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Lynch KR, Pinchevsky GM, Tillyer MS, Augustyn MB. "I Don't Think a Broken Spirit Can Be Quantified": Perceptions of College Victimization and Its Consequences Among Students at a Hispanic-Serving Institution. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241265666. [PMID: 39066583 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241265666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated students' perceptions of victimization among college students (e.g., extent, location, consequences) through eight focus groups at a large, urban Hispanic-serving institution. Understanding students' perceptions of crime sheds light on the consequences of victimization as well as the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral impacts of the possibility of experiencing victimization. Our results yielded several key findings that warrant further discussion: (1) victimization-particularly sexual and property victimization-is an issue that many students thought about extensively and viewed as important; (2) the psychological impact of victimization and threatened sense of safety were perceived to be enduring consequences of victimization that can impact the college experience; (3) there was nuance to perceptions of "on-" versus "off-" campus victimization, with consequences carrying over to campus life even when incidents occur off campus; and (4) participants expressed both moral and conceptual issues with assigning a dollar amount to consequences of victimization. These results inform how perceptions of victimization risk and anticipated consequences shape student fears and behavior, while also highlighting key areas that universities may consider for prevention and intervention efforts.
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Tarzia L, Henderson-Brooks K, Baloch S, Hegarty K. Women Higher Education Students' Experiences of Sexual Violence: A Scoping Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Studies. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:704-720. [PMID: 37036144 PMCID: PMC10666468 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231162976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) against women is common in higher education settings, causing serious harm to the health, well-being, and academic outcomes of victim/survivors. There have been numerous systematic reviews of the quantitative evidence on this topic, highlighting the prevalence, health impacts, and barriers and facilitators to help-seeking after SV. To date, however, qualitative research exploring the lived experience of women higher education students has not been synthesized. This scoping review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies aims to map the global evidence on women higher education students' experiences of SV and explore how they understand and make sense of their experiences. We searched five databases (CinAHL, Academic Search Complete, Medline, PsychInfo, and SocIndex) in January 2023 for relevant articles. Eligible articles needed to be published in English and describe qualitative or mixed-methods primary research on the lived experiences of women higher education students who were victim/survivors of SV. In all, 34 articles describing 32 studies met these inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis of data extracted from the included studies suggests that, for women higher education students, the experience of SV is characterized by profound shame, with often-irreversible impacts on hopes and plans for the future. Yet, at the same time, SV is normalized and expected as a part of the "student experience." Furthermore, an imagined "specter" of "real violence" is held up as a constant comparison that serves to minimize and trivialize their experiences. These findings have important implications for higher education providers seeking to improve programs to address SV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tarzia
- The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Family Violence Prevention, The Royal Women’s Hospital, Australia
| | | | | | - Kelsey Hegarty
- The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Family Violence Prevention, The Royal Women’s Hospital, Australia
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Gibbs V, Hudson JL, Pellicano E. Poly-victimization of autistic adults: An investigation of individual-level correlates. Autism Res 2023; 16:2336-2349. [PMID: 37737378 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Autistic people experience high rates of violence and victimization which is largely due to structural injustices, including stigma and social attitudes. Identifying and addressing systemic and structural factors is vitally important, however effecting change in embedded social structures is likely to take some time, even with concerted efforts. In the meantime, it is important to understand whether there are other individual-level factors that may assist in developing preventative and protective strategies for autistic people. The current study investigated the role of individual-level risk factors in the victimization of autistic people. Specifically, we examined whether characteristics that are common among autistic people that is, lower social competence, higher compliance and emotion regulation difficulties or more ADHD features (inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity) were associated with poly-victimization in a community sample of 228 adults (118 autistic, 110 non-autistic). Our results show that only ADHD features were predictive of poly-victimization once socio-demographic background variables (age, sexual orientation) were adjusted for. Group status was not a significant predictor in the model and there were no interaction effects between any of the characteristics and group status. These findings suggest that, regardless of whether a person is autistic, ADHD features may place individuals at higher risk of experiencing multiple forms of violence in adulthood. Further research using longitudinal designs and larger, diverse samples is needed. Furthermore, the regression model only accounted for about one-third of the variance in poly-victimization which highlights the importance of looking beyond individual-level risk factors to structural and systemic factors that contribute to disproportionate victimization of autistic people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Gibbs
- Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth Pellicano
- Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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Lietzau SB, Aiken BE, Cooney CC, Dardis CM. Social Reactions to Disclosures of Intimate Partner Stalking and Unwanted Pursuit Behaviors: Associations With PTSD, Academic Outcomes, and Empowerment. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231209015. [PMID: 37885258 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231209015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Among college survivors of unwanted pursuit behaviors (UPBs; 40.1%, n = 189) or intimate partner stalking (IPS, i.e., UPBs causing emotional distress; 32.1%, n = 151), the present study examined effects of social reactions to disclosures on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology, academic outcomes, and personal empowerment. Compared to UPB survivors, IPS survivors were more likely to disclose and reported higher positive and negative reactions to disclosure as well as greater frequency of UPBs/IPS, IPV, and PTSD symptoms. Among both groups, only negative social reactions were positively associated with PTSD symptoms. However, among IPS (but not UPB) survivors, only positive social reactions were related to academic outcomes and empowerment when controlling for PTSD and IPS frequency. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline C Cooney
- Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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Fedina L, Bender AE, Tibbits J, Herrenkohl TI, Tolman R. Dating Abuse and Harassment Among Sexual and Gender Minority U.S. College Students. LGBT Health 2023; 10:S79-S88. [PMID: 37754923 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2023.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Sexual and relationship violence has devasting effects on the health and well-being of college students. This study assessed the prevalence of dating abuse victimization and harassment among sexual and gender minority (SGM) college students within the first 3 months of college enrollment and identified potential demographic differences in exposure. Methods: Data are from the 2020 to 2021 Sexual Assault Prevention for Undergraduates digital sexual assault prevention program (N = 250,359). Descriptive statistics were used to determine 3-month prevalence of dating abuse victimization and harassment among gender identity and sexual orientation subgroups and to examine within-group differences based on race and ethnicity. Results: Dating abuse victimization during college was reported by 6.5% of transgender women, 5.0% of transgender men, 5.0% of genderqueer/nonconforming students, 2.0% of "women," and 1.0% of "men." Harassment during college was reported by 13.7% of genderqueer/nonconforming students, 11.2% of transgender women, 8.9% of transgender men, 8.7% of "women," and 1.6% of "men." Students who identified with more than one sexual orientation identity reported the highest rates of dating abuse (3.9%) and harassment (14.9%) during college. SGM students with particular racial/ethnic identities (i.e., Indigenous, multiracial) reported disproportionately higher rates, particularly American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander students who identified as transgender men (42.9%), transgender women (41.7%), genderqueer/nonconforming students (26.1%), queer/pansexual/questioning students (20%), and students with multiple sexual orientation identities (36.4%). Conclusion: Targeted intervention strategies and resources are needed on college campuses to support the needs and experiences of SGM students, including students who identify as Indigenous, multiracial, and other persons of color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fedina
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anna E Bender
- Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jaymie Tibbits
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Todd I Herrenkohl
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard Tolman
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Logan TK. Examining Factors Associated with Stalking-Related Fears Among Men and Women Stalked by Male and Female Acquaintances. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP6958-NP6987. [PMID: 33096954 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520967755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examines experiences of acquaintance stalking victims (n = 389), recruited from a community sample, by victim and stalker gender and explores factors associated with three measures of fear (fear of harm, perceived capability of stalker to harm, and fear of significant life impact). There were five main findings from this study: (a) although research suggests ex-partner stalkers are the most threatening, assaultive, and harassing stalkers, particularly for women, this study shows that a significant number of acquaintance stalking victims experience high levels of fear, threats, life interference, and assault; (b) women had higher stalking-related fear levels and a greater belief that their stalker was capable of harming them regardless of stalker gender, while men stalked by females were least concerned about harm; (c) close to one-quarter of victims had one unknown background factor and one-third indicated not knowing about two or more background factors suggesting variation in the level of victim knowledge about acquaintance stalkers; (d) the number of threats, stalker history of violence to others, the belief that the stalker does not care about severe consequences, and a greater number of unknown stalker background factors were associated with higher stalking-related fear levels and an increased perception that the stalker was capable of harm; and, (e) higher concern about a significant life impact from the stalking was associated with forced confrontations, believing the stalker wanted revenge, victim vulnerability, proxy stalking, and technology facilitated stalking. Future research is needed to better understand the dynamics of acquaintance stalking, particularly with regard to how close or distant the stalker was to the victim. Considering victim and stalker gender dynamics in acquaintance stalking may be important for safety planning and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Logan
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Peitzmeier SM, Malik M, Kattari SK, Marrow E, Stephenson R, Agénor M, Reisner SL. Intimate Partner Violence in Transgender Populations: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence and Correlates. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:e1-e14. [PMID: 32673114 PMCID: PMC7427218 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Transgender individuals experience unique vulnerabilities to intimate partner violence (IPV) and may experience a disproportionate IPV burden compared with cisgender (nontransgender) individuals.Objectives: To systematically review the quantitative literature on prevalence and correlates of IPV in transgender populations.Search Methods: Authors searched research databases (PubMed, CINAHL), gray literature (Google), journal tables of contents, and conference abstracts, and consulted experts in the field. Authors were contacted with data requests in cases in which transgender participants were enrolled in a study, but no disaggregated statistics were provided for this population.Selection Criteria: We included all quantitative literature published before July 2019 on prevalence and correlates of IPV victimization, perpetration, or service utilization in transgender populations. There were no restrictions by sample size, year, or location.Data Collection and Analysis: Two independent reviewers conducted screening. One reviewer conducted extraction by using a structured database, and a second reviewer checked for mistakes or omissions. We used random-effects meta-analyses to calculate relative risks (RRs) comparing the prevalence of IPV in transgender individuals and cisgender individuals in studies in which both transgender and cisgender individuals were enrolled. We also used meta-analysis to compare IPV prevalence in assigned-female-sex-at-birth and assigned-male-sex-at-birth transgender individuals and to compare physical IPV prevalence between nonbinary and binary transgender individuals in studies that enrolled both groups.Main Results: We identified 85 articles from 74 unique data sets (ntotal = 49 966 transgender participants). Across studies