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Crusto CA, Hooper LM, Arora IS. Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education: A Framework for Prevention Science Program Development. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION (2022) 2024; 45:501-520. [PMID: 38613725 PMCID: PMC11271342 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-024-00780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Sexual harassment is an intractable problem that harms the students, community, culture, and success of institutes of higher education (IHEs). The alarming prevalence of sexual harassment at IHEs highlights the urgent need for effective prevention programs. However, there are few empirically supported preventive interventions that effectively target the factors that most impact the determinants, trajectory, and short- and intermediate-term effects of sexual harassment. In this paper, we overview the problem of sexual harassment and propose an organizing framework to help IHEs develop effective interventions to prevent sexual harassment. Guided by prevention science, we propose a framework-modified from SAMHSA's (2019) guidelines for prevention practitioners-that underscores the criticality of trauma- and equity-informed characteristics in prevention programs. We offer a discussion on how IHEs must consider and evaluate the empirical evidence of effectiveness, flexibility, cultural competency, and sustainability when developing and adapting prevention programs to reduce and-ultimately-ameliorate sexual harassment. We conclude with recommendations that can provide a roadmap for higher education stakeholders and researchers to prevent this urgent public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy A Crusto
- Office for Women in Medicine and Science, Office of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lisa M Hooper
- Center for Educational Transformation, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA
| | - Ishita S Arora
- Office for Women in Medicine and Science, Office of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Moylan CA, Nason JA, Ma W, Javorka M, Stotzer RL, Kennedy AC. Drinking, Diversity, and Discrimination: Campus-Level Factors that Influence Students' Risk of Experiencing Sexual Assault. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:2857-2880. [PMID: 38243808 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231222455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
College students' individual-level risk factors for sexual assault victimization have been studied for decades, but fewer studies have looked at whether and how campus-level factors, such as campus-level rates of discrimination and campus diversity, might also influence student victimization risk. Identifying these broader factors can inform efforts to develop more effective campus-level sexual assault preventive interventions. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a large, multi-campus health and well-being survey (N = 309,171 students across 474 US campuses) to explore how campus-level factors shape students' risk of experiencing sexual assault after accounting for students' individual-level risk factors. Using mixed-effects logistic regression, we examined the influence of campus-level factors (e.g., campus sexual orientation demographics and gender diversity) on students' odds of experiencing sexual assault, after accounting for individual risk factors (e.g., sexual and gender minority status). Although some campus characteristics, such as enrollment size, had small significant effects on students' odds of experiencing sexual assault, we found larger significant effects from aggregated campus-level rates of binge drinking, campus diversity (particularly regarding sexual orientation and gender), and discrimination. These findings suggest that comprehensive campus sexual violence prevention would benefit from strategies that promote safe and inclusive campuses, especially for students with marginalized sexual and gender identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Moylan
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Jacob A Nason
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - McKenzie Javorka
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Rebecca L Stotzer
- School of Social Work, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, USA
| | - Angie C Kennedy
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Bonnesen K, Luo R, Rothenberg R, Smith M, Swartout K. Campus climate impacts on sexual violence: a Bayesian comparison of undergraduate and community colleges. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38754092 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2024.2351412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sexual violence is endemic on college campuses. Four-year campuses present high-risk environments for sexual violence and heavy episodic drinking is a robust risk factor for victimization. However, limited literature exists on sexual violence at two-year institutions, with most research focused on four-year campuses. We examined whether campus climates affect sexual violence prevalence rates. PARTICIPANTS Sexual misconduct campus climate data from two-year and four-year campus students. METHODS We used Bayesian logistic regressions to compare sexual victimization odds between two- and four-year campuses. RESULTS Four-year students were twice as likely to have experienced sexual victimization and 2.5 times more likely to engage in heavy episodic drinking compared to two-year students. The risk of sexual victimization associated with heavy episodic drinking was reliably similar across campus types. CONCLUSIONS Campus climates reliably impact student's risk of sexual victimization. Based on these findings, two- and four-year campuses may need to implement distinct prevention services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Bonnesen
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruiyan Luo
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard Rothenberg
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Kevin Swartout
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Bhuptani PH, López G, Orchowski LM, Zlotnick C. Correlates of Sexual Victimization Among Community College Women. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2024; 39:38-52. [PMID: 38453367 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2022-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The current study documents the correlates associated with the severity of sexual victimization among women enrolled in a 2-year community college. Comparisons between women with a history of severe sexual victimization (i.e., rape and attempted rape), moderate sexual victimization (i.e., unwanted contact and sexual coercion), and no history of sexual victimization revealed that women with a history of severe sexual victimization endorsed more drinks per week, increased problem drinking behavior, and more use of drug before sex and higher levels of self-protective dating behaviors compared with women with no history of sexual victimization. These findings suggest that programs should target the intersection of alcohol and drug use as correlates of sexual victimization among community college women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi H Bhuptani
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gabriela López
