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Spoelma MJ, Sicouri GL, Francis DA, Songco AD, Daniel EK, Hudson JL. Estimated Prevalence of Depressive Disorders in Children From 2004 to 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2023; 177:1017-1027. [PMID: 37639261 PMCID: PMC10463172 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Importance Depression during childhood (ie, age <13 years) poses a major health burden. Recent changes in environmental and lifestyle factors may increase children's risk of mental health problems. This has been reported for anxiety disorders, but it is unclear whether this occurs for depressive disorders. Objective To provide prevalence estimates for the depressive disorders (ie, major depressive disorder [MDD], dysthymia, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder [DMDD], and overall) in children, and whether they have changed over time. Data Sources The MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched using terms related to depressive disorders, children, and prevalence. This was supplemented by a systematic gray literature search. Study Selection Studies were required to provide population prevalence estimates of depressive disorder diagnoses (according to an established taxonomy and standardized interviews) for children younger than 13 years, information about participants' year of birth, and be published in English. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data extraction was compliant with the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. A total of 12 985 nonduplicate records were retrieved, and 154 full texts were reviewed. Data were analyzed from 2004 (the upper limit of a previous review) to May 27, 2023. Multiple proportional random-effects meta-analytic and mixed-effects meta-regression models were fit. Main Outcomes and Measures Pooled prevalence rates of depressive disorders, prevalence rate differences between males vs females and high-income countries (HICs) vs low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), and moderating effects of time or birth cohort. Results A total of 41 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Pooled prevalence estimates were obtained for 1.07% (95% CI, 0.62%-1.63%) for depressive disorders overall, 0.71% (95% CI, 0.48%-0.99%) for MDD, 0.30% (95% CI, 0.08%-0.62%) for dysthymia, and 1.60% (95% CI, 0.28%-3.90%) for DMDD. The meta-regressions found no significant evidence of an association with birth cohort, and prevalence rates did not differ significantly between males and females or between HICs and LMICs. There was a low risk of bias overall, except for DMDD, which was hindered by a lack of studies. Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic review and meta-analysis, depression in children was uncommon and did not increase substantially between 2004 and 2019. Future epidemiologic studies using standardized interviews will be necessary to determine whether this trend will continue into and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Spoelma
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gemma L. Sicouri
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Deanna A. Francis
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Annabel D. Songco
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily K. Daniel
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Hudson
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Gonzalez-Casals H, Vives J, Bosque-Prous M, Folch C, Drou-Roget G, Muntaner C, Vives-Cases C, Barbaglia MG, Colom J, Espelt A. Gender inequalities in the prevalence of low mood and related factors in schooled adolescents during the 2019-2020 school year: DESKcohort project. J Affect Disord 2023; 333:305-312. [PMID: 37084966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood disorders are the second most prevalent mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Many undiagnosed people manifest subthreshold symptoms, like low mood, and present worse prognoses than asymptomatic healthy subjects. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of low mood, gender inequalities, and associated factors, in 12- to 18-year-old adolescents in the rural and medium-sized urban areas of Central Catalonia during the 2019-2020 academic year. METHODS Cross-sectional study with data from a cohort of high-schooled students (2019-2020), with a convenience sample of 6428 adolescents from the Central region of Catalonia (48.3 % boys and 51.7 % girls). Prevalence of low mood was estimated by gender and exposure variables, and ratios were obtained using Poisson regression models, adjusting for several exposure variables one by one, and for all of them jointly. RESULTS The prevalence of low mood was 18.6 %, with statistically significant differences between genders (11.6 %, 95 % CI: 10.5-12.8 in boys and 25.1 %, 95 % CI: 23.7-26.6 in girls). Being an immigrant, dieting, and daily tobacco smoking were only associated with low mood in girls, whereas risky alcohol consumption was only associated in boys. Sexual violence was found to account for 36.2 % of low mood problems in girls. LIMITATIONS The main limitation of the study is its cross-sectional design, which means that no casual relationships can be extracted of this study. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of low mood varies between the sexes, highlighting the importance of developing gender-specific interventions to reduce its incidence in young people, considering the factors associated with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gonzalez-Casals
- Department of Epidemiology and Methodology of Social and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences of Manresa, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Av. Universitària, 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Spain