reporting it, the median lifetime prevalence of physical IPV was 37.5%, lifetime sexual IPV was 25.0%, past-year physical IPV was 16.7%, and past-year sexual IPV was 10.8% among transgender individuals. Compared with cisgender individuals, transgender individuals were 1.7 times more likely to experience any IPV (RR = 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36, 2.03), 2.2 times more likely to experience physical IPV (RR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.66, 2.88), and 2.5 times more likely to experience sexual IPV (RR = 2.46; 95% CI = 1.64, 3.69). Disparities persisted when comparing to cisgender women specifically. There was no significant difference in any IPV, physical IPV, or sexual IPV prevalence between assigned-female-sex-at-birth and assigned-male-sex-at-birth individuals, nor in physical IPV prevalence between binary- and nonbinary-identified transgender individuals. IPV victimization was associated with sexual risk, substance use, and mental health burden in transgender populations.Authors' Conclusions: Transgender individuals experience a dramatically higher prevalence of IPV victimization compared with cisgender individuals, regardless of sex assigned at birth. IPV prevalence estimates are comparably high for assigned-male-sex-at-birth and assigned-female-sex-at-birth transgender individuals, and for binary and nonbinary transgender individuals, though more research is needed.Public Health Implications: Evidence-based interventions are urgently needed to prevent and address IPV in this high-risk population with unique needs. Lack of legal protections against discrimination in employment, housing, and social services likely foster vulnerability to IPV. Transgender individuals should be explicitly included in US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations promoting IPV screening in primary care settings. Interventions at the policy level as well as the interpersonal and individual level are urgently needed to address epidemic levels of IPV in this marginalized, high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Peitzmeier
- Sarah M. Peitzmeier is with the Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, Ann Arbor. Mannat Malik is with the Department of Epidemiology and Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Shanna K. Kattari is with the University of Michigan School of Social Work and University of Michigan Department of Women's Studies, Ann Arbor. Elliot Marrow is with The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA. Rob Stephenson is with the Department of Systems, Population, and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities. Madina Agénor is with the Department of Community Health, Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences, Medford, MA. Sari L. Reisner is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Mannat Malik
- Sarah M. Peitzmeier is with the Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, Ann Arbor. Mannat Malik is with the Department of Epidemiology and Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Shanna K. Kattari is with the University of Michigan School of Social Work and University of Michigan Department of Women's Studies, Ann Arbor. Elliot Marrow is with The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA. Rob Stephenson is with the Department of Systems, Population, and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities. Madina Agénor is with the Department of Community Health, Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences, Medford, MA. Sari L. Reisner is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Shanna K Kattari
- Sarah M. Peitzmeier is with the Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, Ann Arbor. Mannat Malik is with the Department of Epidemiology and Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Shanna K. Kattari is with the University of Michigan School of Social Work and University of Michigan Department of Women's Studies, Ann Arbor. Elliot Marrow is with The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA. Rob Stephenson is with the Department of Systems, Population, and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities. Madina Agénor is with the Department of Community Health, Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences, Medford, MA. Sari L. Reisner is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Elliot Marrow
- Sarah M. Peitzmeier is with the Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, Ann Arbor. Mannat Malik is with the Department of Epidemiology and Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Shanna K. Kattari is with the University of Michigan School of Social Work and University of Michigan Department of Women's Studies, Ann Arbor. Elliot Marrow is with The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA. Rob Stephenson is with the Department of Systems, Population, and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities. Madina Agénor is with the Department of Community Health, Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences, Medford, MA. Sari L. Reisner is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Rob Stephenson
- Sarah M. Peitzmeier is with the Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, Ann Arbor. Mannat Malik is with the Department of Epidemiology and Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Shanna K. Kattari is with the University of Michigan School of Social Work and University of Michigan Department of Women's Studies, Ann Arbor. Elliot Marrow is with The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA. Rob Stephenson is with the Department of Systems, Population, and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities. Madina Agénor is with the Department of Community Health, Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences, Medford, MA. Sari L. Reisner is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Madina Agénor
- Sarah M. Peitzmeier is with the Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, Ann Arbor. Mannat Malik is with the Department of Epidemiology and Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Shanna K. Kattari is with the University of Michigan School of Social Work and University of Michigan Department of Women's Studies, Ann Arbor. Elliot Marrow is with The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA. Rob Stephenson is with the Department of Systems, Population, and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities. Madina Agénor is with the Department of Community Health, Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences, Medford, MA. Sari L. Reisner is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Sari L Reisner
- Sarah M. Peitzmeier is with the Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, Ann Arbor. Mannat Malik is with the Department of Epidemiology and Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Shanna K. Kattari is with the University of Michigan School of Social Work and University of Michigan Department of Women's Studies, Ann Arbor. Elliot Marrow is with The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA. Rob Stephenson is with the Department of Systems, Population, and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities. Madina Agénor is with the Department of Community Health, Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences, Medford, MA. Sari L. Reisner is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
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