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Caron Zlotnick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Reidy DE, Baumler ER, Temple JR. Sexual violence against sexual minority women in STEM: Compound backlash. Soc Sci Med 2023; 338:116366. [PMID: 37949019 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has found that gender parity (i.e., the ratio of women to men) in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) disciplines is associated with sexual violence (SV) victimization for women. This finding may reflect a type of backlash wherein SV is a means of punishing women who are perceived to be violating their gender roles and threatening the male hegemony. Sexual minorities, who are likewise disproportionately victims of SV, report experiencing heterosexist hostility and harassment in STEM disciplines. There is reason to suspect that the combination of these marginalized identity positions (e.g., a sexual minority woman in gender-balanced STEM) may amplify perceived gender role violations and exacerbate the risk of SV victimization. METHODS Data were collected from undergraduate women at five institutions of higher education in the United States. Sampling was stratified by STEM vs. non-STEM majors and male-dominated vs. gender-balanced majors. Sexual violence was measured via the revised Sexual Experiences Survey. We tested the interaction of sexual minority status and gender parity in STEM on SV via fixed effects OLS regression. RESULTS Sexual minority women in gender-balanced STEM were most frequently victims of SV. Women in male-dominated STEM majors were at no greater risk of SV victimization, regardless of sexual minority status, than their peers in non-STEM majors. IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest the possibility of a compound form of backlash, wherein women are exponentially victimized because their sexual identity and their membership in these STEM fields are seen as dual challenges to the male hegemony. If true, this could exacerbate health disparities rather than promote health equity for these sexual minority women. Findings point to the ongoing need to challenge hegemonic gender norms, focus prevention programs on populations most at risk, and ensure they are provided the appropriate resources for support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- School of Public Health & Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, United States.
| | - Elizabeth R Baumler
- Center for Violence Prevention, University of Texas Medical Branch, United States
| | - Jeff R Temple
- Center for Violence Prevention, University of Texas Medical Branch, United States
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Krahé B, Schuster I, Tomaszewska P. Pathways from childhood sexual abuse to sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in adolescence and young adulthood: a three-wave longitudinal study. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2263321. [PMID: 37846637 PMCID: PMC10583606 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2263321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been identified as a risk factor for later sexual aggression perpetration and vulnerability factor for sexual victimization. However, the use of cross-sectional designs, the focus on female victimization and male perpetration, and the lack of evidence from outside North America limit the existing knowledge base. OBJECTIVE The study was designed to examine pathways from CSA to sexual revictimization and sexual aggression perpetration after the age of consent. METHOD A total of 588 university students in Germany (308 female) took part in a three-wave longitudinal study covering 23 months. At each wave (T1-T3), all participants completed measures of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration. Experiences of CSA were measured at T1. RESULTS The rate of CSA was significantly higher for women (20.8%) than for men (12.4%). Rates of sexual victimization for women were 60.9% at Time 1 (since age 14), 22.3% at Time 2 (since T1), and 17.4% at Time 3 (since T2). For men, the rates were 39.2% at Time 1, 15.9% at Time 2, and 14.1% at Time 3. Rates of sexual aggression perpetration for women were 10.6% at Time 1 (since age 14), 3.5% at Time 2 (since T1), and 3.6% at Time 3 (since T2). For men, the rates were 18.0% at Time 1, 6.2% at Time 2, and 3.8% at Time 3. The gender differences in victimization and perpetration were significant only at T1. CSA predicted higher odds of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration cross-sectionally at T1 and indirectly at T2 and T3 via T1. Gender did not moderate the associations. CONCLUSION The results confirm previous findings of elevated rates of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in adolescence and young adulthood in victims of CSA. The implications for understanding and preventing adverse sexuality-related outcomes of CSA are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Krahé
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Isabell Schuster
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Reidy DE, Salazar LF, Baumler E, Wood L, Daigle LE. Sexual Violence against Women in STEM: A Test of Backlash Theory Among Undergraduate Women. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:8357-8376. [PMID: 36803036 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231155124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been argued that increasing the number of women in the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields could mitigate violence against women by advancing gender equality. However, some research points to a "backlash" effect wherein gains in gender equality are associated with heighted sexual violence (SV) against women. In this study, we compare SV against undergraduate women majoring in STEM disciplines to those majoring in non-STEM disciplines. Data were collected between July and October of 2020 from undergraduate women (N = 318) at five institutions of higher education in the United States. Sampling was stratified by STEM versus non-STEM majors and male-dominated versus gender-balanced majors. SV was measured using the revised Sexual Experiences Survey. Results indicated that women majoring in STEM disciplines that are gender balanced reported more SV victimization in the form of sexual coercion, attempted sexual coercion, attempted rape, and rape compared to their peers in both gender-balanced and male-dominated non-STEM and male-dominated STEM majors. These associations held even after controlling for age, race/ethnicity, victimization prior to college, sexual orientation, college binge drinking, and hard drug use during college. These data suggest that the risk of repeated SV victimization within STEM populations may be a threat to sustained gender parity in these fields and ultimately to gender equality and equity. Gender balance in STEM should not be furthered without addressing the potential use of SV as a potential means of social control over women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leila Wood
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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8
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Nystrom A, Richards TN. Faculty-Student Consensual Sexual Relationship Policies: Examining Prevalence and Content using a Nationally Representative Sample of Institutions of Higher Education in the United States. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:5993-6016. [PMID: 36226403 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221128054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current study uses a nationally representative sample of institutions of higher education (IHEs) in the United States (n = 448) to estimate the prevalence rate of consensual sexual relationship policies (CSRPs) and to examine variation in CSRPs across sectors of IHEs. The concepts of consent and power differentials in CSRPs are also explored. Findings show that the majority of IHEs do not have a CSRP, that there are no significant differences in the prevalence rate or type of CSRPs across IHE sectors, and the most common type of CSRP is a limited ban. The concepts of consent and power differentials underpin the majority of CSRPs.
