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Chen L, Zhang S, Tan Y, Zheng Y, Fang S, Yi Y, Xiong X. Anxiety mediates association between sex and jaw function limitation in temporomandibular disorder patients from China. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1398788. [PMID: 38803643 PMCID: PMC11128587 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1398788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between sex and jaw function and to test whether anxiety mediates the causal relationship between sex and jaw function in temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) patients. Methods A total of 488 participants with TMD were included in the analysis. Demographic data were collected. Generalized anxiety symptoms and anxiety severity were initially assessed using the GAD-7 questionnaire. And jaw function limitation was measured using the JFLS-8 scale. A directed acyclic graph (DAG) was used in this study to evaluate the hypotheses. Mediation analysis was conducted to explore causality and to calculate the total effect, natural direct effect (NDE) and natural indirect effect (NIE). Results In TMD patients, there was a significant association between female and jaw function (r = 0.17, p < 0.001), female and anxiety (r = 0.15, p = 0.002), anxiety and jaw function (r = 0.35, p < 0.001). In addition, sex can directly lead to differences in impaired jaw function (NDE: 3.719, 95% CI: 1.619-5.828, p < 0.001), and can also be causally related to jaw function through anxiety (NIE: 1.146, 95% CI: 0.267-2.024, p = 0.011). And the total effect was 4.865 (95% CI, 2.709-7.029, p < 0.001). Conclusion A causal mechanism was found that anxiety acts as a mediator of sex effects on jaw function. Therefore, psychological factors need to be taken into account in the treatment of female TMD patients. Further clinical trials are needed to explore whether psychotherapy is more beneficial to improve jaw function in female TMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Nursing, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunhao Zheng
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanbao Fang
- Department of Orthodontics, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yating Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Painful Temporomandibular Disorders: A Literature Review Supplemented by Own Clinical Experience. Pain Res Manag 2023; 2023:1002235. [PMID: 36760766 PMCID: PMC9904928 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1002235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a multifactorial group of musculoskeletal disorders often with combined etiologies that demand different treatment plans. While pain is the most common reason why patients decide to seek help, TMD is not always painful. Pain is often described by patients as a headache, prompting patients to seek the help of neurologists, surgeons, and ultimately dentists. Due to the unique characteristics of this anatomical area, appropriate diagnostic tools are needed, as well as therapeutic regimens to alleviate and/or eliminate the pain experienced by patients. Aim of the Study. The aim of this study is to collect and organize information on the diagnosis and treatment of pain in TMD, through a review of the literature supplemented by our own clinical experience. Material and Methods. The study was conducted by searching scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for documents published from 2002-2022. The following keywords were used to build the full list of references: TMD, pain, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), TMJ disorders, occlusal splint, relaxing splints, physiotherapy TMD, pharmacology TMD, natural therapy TMD, diagnostic criteria for TMD, and DC/TMD. The literature review included 168 selected manuscripts, the content of which was important for pain diagnosis and clinical treatment of TMD. Results An accurate diagnosis of TMD is the foundation of appropriate treatment. The most commonly described treatments include physiotherapy, occlusal splints therapy, and pharmacological treatment tailored to the type of TMD. Conclusions Based on the literature review and their own experience, the authors concluded that there is no single ideal form of pain therapy for TMD. Treatment of TMD should be based on a thorough diagnostic process, including the DC/TMD examination protocol, psychological evaluation, and cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) imaging. Following the diagnostic process, once a diagnosis is established, a treatment plan can be constructed to address the patient's complaints.
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A Multi-Center Disclusion Time Reduction (DTR) Randomized Controlled Occlusal Adjustment Study Using Occlusal Force and Timing Sensors Synchronized with Muscle Physiology Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21237804. [PMID: 34883808 PMCID: PMC8659697 DOI: 10.3390/s21237804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective—To perform a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Disclusion Time Reduction (DTR) study at five Dental Colleges, using intraoral sensors and muscular electrodes. Methods and Materials—One hundred students were randomly assigned to a treatment group to receive the ICAGD coronoplasty, or a control group that received tooth polishing. All subjects answered symptom questionnaires: Beck Depression Inventory-II, Functional Restrictions, and Chronic Pain Symptom and Frequency. Subjects self-reported after ICAGD or placebo at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. The Student’s t-Test analyzed the measured data. The Mann–Whitney U Test analyzed the subjective data (Alpha = 0.05). Results—The Disclusion Times, BDI-II scores, and Symptom Scales were similar between groups prior to treatment (p > 0.05). At 1 week, all three measures reduced in the treatment group, continuing to decline over 6 months (p < 0.05), but not for the controls (p > 0.05). Symptom Frequency, Functional Restrictions, and Pain Frequencies were higher in the treated group (p < 0.05), but declined after ICAGD compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions—ICAGD reduced Pain, Functional Restrictions, Symptom Frequency, and Emotional Depression within 1 week, which continued for 6 months. The tooth polishing did not initiate a placebo response.