| | - Jaume Vives
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), C/de Ca n'Altayó, s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marina Bosque-Prous
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Rambla del Poblenou, 156, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), C/de Ca n'Altayó, s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Cinta Folch
- Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Generalitat de Catalunya, Carretera de Canyet, s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Drou-Roget
- Department of Epidemiology and Methodology of Social and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences of Manresa, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Av. Universitària, 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Spain
| | - Carles Muntaner
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M6H 1B7, Canada
| | - Carmen Vives-Cases
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Science History, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. De San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03690 Alicante, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gabriela Barbaglia
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. de Lesseps, 1, 08023 Barcelona, Spain; Department de Experimental and Health Sciences, Univeristat Pompeu Fabra, Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Colom
- Sub-Direcció General d'Addiccions, VIH, Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Hepatitis Víriques, Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Carrer de Roc Boronat, 81-95, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Espelt
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), C/de Ca n'Altayó, s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Methodology of Social and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences of Manresa, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Av. Universitària, 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Akıncı MA, Turan B, Esin İS, Dursun OB. Prevalence and correlates of hoarding behavior and hoarding disorder in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1623-1634. [PMID: 34283287 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although hoarding symptoms are reported to begin in childhood and adolescence, the true prevalence of the disorder in this age group is unknown. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of hoarding disorder (HD) in children and adolescents. The present study was planned as a two-stage epidemiological research. In the first stage, the Children's Saving Inventory (CSI) and informed consent forms were delivered to a group of students' parents. In the second stage, one-on-one psychiatric interviews with a physician were planned with the families and children who had hoarding behavior (HB), as described by their parents. The DSM-5-based HD interview and the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) diagnostic tool were used to detect prevalence of HD and comorbid psychiatric disorders. A total of 3249 children were included in the study, and 318 children and their parents were evaluated in the second stage. As a result of the second assessment, 32 out of 318 children met the HD diagnostic criteria. The estimated prevalence of HD was 0.98% (95% CI 0.7-1.4). Hoarding disorder was found more frequently in females (F/M = 3/1). After a logistic regression analysis, variables such as female sex and the presence of any psychopathology were identified as independent correlates of HD. More than half (56.2%) of the children diagnosed as having HD also had a comorbid psychiatric disorder. In the present study, the two-stage evaluation method was used in a large pediatric sample to determine the estimated prevalence of HD, as well as the factors associated with the disorder and comorbid psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akif Akıncı
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr. Ali Kemal Belviranlı Maternity and Children Hospital, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Bahadır Turan
- Autism, Mental Special Needs and Rare Diseases Department in Turkish Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Health Services, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Selçuk Esin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Onur Burak Dursun
- Autism, Mental Special Needs and Rare Diseases Department in Turkish Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Health Services, Ankara, Turkey
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Mustaffa MS, Bafghi ZR, Ahmadi A, Haghdoost A, Mansor MS. Potential Sociodemographic Predictors of Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ASSOCIATION FOR CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09731342221142047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of anxiety among primary school students in rural areas is relatively high. Also, this stage is a critical developmental stage of academic life. Childhood anxiety disorders lead to significant disruption and interference with other aspects of life, including behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and academic achievement. Aims: This study aimed to find the frequency of 6 subtypes of anxiety disorders and to determine the potential sociodemographic factors of anxiety disorders among primary school students in a rural area of Malaysia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which 411 students answered the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale-Child version (SCAS-C). Descriptive analyses elucidated at-risk students, and multivariate analysis of variance and multiple linear regression presented potential predictors of anxiety disorders. Results: The most common abnormal level was for social phobia (SP) (n = 109/18.6%), and the least common were panic/agoraphobia (n = 85/14.1%) and physical injury fears (PIF) (n = 82/13.6%). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that age ( P < .05), gender ( P < .05), father’s employment ( P < .05), and mother’s educational level (EL) P < .05) were predictors of overall anxiety. A Tukey post-hoc test revealed that older children are more likely to suffer from overall anxiety, separation anxiety (SA), SP, and obsessive-compulsive problems. Children of low-income families were less likely to suffer from SA than those of middle-income families. Children of stay-at-home mothers were less likely to suffer from overall anxiety, SA, and SP than mothers who worked more than 8 h per day. Multiple linear regression could predict 6 models of anxiety based on sociodemographic factors. Conclusion: According to our findings in this study, promoting mental health by providing preventive strategies and screening programs is more recommended for students with sociodemographic risk factors for anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sharif Mustaffa
- Department of Counselling, Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Zahra Ramazanian Bafghi
- Student Research Committee, Razi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Atefeh Ahmadi
- Nursing Research Center, Department of Counselling in Midwifery, Razi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - AliAkbar Haghdoost
- Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Doğru H, Esin İS. Counsellors’ position in the child–teacher-parent axis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disorders. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2022.2089631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hicran Doğru
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Selçuk Esin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
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Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi N, Hooshyari Z, Khaleghi A, Rismanian Yazdi F, Mehrparvar AH. Prevalence, comorbidity, and predictors of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iranian children and adolescents. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 141:192-198. [PMID: 34242926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disease that causes personal distress or social dysfunction, especially in childhood. The present study aimed to provide the prevalence, comorbidity, and predictors of OCD among children and adolescents. METHODS This was a cross-sectional national project conducted on 29,858 children and adolescents using the multi-stage cluster random sampling in Iran. There were both genders in each cluster and three age groups (6-9, 10-14, and 15-18 years) within each cluster. The tools used in this research included a demographic questionnaire and K-SADS-PL. To analyze the data, logistic regression and cross-tab tests were used. RESULTS According to the results, the prevalence of OCD in children and adolescents was 3.1 in boys and 3.8 in girls. Also, gender, age, place of residence, and history of psychiatric hospitalization of parents could predict OCD. OCD had comorbidity with behavioral disorders (OR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.39-0.92), elimination disorders (OR = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.30-0.83), mood disorders (OR = 2.92, 95%CI: 1.43-5.94), and smoking and alcohol disorders (OR = 4.33, 95%CI: 1.28-14.63). CONCLUSION In the development of the obsessive-compulsive disorder, other disorders and symptoms also environmental factors can play a role and are important. Based on our findings, given the prevalence rate of OCD was higher in the age groups of 10-14 and 15-18 years, are one of the most important stages of development for the prevention and treatment of mental disorders, especially OCD, clinical specialists can design appropriate clinical trials or modify existing interventions based on the results of such research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nastaran Ahmadi
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Zahra Hooshyari
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Amir Houshang Mehrparvar
- Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review scoped recent (2019-2020) literature investigating the association between urbanization and eating disorders, and the putative role of urbanization as a direct or indirect risk factor. RECENT FINDINGS There are few epidemiological studies which investigated adequately direct or indirect association between urban domicile and eating disorders. Findings suggest that urbanization is a complex phenomenon and its effects on eating behaviour are indirect, for example, because of other important social and environmental features, such as the amount of 'green' space, 'Western' thin idealization, and poverty. The review also supports others indicating an increase of eating disorders in Africa and Asia. The majority of research includes only adolescent and young woman. SUMMARY It does not seem likely that metropolitan dwelling in itself is a major risk factor for developing an eating disorder. However, when accompanied by other sociodemographic effects, there may well be an increase in eating disorder risk. There are opportunities for planners to design cities to be supportive of peoples' eating and mental health in general. More research investigating moderating and mediating effects on the associations between urban dwelling and eating disorder is needed as well as studies of more sexually and age diverse populations.
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