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9
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Demenech LM, Gomes JR, Moraes RDS, Silva JCD, Neiva-Silva L, Dumith SC. [The experience of forced sexual intercourse among undergraduate students: associated factors and possible consequences]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2023; 28:1241-1251. [PMID: 37042903 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232023284.13982022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The scope of this article is to investigate the prevalence of the experience of forced sexual intercourse on life and its possible consequences on mental and sexual health among undergraduate students at a public university in Brazil. It is a quantitative cross-sectional study with 996 undergraduate students. Sampling was carried out systematically by single-stage clusters. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Poisson Regression model, and the etiological fractions of the consequences of forced sexual intercourse were calculated. The lifetime prevalence of forced sexual intercourse was 12.1%. Female sex, non-heterosexual sexual orientation, first sexual intercourse before the age of 14, child food insecurity and domestic violence were associated with a higher prevalence of the outcome. Individuals who experienced forced sexual intercourse were more likely to be diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections and to represent a potential suicide risk. The study revealed the problems of sexual violence in the university context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Miranda Demenech
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG). Av. Itália s/n, km 8, bairro Carreiros. 96203-900 Rio Grande RS Brasil.
- Centro de Estudos sobre Risco e Saúde (CERIS), FURG. Rio Grande RS Brasil
| | - Jéssica Rodrigues Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Pelotas RS Brasil
| | | | | | - Lucas Neiva-Silva
- Centro de Estudos sobre Risco e Saúde (CERIS), FURG. Rio Grande RS Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, FURG. Rio Grande RS Brasil
| | - Samuel C Dumith
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG). Av. Itália s/n, km 8, bairro Carreiros. 96203-900 Rio Grande RS Brasil.
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10
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Gepshtein Y, Burton CW. Victim-Centered Care Among College Women of Color: A Qualitative Study. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2023; 19:100-107. [PMID: 37205616 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Women of color are disproportionally affected by intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual assault (SA), and those on college campuses may have additional risk factors. The purpose of this study was to explore how college-affiliated women of color assign meaning to their interaction with individuals, authorities, and organizations tasked to help survivors of SA and IPV. METHODS Semistructured focus group interviews ( N = 87) were transcribed and analyzed using Charmaz's constructivist grounded theory methodology. RESULTS Three priority theoretical elements were identified: what hurts , namely, distrust, uncertain outcomes, and silencing of experiences; what helps , namely, support, autonomy, and safety; and desired outcomes , namely, academic progress, supportive social networks, and self-care. CONCLUSION Participants were concerned about uncertain outcomes of their interaction with organizations and authorities that are set to help victims. Results can inform forensic nurses and other professionals about the care priorities and needs of college-affiliated women of color in the context of IPV and SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Gepshtein
- Author Affiliations: Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California Irvine
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11
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Casey E, Bhattacharya A. Sexual assault and harassment victimization and post-assault help-seeking among undergraduate students: Comparing residential and nonresidential campuses. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36749894 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2169611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, campus sexual violence research has mostly focused on 4-year residential campuses. The experiences of students on nonresidential campuses are less well understood. Using data from a Web-based campus climate survey, this study explores sexual assault and sexual harassment victimization rates, victimization characteristics, and post-assault help-seeking across nonresidential and residential students in a campus system that contains both residential and nonresidential campuses. Our analyses highlight that sexual victimization rates, characteristics, and post-assault help-seeking patterns vary by campus type. Interestingly, while nonresidential students on nonresidential campuses reported lower rates of victimization, they accessed formal support resources at higher rates than students on a residential campus. Findings underscore the importance of accounting for campus type in campus sexual violence research and programming and to center nonresidential campuses to learn more about the strategies they adopt to address their students' unique victimization needs and experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Casey
- School of Social Work and Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Anindita Bhattacharya
- School of Social Work and Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington, USA
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12
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Caravaca-Sánchez F, Aizpurua E, Taliaferro LA, Stephenson A. Substance use and victimization experiences among college students in Spain. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:607-615. [PMID: 33830894 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1900196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined relationships between different types and patterns of substance use and victimization experiences. PARTICIPANTS College students from two universities in Spain completed an online, cross-sectional survey. METHOD A series of tetrachoric correlations were estimated to examine the bivariate associations between different types of substances and victimization experiences. Regression analyses then examined relationships between patterns of substance use (non-users, mono-users, and poly-users), and victimization. RESULTS Slightly over half (57.7%) of students reported any form of victimization during the previous year, and most students (87.0%) reported using substances during the last three months. Polysubstance users were more likely than non-users to experience any victimization, as well as multiple forms of victimization. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the importance of differentiating types and patterns of substance use when developing prevention and intervention programs. Implementing intervention strategies that target polysubstance users and decrease substance use could reduce rates of victimization among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Aizpurua