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Kuć J, Szarejko KD, Gołębiewska M. The Prevalence and Overlaps of Temporomandibular Disorders in Patients with Myofascial Pain with Referral-A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9842. [PMID: 34574764 PMCID: PMC8471332 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the temporomandibular joint, the prevalence of single and multiple diagnosis and potential sided domination of temporomandibular dysfunction in patients with temporomandibular disorder-myofascial pain with referral. The study group enrolled 50 people-37 females and 13 males between 18 and 25 years old with an average age of 23.36 ± 2.14. The patients underwent joint vibration analysis. Sixty seven percent of all examined tem-poromandibular joints were classified as group I according to Mark Piper's classification. Class IIIA appeared in 17% of joints. Eight percent of temporomandibular joints were classified as class IVA. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder with respect to gender (p = 0.838639). The relatively high prevalence of multiple diagnoses proved the overlapping nature of muscle and intraarticular disorders. Twenty eight percent of the subjects suffered from a combination of myofascial pain with referral and bilateral temporoman-dibular dysfunction. In 62% of the patients a lack of intraarticular disorders was reported. The suggestion that there exists sided domination in the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders has not been confirmed. Due to the small sample size, such differences cannot be excluded. Fur-ther research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kuć
- Department of Prosthodontics, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A M. Sklodowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Maria Gołębiewska
- Department of Dental Techniques, Medical University of Bialystok, 13 Washington St., 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
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Dalewski B, Kamińska A, Kiczmer P, Węgrzyn K, Pałka Ł, Janda K, Sobolewska E. Pressure Algometry Evaluation of Two Occlusal Splint Designs in Bruxism Management-Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112342. [PMID: 34071832 PMCID: PMC8198302 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the short-term effectiveness of two different occlusal devices and their impact on the pressure pain threshold (PPT) values among patients who reported to the Dental Prosthetics Outpatient Clinic of Pomeranian Medical University (Szczecin, Poland) and who were diagnosed with probable bruxism. Two groups were formed (A and B) to which patients were assigned randomly. Each group used a different occlusal splint for bruxism management. The occlusal appliance by Okeson, or the bimaxillary splint, was used overnight by each patient for 30 days of the study. The PPT was measured twice, at the first visit and after 30 days of using each occlusal device, with Wagner Paintest FPX 25 algometer. Bruxism was diagnosed based on data from the patient's medical history and from the physical examination. Nocturnal Bruxism Criteria according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (Third Edition) was used for the patient's evaluation. Results: similar pain factor (PF) reduction was observed in both the examined groups, regardless of the device used; canine guidance and no guidance were similarly effective in terms of increasing pain resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Dalewski
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Agata Kamińska
- Outpatient Dental Clinic, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Paweł Kiczmer
- Department and Chair of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Węgrzyn
- Outpatient Dental Clinic, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Łukasz Pałka
- Private Dental Practice, 68-200 Żary, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-608-882-535
| | - Katarzyna Janda
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 24 Broniewskiego Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sobolewska
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.D.); (E.S.)
