 26599278 PMCID: PMC4658089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal smoking has been associated with elevated risk of type 2 diabetes among the offspring in adulthood. The mechanisms underlying this fetal “programming” effect remain unclear. The present study sought to explore whether maternal smoking affects metabolic health biomarkers in fetuses/newborns. Methods In a prospective singleton pregnancy cohort (n = 248), we compared metabolic health biomarkers in the newborns of smoking and non-smoking mothers. Outcomes included cord plasma insulin, proinsulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, leptin and adiponectin concentrations, glucose-to-insulin ratio (an indicator of insulin sensitivity) and proinsulin-to-insulin ratio (an indicator of β-cell function). Results Independent of maternal (glucose tolerance, age, ethnicity, parity, education, body mass index, alcohol use) and infant (sex, gestational age, birth weight z score, mode of delivery, cord blood glucose concentration) characteristics, the newborns of smoking mothers had lower IGF-I concentrations (mean: 6.7 vs. 8.4 nmol/L, adjusted p = 0.006), and marginally higher proinsulin-to-insulin ratios (0.94 vs. 0.72, adjusted p = 0.06) than the newborns of non-smoking mothers. Cord plasma insulin, proinsulin, IGF-II, leptin and adiponectin concentrations and glucose-to-insulin ratios were similar in the newborns of smoking and non-smoking mothers. Conclusions Maternal smoking was associated with decreased fetal IGF-I levels, and borderline lower fetal β-cell function. Larger cohort studies are required to confirm the latter finding. The preliminary findings prompt the hypothesis that these early life metabolic changes may be involved in the impact of maternal smoking on future risk of metabolic syndrome related disorders in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Anissa Dejemli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
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7
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Behl M, Rao D, Aagaard K, Davidson TL, Levin ED, Slotkin TA, Srinivasan S, Wallinga D, White MF, Walker VR, Thayer KA, Holloway AC. Evaluation of the association between maternal smoking, childhood obesity, and metabolic disorders: a national toxicology program workshop review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:170-80. [PMID: 23232494 PMCID: PMC3569686 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging literature suggests that environmental chemicals may play a role in the development of childhood obesity and metabolic disorders, especially when exposure occurs early in life. OBJECTIVE Here we assess the association between these health outcomes and exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy as part of a broader effort to develop a research agenda to better understand the role of environmental chemicals as potential risk factors for obesity and metabolic disorders. METHODS PubMed was searched up to 8 March 2012 for epidemiological and experimental animal studies related to maternal smoking or nicotine exposure during pregnancy and childhood obesity or metabolic disorders at any age. A total of 101 studies-83 in humans and 18 in animals-were identified as the primary literature. DISCUSSION Current epidemiological data support a positive association between maternal smoking and increased risk of obesity or overweight in offspring. The data strongly suggest a causal relation, although the possibility that the association is attributable to unmeasured residual confounding cannot be completely ruled out. This conclusion is supported by findings from laboratory animals exposed to nicotine during development. The existing literature on human exposures does not support an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and type 1 diabetes in offspring. Too few human studies have assessed outcomes related to type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome to reach conclusions based on patterns of findings. There may be a number of mechanistic pathways important for the development of aberrant metabolic outcomes following perinatal exposure to cigarette smoke, which remain largely unexplored. CONCLUSIONS From a toxicological perspective, the linkages between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood overweight/obesity provide proof-of-concept of how early-life exposure to an environmental toxicant can be a risk factor for childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Behl
- Kelly Government Solutions, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Chen H, Saad S, Sandow SL, Bertrand PP. Cigarette smoking and brain regulation of energy homeostasis. