1
|
Morrison L, Dyer AH, Dolphin H, Batten I, Reddy C, Widdowson M, Woods CP, Gibney J, Bourke NM, Kennelly SP. Circulating Interleukin-17A is associated with executive function in middle aged adults with and without type 2 diabetes. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 41:100862. [PMID: 39350951 PMCID: PMC11440310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Midlife cardiovascular risk factors such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and obesity are associated with the later development of cognitive impairment and dementia. Systemic inflammation is postulated as a crucial mechanism, yet there are few studies examining this at the earliest stages prior to overt cognitive impairment. To assess this, we recruited a cohort of middle-aged cognitively-unimpaired individuals with and without uncomplicated T2DM. Comprehensive neuropsychological assessment was performed at baseline and at 4-year follow-up. Ten serum chemokines and cytokines (Eotaxin, MCP-1, MIP-1β, CXCL10, IL-6, IL-10, IL12p70, IL-17A, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were measured at both baseline and follow-up using high-sensitivity assays. Overall, 136 participants were recruited including 90 with uncomplicated midlife T2DM (age 52.6 ± 8.3; 47% female) and 46 without (age 52.9 ± 8.03; 61% female). Cognitive trajectories were stable over time and did not differ with T2DM. Yet on cross-sectional analyses at both baseline and follow-up, greater circulating IL-17A was consistently associated with poorer performance on tests of executive function/attention (β: 0.21; -0.40, -0.02, p = 0.03 at baseline; β: 0.26; -0.46, -0.05, p = 0.02 at follow-up). Associations persisted on covariate adjustment and did not differ by T2DM status. In summary, we provide evidence that greater circulating IL-17A levels were associated with poorer executive function in midlife, independent of T2DM. Long-term follow-up of this and other cohorts will further elucidate the earliest stages in the relationship between systemic inflammation and cognitive decline to provide further mechanistic insights and potentially identify those at greatest risk for later cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morrison
- Tallaght Institute for Memory and Cognition, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam H Dyer
- Tallaght Institute for Memory and Cognition, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helena Dolphin
- Tallaght Institute for Memory and Cognition, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Isabella Batten
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor Reddy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew Widdowson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Robert Graves Institute of Endocrinology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor P Woods
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Robert Graves Institute of Endocrinology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Gibney
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Robert Graves Institute of Endocrinology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nollaig M Bourke
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean P Kennelly
- Tallaght Institute for Memory and Cognition, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kostic M, Zivkovic N, Cvetanovic A, Basic J, Stojanovic I. Dissecting the immune response of CD4 + T cells in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2024:revneuro-2024-0090. [PMID: 39238424 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, these pathological aggregates can also be found in the brains of cognitively unimpaired elderly population. In that context, individual variations in the Aβ-specific immune response could be key factors that determine the level of Aβ-induced neuroinflammation and thus the propensity to develop AD. CD4+ T cells are the cornerstone of the immune response that coordinate the effector functions of both adaptive and innate immunity. However, despite intensive research efforts, the precise role of these cells during AD pathogenesis is still not fully elucidated. Both pathogenic and beneficial effects have been observed in various animal models of AD, as well as in humans with AD. Although this functional duality of CD4+ T cells in AD can be simply attributed to the vast phenotype heterogeneity of this cell lineage, disease stage-specific effect have also been proposed. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the current understanding of the role of CD4+ T cells in the pathophysiology of AD, from the aspect of their antigen specificity, activation, and phenotype characteristics. Such knowledge is of practical importance as it paves the way for immunomodulation as a therapeutic option for AD treatment, given that currently available therapies have not yielded satisfactory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milos Kostic
- Department of Immunology, Medical Faculty of Nis, University of Nis, Blvd. dr Zorana Djindjica 81, Nis, 18000, Serbia
| | - Nikola Zivkovic
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of Nis, University of Nis, Blvd. dr Zorana Djindjica 81, Nis, 18000, Serbia
| | - Ana Cvetanovic
- Department of Oncology, Medical Faculty of Nis, University of Nis, Blvd. dr Zorana Djindjica 81, Nis, 18000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Basic
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty of Nis, University of Nis, Blvd. dr Zorana Djindjica 81, Nis, 18000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stojanovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty of Nis, University of Nis, Blvd. dr Zorana Djindjica 81, Nis, 18000, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Onisiforou A, Christodoulou CC, Zamba-Papanicolaou E, Zanos P, Georgiou P. Transcriptomic analysis reveals sex-specific patterns in the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1345498. [PMID: 38689734 PMCID: PMC11058985 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1345498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The hippocampus, vital for memory and learning, is among the first brain regions affected in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and exhibits adult neurogenesis. Women face twice the risk of developing AD compare to men, making it crucial to understand sex differences in hippocampal function for comprehending AD susceptibility. Methods We conducted a comprehensive analysis of bulk mRNA postmortem samples from the whole hippocampus (GSE48350, GSE5281) and its CA1 and CA3 subfields (GSE29378). Our aim was