- School of Law, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Ellyson AM, Ortega A, Bedard-Gilligan MA. Institution of Higher Education Substance Use Amnesty Policies and Sexual Violence Reporting. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP212-NP236. [PMID: 35341388 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221080156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) is common among college students, but the vast majority of these experiences are not formally reported to institutions of higher education (IHEs). While it is well known that alcohol and drug use is highly associated with SV, little is known about whether policies and procedures regarding substance use (SU) at IHEs may contribute to low rates of reporting. This study describes the association between SU violations and SV reporting at IHE campuses in the US and examines whether SU amnesty policies are associated with more SV reporting. Linear regression was used to estimate the association between SU violations and SV reporting and assess differences between IHE campuses by amnesty policy status. Around 50% of campuses between 2001 and 2018 document neither SV reports nor SU violations. IHE campuses with amnesty policies have more SV reports. On average, IHEs with amnesty policies have 2.7 SV reports per 1000 students and an additional 0.02 SV reports for each SU violation per 1000 students. Amnesty policies that reduce the potential costs of reporting like facing disciplinary action for alcohol or drug use are positively associated with both the level and rate of SV reporting. Institutions of higher education administrators interested in making reporting an option for more SV survivors should examine how their policies, especially those related to alcohol, may play in creating barriers to SV reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Ellyson
- 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Fix RL, Nworu CNH, Alexander KA, Powell TW. Promoting an Anti-Racist Approach to Address Illegal Sexual Behavior Among Black Young People in the United States. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:5-15. [PMID: 36376740 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Fix
- Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 415 N. Washington Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
| | - Charvonne N Holliday Nworu
- Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Terrinieka W Powell
- Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Molstad TD, Weinhardt JM, Jones R. Sexual Assault as a Contributor to Academic Outcomes in University: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:218-230. [PMID: 34689635 PMCID: PMC9660281 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault continues to be a prevalent and consequential experience for university students. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the literature on the academic consequences of the sexual assault for university students. There is currently no comprehensive review of the literature focusing on the academic consequences for university students who experienced sexual assault. This review was conducted based on searches from five databases including Academic Search Complete, Education Search Complete, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. We identified 13 articles that examined academic consequences of sexual assault during university. Across all studies, sexual assault was associated with more academic problems including lower grade point average, dropping out of university, and self-regulated learning problems. Although the number of articles is small, the results are consistent. Practically, this means that universities, those providing psychological services, and victims themselves need to understand that the consequences are not just physical and psychological but can also negatively impact academic achievement. Our review also identifies limitations in the literature regarding this topic such as methodological concerns, diversity and inclusion concerns, and the need for future work to investigate mediators of the relationship between sexual assault and academic outcomes. We offer recommendations for future research to combat the concerns identified. Development of interventions to support those who experience sexual assault during university necessitates overcoming the limitations identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rihannon Jones
- Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, Alberta,
Canada
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16
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Kotze JL, Frazier PA, Huber KA, Marcoulides KM, Lust KA. Identifying Correlates of Peer and Faculty/Staff Sexual Harassment in US Students. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:1060-1072. [PMID: 34431740 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1966355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sexual harassment and its negative consequences continue to affect a large percentage of higher education students in the US. Previous research has identified a limited number of harassment risk factors, and has generally not examined them in combination. In this study, an expanded set of individual, relationship, and community-level risk factors were examined using hurdle models and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses to identify key risk factors for peer and faculty/staff sexual harassment. Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from a sample of 9,285 students from 18 two-year and four-year schools in Minnesota. CART analyses indicated that, for peer sexual harassment, being younger; consuming alcohol more than once a month; attending a four-year school; being transgender, genderqueer, self-identified, or a cisgender woman; and having experienced bullying were the most important risk factors for peer harassment on campus. For faculty/staff harassment, being gay, lesbian, bisexual, questioning, or having a self-identified sexual orientation was the most important risk factor. These and other risk factors were significant in the hurdle models. More research is needed to understand why these factors are associated with harassment. Limitations and implications for prevention programming at higher education institutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Louw Kotze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
| | | | - Kayla A Huber
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