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:147. [PMID: 22848202 PMCID: PMC3404499 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is an addictive behavior, and is the primary cause of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, and cancer (among other diseases). Cigarette smoke contains thousands of components that may affect caloric intake and energy expenditure, although nicotine is the major addictive substance present, and has the best described actions. Nicotine exposure from cigarette smoke can change brain feeding regulation to reduce appetite via both energy homeostatic and reward mechanisms, causing a negative energy state which is characterized by reduced energy intake and increased energy expenditure that are linked to low body weight. These findings have led to the public perception that smoking is associated with weight loss. However, its effects at reducing abdominal fat mass (a predisposing factor for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance) are marginal, and its promotion of lean body mass loss in animal studies suggests a limited potential for treatment in obesity. Smoking during pregnancy puts pressure on the mother's metabolic system and is a significant contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Smoking is a predictor of future risk for respiratory dysfunction, social behavioral problems, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type-2 diabetes. Catch-up growth is normally observed in children exposed to intrauterine smoke, which has been linked to subsequent childhood obesity. Nicotine can have a profound impact on the developing fetal brain, via its ability to rapidly and fully pass the placenta. In animal studies this has been linked with abnormal hypothalamic gene expression of appetite regulators such as downregulation of NPY and POMC in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Maternal smoking or nicotine replacement leads to unhealthy eating habits (such as junk food addiction) and other behavioral disorders in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Faculty of Science, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of TechnologySydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Group, Kolling Institute, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shaun L. Sandow
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul P. Bertrand
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
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Hunter S, Myers S, Radmacher P, Eno C. Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Human Breast Milk. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2010.483629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Ermis B, Yildirim A, Tastekin A, Ors R. Influence of smoking on human milk tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels at postpartum seventh day. Pediatr Int 2009; 51:821-4. [PMID: 19438832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2009.02864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on human milk interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels at the postpartum seventh day. METHODS Forty-four mothers (age range: 21-34 years) were enrolled in the study. Mothers were interviewed and classified according to their smoking status into one of two groups: the smoking mothers (n= 21) and the nonsmoking mothers (n= 23). RESULTS There were no significant differences between study groups with respect to human milk interleukin-1beta (P= 0.12) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels (P= 0.83). However, TNF-alpha levels were found to be significantly lower in the smoking mothers compared with the controls (P= 0.002). CONCLUSION This study shows that maternal smoking during pregnancy affects the levels of TNF-alpha in milk. The protective effect of human milk against infections seems to be impaired in smoking mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahri Ermis
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
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11
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Kayemba-Kay's S, Geary MPP, Pringle J, Rodeck CH, Kingdom JCP, Hindmarsh PC. Gender, smoking during pregnancy and gestational age influence cord leptin concentrations in newborn infants. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 159:217-24. [PMID: 18524794 PMCID: PMC2754114 DOI: 10.1530/eje-08-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low birth weight (BW), small head circumference, reduced length, increased preterm births and neuro-endocrine dysfunctions are among known consequences of smoking during pregnancy. Few studies have linked leptin to clinical features of growth restriction associated with maternal smoking and explored interaction with other determinants of size at birth, such as gender. METHODS Cord serum leptin concentrations were measured in 1215 term infants born to Caucasian mothers at completion of uneventful pregnancy. Serum concentrations were related to BW, gestational length, gender and maternal smoking and interaction with other determinants of size at birth evaluated. RESULTS Smoking was more frequent in younger (P<0.001) and shorter mothers (P=0.03) from lower socio-economic groups (SEGPs) (P<0.001). Infants born to smokers were lighter (190 g less), shorter and with smaller head circumference. Cord serum leptin concentrations were higher in girls (9.8 s.d. 7.6 ng/ml) than in boys (7.05 s.d. 5.8 ng/ml) (P<0.001). Boys were heavier (BW 3.52 s.d. 0.49 kg) than girls (3.39 s.d. 0.44 kg) (P<0.001), but girls had greater skinfold thickness measurements (sub-scapular and quadriceps skinfold thicknesses 5.5 s.d. 1.6 mm and 7.6 s.d. 1.9 mm respectively; boys 5.3 s.d. 1.6 vs 7.24+/-1.90 mm, P<0.001 respectively). Multivariate analyses showed gender (P<0.001), BW SDS (P<0.001), gestational length (P<0.001) and maternal smoking (P<0.042) as factors that influenced umbilical cord serum leptin concentrations in newborns. CONCLUSION Maternal smoking restrains foetal growth through placental vascular effects, and likely also via associated effects on leptin metabolism. More studies are needed to determine the influence that maternal smoking may have on placental syncytiotrophoblast and foetal adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael P P Geary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College LondonLondon, W1T 3AAUK