to perform a comparative molecular signatures analysis, investigating sex-specific differences and similarities in the hippocampus and its subfields in AD. This involved comparing the gene expression profiles among: (a) male controls (M-controls) vs. female controls (F-controls), (b) females with AD (F-AD) vs. F-controls, (c) males with AD (M-AD) vs. M-controls, and (d) M-AD vs. F-AD. Furthermore, we identified AD susceptibility genes interacting with key targets of menopause hormone replacement drugs, specifically the ESR1 and ESR2 genes, along with GPER1. Results The hippocampal analysis revealed contrasting patterns between M-AD vs. M-controls and F-AD vs. F-controls, as well as M-controls vs. F-controls. Notably, BACE1, a key enzyme linked to amyloid-beta production in AD pathology, was found to be upregulated in M-controls compared to F-controls in both CA1 and CA3 hippocampal subfields. In M-AD vs. M-controls, the GABAergic synapse was downregulated, and the Estrogen signaling pathway was upregulated in both subfields, unlike in F-AD vs. F-controls. Analysis of the whole hippocampus also revealed upregulation of the GABAergic synapse in F-AD vs. F-controls. While direct comparison of M-AD vs. F-AD, revealed a small upregulation of the ESR1 gene in the CA1 subfield of males. Conversely, F-AD vs. F-controls exhibited downregulation of the Dopaminergic synapse in both subfields, while the Calcium signaling pathway showed mixed regulation, being upregulated in CA1 but downregulated in CA3, unlike in M-AD vs. M-controls. The upregulated Estrogen signaling pathway in M-AD, suggests a compensatory response to neurodegenerative specifically in males with AD. Our results also identified potential susceptibility genes interacting with ESR1 and ESR2, including MAPK1, IGF1, AKT1, TP53 and CD44. Conclusion These findings underscore the importance of sex-specific disease mechanisms in AD pathogenesis. Region-specific analysis offers a more detailed examination of localized changes in the hippocampus, enabling to capture sex-specific molecular patterns in AD susceptibility and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onisiforou
- Translational Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Panos Zanos
- Translational Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Polymnia Georgiou
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Psychoneuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hochuli N, Kadyan S, Park G, Patoine C, Nagpal R. Pathways linking microbiota-gut-brain axis with neuroinflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's pathophysiology. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 3:9. [PMID: 38455083 PMCID: PMC10917618 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Disturbances in the local and peripheral immune systems are closely linked to a wide range of diseases. In the context of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), inflammation plays a crucial role, often appearing as a common manifestation despite the variability in the occurrence of other pathophysiological hallmarks. Thus, combating neuroinflammation holds promise in treating complex pathophysiological diseases like AD. Growing evidence suggests the gut microbiome's crucial role in shaping the pathogenesis of AD by influencing inflammatory mediators. Gut dysbiosis can potentially activate neuroinflammatory pathways through bidirectional signaling of the gut-brain axis; however, the precise mechanisms of this complex interweaved network remain largely unclear. In these milieus, this review attempts to summarize the contributing role of gut microbiome-mediated neuroinflammatory signals in AD pathophysiology, while also pondering potential mechanisms through which commensal and pathogenic gut microbes affect neuroinflammation. While certain taxa such as Roseburia and Escherichia have been strongly correlated with AD, other clades such as Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium exhibit variations at the species and strain levels. In order to disentangle the inflammatory aspects of neurodegeneration attributed to the gut microbiome, it is imperative that future mechanistic studies investigate the species/strain-level dependency of commensals, opportunistic, and pathogenic gut microbes that consistently show correlations with AD patients across multiple associative studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Z, Duan Z, Cui Y. CD8 + T cells in brain injury and neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1281763. [PMID: 38077952 PMCID: PMC10702747 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1281763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the peripheral immune system and the brain is increasingly being recognized as an important layer of neuroimmune regulation and plays vital roles in brain homeostasis as well as neurological disorders. As an important population of T-cell lymphocytes, the roles of CD8+ T cells in infectious diseases and tumor immunity have been well established. Recently, increasing number of complex functions of CD8+ T cells in brain disorders have been revealed. However, an advanced summary and discussion of the functions and mechanisms of CD8+ T cells in brain injury and neurodegeneration are still lacking. Here, we described the differentiation and function of CD8+ T cells, reviewed the involvement of CD8+ T cells in the regulation of brain injury including stroke and traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), and discussed therapeutic prospects and future study goals. Understanding these processes will promote the investigation of T-cell immunity in brain disorders and provide new intervention strategies for the treatment of brain injury and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongying Duan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu Y, Zhang P, Xu F, Zheng Y, Zhao H. Advances in the study of IL-17 in neurological diseases and mental disorders. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1284304. [PMID: 38046578 PMCID: PMC10690603 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1284304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17), a cytokine characteristically secreted by T helper 17 (Th17) cells, has attracted increasing attention in recent years because of its importance in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have shown that neurological diseases and mental disorders are closely related to immune function, and varying degrees of immune dysregulation may disrupt normal expression of immune molecules at critical stages of neural development. Starting from relevant mechanisms affecting immune regulation, this article reviews the research progress of IL-17 in a selected group of neurological diseases and mental disorders (autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and depression) from the perspective of neuroinflammation and the microbiota-gut-brain axis, summarizes the commonalities, and provides a prospective outlook of target application in disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Piaopiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Fenfen Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Afsar A, Chen M, Xuan Z, Zhang L. A glance through the effects of CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, and cytokines on Alzheimer's disease. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:5662-5675. [PMID: 38053545 PMCID: PMC10694609 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Unfortunately, despite numerous studies, an effective treatment for AD has not yet been established. There is remarkable evidence indicating that the innate immune mechanism and adaptive immune response play significant roles in the pathogenesis of AD. Several studies have reported changes in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in AD patients. This mini-review article discusses the potential contribution of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells reactivity to amyloid β (Aβ) protein in individuals with AD. Moreover, this mini-review examines the potential associations between T cells, heme oxygenase (HO), and impaired mitochondria in the context of AD. While current mathematical models of AD have not extensively addressed the inclusion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, there exist models that can be extended to consider AD as an autoimmune disease involving these T cell types. Additionally, the mini-review covers recent research that has investigated the utilization of machine learning models, considering the impact of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afsar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Zhenyu Xuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang X, Ye T, He Y, Wen L, Cheng X. Qi-fu-yin attenuated cognitive disorders in 5xFAD mice of Alzheimer's disease animal model by regulating immunity. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1183764. [PMID: 37441611 PMCID: PMC10333586 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1183764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive impairment is the main symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accumulating evidence implicate that immunity plays an important role in AD. Here, we investigated the effect of Qi-fu-yin (QFY) on cognitive impairment and cytokine secretion of 5xFAD mice. Methods We used 2.5-month-old 5xFAD transgenic mice for behavioral tests to observe the changes in cognitive function after QFY treatment. After the behavioral experiment, the whole brain, cortex and plasma of each mouse were collected for soluble Aβ analysis, immunohistochemical experiment and cytokine analysis. Results Here we found that the treatment of QFY ameliorated the ability of object recognition, passive avoidance responses and the ability of spatial learning and memory in 5xFAD mice. The deposits of β1 - 42 and Aβ1 - 40 were alleviated and the ration of Aβ1 - 42/Aβ1 - 40 was decrease in the plasma and brain of 5xFAD mice administrated with QFY. The administration of QFY promoted the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-5, IL-10 and G-CSF, and reduced the content of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ in plasma of 5xFAD mice. Notably, we found that the treatment of QFY decreased the concentration of CCL11 in the brain and plasma of 5xFAD mice. Conclusion This suggested that QFY improved cognition and reduced Aβ deposits in 5xFAD mice by regulating abnormal immunity in 5xFAD mice. QFY may be as a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhao Yang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyuan Ye
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yun He
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology and Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaorui Cheng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He H, Yang Y, Wang L, Guo Z, Ye L, Ou-Yang W, Yang M. Combined analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing reveals the expression patterns of circadian rhythm disruption in the immune microenvironment of Alzheimer's disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1182307. [PMID: 37251379 PMCID: PMC10213546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1182307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) represents a critical contributor to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nonetheless, how CRD functions within the AD immune microenvironment remains to be illustrated. Methods Circadian rhythm score (CRscore) was utilized to quantify the microenvironment status of circadian disruption in a single-cell RNA sequencing dataset derived from AD. Bulk transcriptome datasets from public repository were employed to validate the effectiveness and robustness of CRscore. A machine learning-based integrative model was applied for constructing a characteristic CRD signature, and RT-PCR analysis was employed to validate their expression levels. Results We depicted the heterogeneity in B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells based on the CRscore. Furthermore, we discovered that CRD might be strongly linked to the immunological and biological features of AD, as well as the pseudotime trajectories of major immune cell subtypes. Additionally, cell-cell interactions revealed that CRD was critical in the alternation of ligand-receptor pairs. Bulk sequencing analysis indicated that the CRscore was found to be a reliable predictive biomarker in AD patients. The characteristic CRD signature, which included 9 circadian-related genes (CRGs), was an independent risk factor that accurately predicted the onset of AD. Meanwhile, abnormal expression of several characteristic CRGs, including GLRX, MEF2C, PSMA5, NR4A1, SEC61G, RGS1, and CEBPB, was detected in neurons treated with Aβ1-42 oligomer. Conclusion Our study revealed CRD-based cell subtypes in the AD microenvironment at single-cell level and proposed a robust and promising CRD signature for AD diagnosis. A deeper knowledge of these mechanisms may provide novel possibilities for incorporating "circadian rhythm-based anti-dementia therapies" into the treatment protocols of individualized medicine.
Collapse
|