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Tomaszewska P, Schuster I, Marchewka J, Krahé B. Order Effects of Presenting Coercive Tactics on Young Adults' Reports of Sexual Victimization. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17784-NP17806. [PMID: 34279156 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measures designed to collect prevalence reports of sexual victimization need to be robust against variations of question context to yield valid findings. Previous research has examined variations in the order in which questions about unwanted sexual acts and questions about coercive tactics are presented. The current study examined potential effects of the order in which coercive tactics are presented on self-reported prevalence rates of sexual victimization. The following two versions of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S), a validated measure for studying sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in college students, were used: (a) the standard version in which the physical-force items were presented first and the items referring to the use of verbal pressure were presented last, and (b) a reversed order in which the verbal-pressure items were presented first and the physical-force items were presented last. Items referring to the exploitation of the victim's inability to resist were placed in the middle in both versions. In a sample of 856 participants from Germany (475 female, 381 male, mean age of 24 years), most of whom were university students, 80.4% of women and 55.3% of men reported at least one experience of sexual victimization since the age of 14. No order effects on overall victimization rates were found. For both genders, the victimization rate through verbal pressure was higher when this tactic was presented first. Victimization rates through the threat or use of force were higher in the force-first than in the force-last condition for women, but could not be tested for men due to small cell sizes. No order effects were found for both men and women on reports of victimization through exploiting the inability to resist. The implications of the results for the reliable measurement of sexual aggression are discussed.
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Tyler KA, Ray CM. The Relationship Between College Student Characteristics and Reporting Sexual Assault Experiences on Two Different Scales. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2022; 37:532-546. [PMID: 35896328 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Though high rates of sexual assault are found on college campuses, prevalence rates between studies can vary considerable by gender, sexual orientation, and other student characteristics. Thus, it is unknown whether these are "true" differences for such characteristics or if there are methodological differences to consider. As such the current study examined whether student characteristics including gender, race, sexual orientation, sexual attraction, Greek affiliation, and relationship status are uniquely associated with reporting on two different sexual assault scales. Data were gathered from 783 college students in 2019-2020 at a large Midwestern university. Results revealed that the two different scales consistently provided different prevalence rates of sexual assault. Moreover, for each type of sexual assault (e.g., coercion, incapacitation, and physical force), there were also significant differences with students consistently reporting higher prevalence rates on one scale over the other. Finally, significant differences were found in prevalence rates across gender, sexual attraction, and Greek affiliated status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Tyler
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Sociology, United States
| | - Colleen M Ray
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Sociology, United States
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19
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Gómez JM. Campus Sexual Harassment, Other Violence, and Racism, Oh my! Evidence From Black Women Undergraduates for a Culturally Competent University Approach to Title IX. FEMINIST CRIMINOLOGY 2022; 17:368-383. [PMID: 36090530 PMCID: PMC9455890 DOI: 10.1177/15570851211062574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Relevant for Title IX federal legislation, the purpose of the current study is to examine cultural betrayal (within-group perpetrator) and sexual harassment (SH) with other violence and racial discrimination on Black women undergraduates' mental health. In a 60-minute online study (N = 162), over 50% experienced campus SH and other violence and/or racial discrimination, with multi-victimization being related to anxiety and other mental health outcomes. Cultural betrayal SH did not predict mental health when controlling for between-group SH. Implications include the 2019 Critical-Interdisciplinary Sexual Violence Research Summit's comprehensive research agenda: Intersectional Approaches, Perpetration, Communications, Beyond Policy, and Sexual Violence and Equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Gómez
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Institutional Courage, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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20
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Li R. Internet Entrepreneurship Psychology for College Students and Internet Financial Crimes Prevention. Front Psychol 2022; 13:892061. [PMID: 35707660 PMCID: PMC9189384 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.892061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to study the entrepreneurial intention of college students’ Internet Entrepreneurship and the potential risk of Internet financial crime from a psychological perspective. Here, the relevant psychological theories are used to analyze the personal and social factors of College Students’ Internet Financing Entrepreneurship. Specifically, College Students’ Internet Financial Entrepreneurship factors are examined alongside the excellence and feasibility of Internet Entrepreneurship. Secondly, it introduces the main types of Internet financial crimes and analyzes the psychological traits of college students’ Internet financial crimes. Further, the research reveals the possibility of college students committing Internet financial crimes by investigating the current situation of College Students’ Internet Entrepreneurship through a questionnaire survey. The results show that 78% of the respondents have studied college Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education (IEE). More than 90% are interested in entrepreneurship, but most have not undertaken entrepreneurship. Therefore, the current college students’ enthusiasm for Internet Financial Entrepreneurship is affected by many factors and is not high. Finally, given the existing problems, hierarchical nesting prevention measures are proposed to prevent college students’ Internet financial crimes during entrepreneurship. This work provides a reference for analyzing the psychological factors of College Students’ Internet Financial Entrepreneurship and preventing potential Internet financial crimes.