| | | | - Charles H Rodeck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rotunda HospitalDublin 1Ireland
| | - John C P Kingdom
- Program in Development and Fetal Health, Samuel Lunefield Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of TorontoTorontoCanadaM5G 1X5
| | - Peter C Hindmarsh
- (Correspondence should be addressed to P C Hindmarsh who is now at BEM Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; )
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Grisaru-Granovsky S, Samueloff A, Elstein D. The role of leptin in fetal growth: A short review from conception to delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 136:146-50. [PMID: 17689174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2007.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abnormally high- or low-serum maternal levels and/or levels in placental, umbilical blood, and fetus/neonate are associated with a wide spectrum of complicated pregnancies. Whereas the state of knowledge about mechanisms and pathways involving secondary or tertiary modulators is far from complete, the role of leptin from ovulation and implantation and throughout pregnancy underscores its importance in normal and abnormal states.
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Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 32:201-10. [PMID: 18278059 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perform a systematic review of studies reporting on the association between maternal prenatal cigarette smoking and child overweight. DESIGN Meta-analysis of observational studies. DATA SOURCES Medline search and review of reference lists among studies published through June 2006. REVIEW METHODS Included studies reported an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of overweight among children at least 2 years of age. We did not include in the meta-analysis studies that provided only a continuous measure of adiposity, although those studies are discussed separately. RESULTS Based on results of 84 563 children reported in 14 observational studies, children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy were at elevated risk for overweight (pooled adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.50, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.65) at ages 3-33 years, compared with children whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy. The pooled estimate from unadjusted odds ratios (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.69) was similar to the adjusted estimate, suggesting that sociodemographic and behavioral differences between smokers and nonsmokers did not explain the observed association. Although we observed evidence for publication bias, simulating a symmetric set of studies yielded a similar estimate (OR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.26, 1.55). CONCLUSIONS Prenatal smoking exposure appears to increase rates of overweight in childhood. In parts of the world undergoing the epidemiologic transition, the continuing increase in smoking among young women could contribute to spiraling increases in rates of obesity-related health outcomes in the 21st century.
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Maternal smoking—A contributor to the obesity epidemic? Obes Res Clin Pract 2007; 1:I-II. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14:170-96. [PMID: 17940437 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3280d5f7e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Growth and development. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14:74-89. [PMID: 17940424 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32802e6d87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The early (intrauterine and neonatal) life environment plays an important role in programming the susceptibility in later life to chronic degenerative diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, cancer and osteoporosis. Among other hormones, leptin plays a major role in the regulation of the overall metabolism and has multiple neuroendocrine (adeno- and neuro-hypophysis axes and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis) and immune functions. The hormone exerts its actions beginning in the early life time period, regulating the intrauterine and early extrauterine life growth and development, as well as the adaptation to extrauterine life, neonatal thermogenesis and response to stress. Recent findings also support a role of leptin in the process of fetal bone remodeling and brain development. Therefore, it is of interest to explore the physiology of leptin in early life, as well as those factors that may perturb the balance of the hormone with pathological consequences in terms of confining an increased risk for disease in later life. This review aims to summarize reported findings concerning the role of leptin in early life, as well as the association of fetal, maternal and placental factors with leptin levels, while attempting to speculate mechanisms through which these factors may influence the risk for developing chronic diseases in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia-Marina Alexe
- Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Athens University School of Medicine, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
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