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Xu L, Cai B, Fan S, Lu S, Dai K. Association of Oral Behaviors with Anxiety, Depression, and Jaw Function in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e929985. [PMID: 33999914 PMCID: PMC8139132 DOI: 10.12659/msm.929985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the association of oral behaviors (OBs) with anxiety, depression, and jaw function in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in China. Material/Methods A total of 537 patients diagnosed with TMD were included in this study (average age, 31.5512.08 years; 86 men [16.0%] and 451 women [84.0%]). There were 31 cases of masticatory muscle pain, 459 cases of disc displacement, and 13 cases of arthralgia/arthrosis, and 34 cases were uncategorized. Patients were assessed using the Oral Behaviors Checklist (OBC), Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The relationships between OBC scores and mouth opening, pain scores, JFLS, PHQ-9, and GAD-7 were evaluated with Spearmans correlation analysis. The median TMD symptom duration was 3 (0.5154) months; men and women did not differ significantly in symptom duration or in the number of episodes of depression and anxiety. Results The following OBs were common in patients with TMDs: putting pressure on the jaw (52.9%), chewing food on 1 side (47.5%), and holding teeth together during activities other than eating (33.3%). The OBC scores were significantly correlated with the JFLS, PHQ-9, and GAD-7 scores (P<0.01). Conclusions Patients with TMDs exhibit specific OBs, which are associated with depression, anxiety, and jaw function. It is necessary to further investigate the interaction of OBs with depression and anxiety in the development of TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Bin Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Shuai Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Shenji Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Kerong Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Owczarek JE, Lion KM, Radwan‐Oczko M. The impact of stress, anxiety and depression on stomatognathic system of physiotherapy and dentistry first-year students. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01797. [PMID: 32862554 PMCID: PMC7559601 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is well proven that psychoemotional factors play causative role in development of many civilization diseases. Psychosocial stress is effecting with development of certain oral parafunctions like teeth grinding, bruxism, or cheeks biting. Eventually, all of those parafunctional activities may cause increase of masticatory muscles tone and provoke its intensification. Literature indicates that students must cope with greater level of stressful situations than the average representative of the society. METHODS The research group comprised Ist-year physiotherapy and dentistry students from University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw and Wroclaw Medical University. The study consisted the following: psychological and health questionnaires, and stomatological examination with masseter muscles' electromyography. RESULTS In intraoral examination, symptoms of parafunctions were more frequently observed in physiotherapy students. The mean tone of masseters was higher also among physiotherapy students. The level of perceived stress was high in both groups, and the experienced borderline and incorrect results in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were more frequently observed in dentistry students. The mean tone of masseter muscle was rising with the level of anxiety in physiotherapy group. Among dentistry, the tendency for rise of masseter muscle tone together with level of anxiety and depression was observed. CONCLUSIONS Physiotherapy and dentistry beginners differ between each other's by prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and oral parafunction symptoms. The level of perceived stress is high in both groups. The level of experienced anxiety and depression is higher in dentistry group. In both study groups, there is significant growth and tendency for simultaneous rise of masseter muscle tone accordingly to stress, anxiety, and depression indicators.
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Depression and Resting Masticatory Muscle Activity. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041097. [PMID: 32290557 PMCID: PMC7230290 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of moderate depression determined based on Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMDs) Axis II on the bioelectrical resting activity of temporal muscles and masseter muscles. Methods: The research participants were 68 healthy adult women. Of these, 46 people h (mean age: 22 ± 1 year) who had no temporomandibular disorders were selected for the research. They were divided based on results from RDC/TMDs (Axis II: scale’s measurement) into the study group with a moderate level of depression (23 people), rest of participants without symptoms of depression were classified to control group (23 people). The resting activity of temporal muscles and masseter muscles was examined by using BioEMGIII electromyograph. Two statistical analyses were used: Shapiro–Wilk test and Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Despite higher mean tensions of temporal muscles and masseter muscles in the group with depression, results findings were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Moderate depression determined based on the RDC/TMDs II axis questionnaire is not related to the resting activity of selected masticatory muscles. Further research should be continued on a larger group of respondents in order to establish the relationship between psychological factors and bioelectrical parameters of the masticatory muscles.
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Maślak-Bereś M, Loster JE, Wieczorek A, Loster BW. Evaluation of the psychoemotional status of young adults with symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01443. [PMID: 31613063 PMCID: PMC6851799 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are among the most frequent pathologies of the stomatognathic system. One problem often associated with TMD is the psychoemotional status. The aim of study was to evaluate the psychoemotional status of young adults with pain symptoms associated with TMD. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed the data of 260 volunteers. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) form was used to diagnose TMD. The relationships between TMD/RDC clinical diagnoses and psychoemotional status, as described by the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), were analyzed. We divide the group into four on the basis of RDC/TMD Axis I diagnosis. Group 0 included 30 students lacking TMD symptoms. Group I consisted of 30 people with myofascial pain (group IA in RDC/TMD). Group II contained 23 people with disk displacement with reduction (group IIA in RDC/TMD). Group III contained ten people (Group III diagnosis, often associated with pain). RESULTS We did not find statistically significant differences between the study groups. In subjects with pain (Groups I and III), we found the mean value on the BDI and PSS-10 scales to be higher than among the pain-free subjects (Groups 0 and II). CONCLUSION In young adults with TMD accompanied by pain, psychoemotional status should also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Maślak-Bereś
- Prosthodontic Department, Dental Institute, Medical College, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta E Loster
- Prosthodontic Department, Dental Institute, Medical College, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Wieczorek
- Prosthodontic Department, Dental Institute, Medical College, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej W Loster
- Orthodontic Department, Dental Institute, Medical College, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
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