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21
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Climate, knowledge, comfort related to LGBTQ+ health and healthcare. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN NURSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.teln.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Moschella-Smith EA, Potter SJ, Moynihan MM. Correlates of Bystander Intentions and Behavior among Community College Students in Situations of Sexual Violence. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION (2022) 2022; 43:277-295. [PMID: 35088198 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-021-00663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) is a public health problem on college campuses. Research suggests that bystanders can effectively prevent and respond in situations of SV. There is no research to date concerning correlates of bystander behavior (e.g., gender, perceptions of SV) on community college campuses. However, there are notable differences between students enrolled in two- and four-year colleges. We conducted two exploratory studies across seven community colleges in one northeastern state to examine correlates of bystander intentions and behavior. In Studies 1 and 2, the majority of respondents identified as women, heterosexual, and White. We administered online surveys that inquired about demographics, peer attitudes, knowledge of sexual consent, history of victimization, and intent to help (Study 1) or self-reported bystander behavior (Study 2). The first study (n = 1,067) demonstrated that gender (i.e., identifying as woman), less accepting peer attitudes toward SV, and greater knowledge of sexual consent and awareness of campus SV were significantly associated with bystander intentions. The second study (n = 1,506) indicated that age (i.e., younger than 25 years old), greater knowledge of sexual consent, and victimization history were associated with bystander behavior. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Moschella-Smith
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 9 Madbury Road, Suite #405, Durham NH, 03824, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
| | - Sharyn J Potter
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 9 Madbury Road, Suite #405, Durham NH, 03824, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mary M Moynihan
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 9 Madbury Road, Suite #405, Durham NH, 03824, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
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23
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Gómez JM. Campus Sexual Violence, Gender, and Mental Health in Diverse Undergraduate/Graduate Students. JOURNAL OF AGGRESSION, MALTREATMENT & TRAUMA 2022; 31:981-995. [PMID: 36468083 PMCID: PMC9718436 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2022.2043972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Campus sexual violence (CSV) is linked with poor mental health and alcohol use, with cisgender women and some people of Color at increased risk for victimization. Though undergraduates' experiences of CSV are typically studied, graduate/professional students may additionally be impacted by CSV. Campus climate surveys recruit random samples of the entire student population, thus increasing generalizability. The purpose of the study is to pilot the ARC3 campus climate survey to examine CSV, mental health, and alcohol use by gender and minority status in diverse undergraduates and graduate/professional students. Random samples of undergraduates (N = 775) and graduate/professional students (N = 525) completed a 30-min online survey. Compared to graduate/professional students and men, undergraduates and women experience more CSV. CSV was associated with alcohol use in undergraduates and poorer mental health in undergraduates and graduate/professional students. Universities' prevention and intervention strategies should include undergraduate and graduate/professional students, targeting sexism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Gómez
- Department of Psychology, Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child & Family Development (MPSI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Institutional Courage, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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24
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Gómez JM. Gender, Campus Sexual Violence, Cultural Betrayal, Institutional Betrayal, and Institutional Support in U.S. Ethnic Minority College Students: A Descriptive Study. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:93-106. [PMID: 33851553 PMCID: PMC8582003 DOI: 10.1177/1077801221998757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Women and ethnic minorities are at increased risk for campus sexual violence (CSV). Due to inequality, within-group victimization in marginalized communities includes cultural betrayal. Universities commit institutional betrayal (e.g., inadequate prevention) and institutional support (e.g., sensitivity). With a campus climate survey, the purpose of the study is to characterize, by gender, U.S. ethnic minority undergraduates' CSV, cultural and institutional betrayal, and institutional support. Participants (N = 222) were a random sample of ethnic minority undergraduates. College women experienced higher rates of CSV and institutional betrayal. Universities can implement a research agenda that centralizes the role of oppression in CSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Gómez
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Institutional Courage
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25
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Hirai M, Hernandez EN, Villarreal DY, Clum GA. Attentional Bias Toward Threat in Sexually Victimized Hispanic Women: A Dot Probe Study. J Trauma Dissociation 2022; 23:110-123. [PMID: 34651543 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2021.1989108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined attentional bias toward threat in Hispanic college women exposed to lifetime sexual victimization in childhood, adulthood, and both childhood and adulthood. Response latencies and attention bias scores were compared between victimized and non-victimized individuals. Participants were 20 women exposed to adulthood sexual victimization (AS group), 15 exposed to childhood sexual victimization (CS group), 8 exposed to both childhood and adulthood sexual assault (revictimization: RV group), and 20 not endorsing sexual victimization (NS group). They were asked to complete the dot-probe task. The CS group and RV group were combined to create the CS-RV group. Among the AS and CS-RV groups, response latencies were faster when attention was engaged to threat than when attention was engaged to non-threat. The NS group did not demonstrate such differences. When response latencies were compared among the three groups, the CS-RV group had slower response latencies than the NS group. The CS-RV and AS groups revealed similarly significantly elevated bias scores toward threat words than the NS group. Hispanic college women exposed to lifetime sexual victimization display elevated levels of attention bias compared to non-victimized women. Further, the current findings align with an integrative cognitive model for explaining maladaptive informational processing in trauma victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Hirai
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
| | - Elizabeth N Hernandez
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
| | - Delia Y Villarreal
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
| | - George A Clum
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
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26
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Organisational Characteristics That Facilitate Gender-Based Violence and Harassment in Higher Education? ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/admsci11040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender-based violence and sexual harassment (GBVH) by and towards academics and students has been under-theorised at an organisational level in higher education institutions (HEIs). The methodology involves a critical review of the literature on GBVH and organizational responses to it, locating it in the context of an analysis of organizational power. The theoretical perspective involves a focus on power and workplace bullying. It identifies three power-related characteristics of academic environments which it is suggested facilitate GBVH: their male-dominant hierarchical character; their neoliberal managerialist ethos and gender/intersectional incompetent leadership which perpetuates male entitlement and toxic masculinities. These characteristics also inhibit tackling GBVH by depicting it as an individual problem, encouraging informal coping and militating against the prosecution of perpetrators. Initiating a discussion and action at organizational and state levels about GBVH as a power-related phenomenon, challenging the dominant neo-liberal ethos and the hierarchical character of HEIs, as well as reducing their male dominance and increasing the gender competence of those in positions of power are seen as initial steps in tackling the problem.
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27
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Casey EA, Hampson SC. Sexual and Relationship Violence Prevention Programming on Commuter Campuses: Wisdom From Students and Campus Personnel. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:126-149. [PMID: 34559028 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211030946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Responding to the dearth of literature regarding sexual and relationship violence prevention programming on nonresidential university campuses, this study investigates how students and staff conceptualize prevention on commuter campuses. We use qualitative analysis of data from interviews with personnel, and focus groups with students on three commuter campuses and describe (a) the unique considerations associated with implementing prevention in commuter contexts and (b) core elements of comprehensive prevention approaches on these campuses. Results suggest that comprehensive prevention programming is desired by commuter campus stakeholders, but requires policy revision, creative delivery strategies, and student involvement, among other factors, to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Casey
- Social Work Program, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Sarah C Hampson
- Social Work Program, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA
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28
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Analysis of Sexual Inhibition and Satisfaction from a Gender Perspective among University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157994. [PMID: 34360283 PMCID: PMC8345740 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
University is characterized by a critical stage where students experience their sexuality, across a range of relationships. From these experiences, university students consolidate their personality and their sexual role. Factors such as age, sex, or traumatic experiences of violence or sexual abuse can affect their sexual role. The present study aims to analyze how the variables age, sex and having suffered abuse or violence may predict sexual satisfaction and inhibition. In addition, we analyze the mediating effect that sexual role plays on these relationships. For this purpose, Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI-12), Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-R), Inhibited Sexual Desire Test (ISD) and New Sexual Satisfaction Scale (NESS) were administered to 403 university students. The findings report that sex (β = −0.313), age (β = −0.116) and being a survivor of sexual assault (β = 0.413) are predictive of male role, but not from the female role. Also, people with more male features tend to have lower levels of commitment and inhibition than those who have more female ones.
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29
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Gómez JM. It Hurts When You're Close: High Betrayal Sexual Trauma, Dissociation, and Suicidal Ideation in Young Adults. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2020; 35:712-723. [PMID: 33060252 DOI: 10.1891/vv-d-19-00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sexual trauma (e.g., rape), is associated with dissociation and suicidal ideation (SI). Sexual trauma is additionally harmful when perpetrated by a person(s) who is close or trusted (known as high betrayal). With young adulthood as a high-risk period for mental instability, the purpose of the current study is to examine the roles of high betrayal sexual trauma and dissociation in SI among young adults. Participants (N = 192) were college students who completed the 30-minute online survey. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) found that high betrayal sexual trauma was associated with dissociation and SI. Moreover, there was an indirect effect of high betrayal sexual trauma on SI through dissociation. Empirical implications include examining these associations longitudinally, with a focus on the impact of revictimization over time.
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30
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Komlenac N, Siller H, Hochleitner M. Austrian male patients' gender role conflict is associated with their wish for interpersonal violence to be addressed during patient-physician conversations: a questionnaire study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1305. [PMID: 32854704 PMCID: PMC7457279 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experiencing interpersonal violence and disclosing this experience to physicians can be associated with fear, shame, denial or emotional turmoil. Expressions of such feelings additionally conflict with masculine gender role ideologies and may be experienced as masculine gender role conflict. Masculine gender role conflict is often associated with men’s unwillingness to seek professional help. The current study analyzed the association between masculine gender role conflict and men’s wish for patient-physician conversations to include questions about interpersonal violence they might have experienced. Methods In structured closed-ended interviews conducted at an Austrian hospital 129 male patients (Mage = 59.4, SD = 14.7) were asked what forms of interpersonal violence they had experienced. Additionally, a study-specific questionnaire was used to find out whether male patients wanted future physician-patient conversations to include questions about interpersonal violence they might have experienced. Men’s gender role conflict was assessed with the Gender Role Conflict Scale-Short Form. Results Half of the male patients (50%) reported having experienced at least one form of interpersonal violence. Nearly half of the men (48%) wanted their physician to ask them in future about any violence they might have experienced. One pattern of gender role conflict was positively associated with men’s wish to be asked in patient-physician conversations about potential interpersonal violence. Namely, men who reported conflicts between work and family relations were more likely to state that they wanted such conversations (OR = 1.6, 95%CI = 1.1–2.4) than were men who did not often experience this pattern of gender role conflict. Conclusions Experiences of interpersonal violence should be an important part of physician-patient conversations with male patients. Overall, male patients would welcome their physician initiating a potential conversation about violence. Using an approach that takes consideration of masculine gender role ideologies may further increase some men’s willingness to approach the topic of interpersonal violence. Men who adhere to the norm of being preoccupied with work may be more willing to talk about this subject if healthcare situations are framed in a way that men perceive the possibility to uphold masculine gender role ideologies of self-sufficiency or of being in control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Komlenac
- Gender Medicine Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Heidi Siller
- Gender Medicine Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Margarethe Hochleitner
- Gender Medicine Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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31
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Gómez JM. Gendered Sexual Violence: Betrayal Trauma, Dissociation, and PTSD in Diverse College Students. JOURNAL OF AGGRESSION, MALTREATMENT & TRAUMA 2020; 30:625-640. [PMID: 35527804 PMCID: PMC9075698 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2020.1783737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Young adults' transition into college includes risk for onset of mental health problems and sexual violence, particularly for women. Compared to men and boys, women and girls across the lifespan are more likely to be sexually abused, with the perpetrators often being someone close to them. High betrayal trauma is linked to varied mental health outcomes. Despite literature depth, many samples are not ethnically diverse, which results in uncertainty about the generalizability of these findings outside of majority White American populations. The purpose of the current study is to assess gender and high betrayal in sexual violence and mental health outcomes among ethnically diverse college students in the U.S. Participants (N = 368) were ethnically diverse college students attending a public university in the Pacific Northwest, who completed online measures assessing sexual violence and mental health outcomes. When controlling for medium betrayal sexual trauma (perpetrator: unclose other), the associations between high betrayal sexual trauma and dissociation and anxiety, respectively, were moderated by the female gender. The findings point to the utility of relational cultural therapy as a feminist framework that can identify sexism as a contributing factor to young women's increased risk for sexual violence and associated mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Gómez
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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32
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Elmore KC, Scull TM, Malik CV, Kupersmidt JB. Rape Myth Acceptance Reflects Perceptions of Media Portrayals as Similar to Others, but Not the Self. Violence Against Women 2020; 27:529-551. [PMID: 32204670 DOI: 10.1177/1077801220908335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the antecedents and consequences of rape myths is important for sexual assault prevention programming. We investigated whether general perceptions of media predict rape myth endorsement among community college students, a group with elevated sexual assault risk. Students who perceived greater similarity between people they know and people in media reported higher endorsement of rape myths that blame the victim and exonerate the accused. This relationship did not emerge for perceptions of one's personal similarity to people in media, with the exception of men's endorsement of myths exonerating male perpetrators.
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