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Barnard M, Reid D, LaPorte K, Yang J, Johnson T. Pharmacy Student Education Related to Opioids: A Scoping Review of the Literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100688. [PMID: 38513804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This scoping review explores and assesses the extent of the literature on the current state of opioid-related training and education of student pharmacists and identifies areas for further research to improve the preparedness of future pharmacists in managing care for patients using opioid medications. This review also examines and maps the literature as it relates to the 4 substance misuse educational content areas (legal/ethical issues; screening, treatment, and stigma; pharmacology and toxicology; and psychosocial aspects) recommended by the 2020 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Special Committee on Substance Use and Pharmacy Education. FINDINGS A systematic literature search was conducted to identify articles reporting opioid-related educational and training initiatives for student pharmacists in the United States through May 2023. A total of 52 articles were included in the review. Nearly 40% of the included studies reported content that addressed all 4 recommended content areas, with only 8 addressing only 1 or 2 content areas. The majority of studies included students in the third year of their pharmacy program, with many reporting interprofessional educational initiatives. Assessments of opioid-related knowledge and attitudes, satisfaction with the activity, and interprofessional attitudes and competencies were reported. SUMMARY Most of the reported activities addressed at least 3 of the recommended educational content areas. However, relatively few reported sufficient details to support the replication of the activities and there is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of these educational initiatives with more vigorous research methodology to determine their potential effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Barnard
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
| | - Dorothy Reid
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Kennedy LaPorte
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Tess Johnson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Lim AS, Ling YL, Wilby KJ, Mak V. What's been trending with OSCEs in pharmacy education over the last 20 years? A bibliometric review and content analysis. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2024; 16:212-220. [PMID: 38171979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) remain an integral part of pharmacy education. This study aimed to characterize key researchers, areas, and themes in pharmacy education OSCEs using a bibliometric review with content analysis. METHODS A bibliometric review was conducted on literature from over 23 years from January 2000 to May 2023. Articles focusing on any type of OSCE research in pharmacy education in both undergraduate and postgraduate sectors were included. Articles were excluded if they were not original articles or not published in English. A summative content analysis was also conducted to identify key topics. RESULTS A total of 192 articles were included in the analysis. There were 242 institutions that contributed to the OSCE literature in pharmacy education, with the leading country being Canada. Most OSCE research came from developed countries and were descriptive studies based on single institution data. The top themes emerging from content analysis were student perceptions on OSCE station styles (n = 98), staff perception (n = 19), grade assessment of OSCEs (n = 145), interprofessional education (n = 11), standardized patients (n = 12), and rubric development and standard setting (n = 8). IMPLICATIONS There has been a growth in virtual OSCEs, interprofessional OSCEs, and artificial intelligence OSCEs. Communication rubrics and minimizing assessor variability are still trending research areas. There is scope to conduct more research on evaluating specific types of OSCEs, when best to hold an OSCE, and comparing OSCEs to other assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina S Lim
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia.
| | - Yeap Li Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kyle J Wilby
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, 5968 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Vivienne Mak
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia.
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Oliveira TZ, de Rezende CZ, Cardoso HW, Nascimento SF, Cunha JPA, Lemos CA, Varallo FR, Pereira LRL. A Scoping Review of Pharmacists' and Pharmacy Students' Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes in Medical Emergencies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100606. [PMID: 37839555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Competence can be defined as a set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. In a medical emergency scenario, competent pharmacists are increasingly required, mainly as a result of the expansion of professional functions in this context. Therefore, the objective of this study was to map the scientific evidence that shows the development of knowledge and/or skills, and/or attitudes in the training of pharmacists and pharmacy students to work in emergency care. FINDINGS The scoping review was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases in January 2021, as recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Our study retrieved 6276 files, and 31 articles met the inclusion criteria. It was observed that the studies were developed mainly in the United States of America and addressed the development and/or assessment of knowledge and skills, and training in cardiac emergencies. The most used teaching strategy was simulation, and the most used assessment strategy was feedback and/or debriefing. SUMMARY Publications involving the development of at least 1 domain of clinical competence have increased in the last decade. Thus, the mapping of studies has provided subsidies for identifying gaps in the teaching-learning process, as well as the identification of methodologies applied in the development and assessment of clinical competence for the referred population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Zago Oliveira
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Clara Zambon de Rezende
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Higor Weslley Cardoso
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sofia Fernandes Nascimento
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Alves Cunha
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Assad Lemos
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Rossi Varallo
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Régis Leira Pereira
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Jankowski K, Evon DM, Stover AN, Mashburn T, Davis SA, Carpenter D. Exploring the impact of brief training on student pharmacists' naloxone communication skills. PEC INNOVATION 2023; 3:100196. [PMID: 37593102 PMCID: PMC10428026 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2023.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective To explore: a) whether videos that model naloxone communication skills improve student pharmacists' naloxone knowledge, self-efficacy and communication skills and b) whether outcomes differ between video versus written materials. Methods Student pharmacists (N = 31) were randomized to either video or written materials training. Changes in naloxone dispensing barriers, self-efficacy, and naloxone knowledge were assessed via survey, while changes in naloxone communication were measured with a standardized patient assessment. Results For the entire sample, knowledge and self-efficacy significantly increased and barriers to dispensing decreased. Communication improved significantly in both groups. In unadjusted analyses, students with video resources reported higher self-efficacy post-training. However, analyses that controlled for demographic characteristics and baseline measures found that training type did not significantly predict any outcome. Conclusion Brief written or video-based naloxone training improved students' knowledge, self-efficacy, and communication. Given the small sample, results are inconclusive regarding impact of training material type on outcomes. Innovation Teaching student pharmacists how to communicate about naloxone is important given increasing opioid overdose death rates. This study was innovative because it examined the impact of two training material types that can be delivered asynchronously and that pharmacy programs could incorporate into their curricula to improve students' naloxone communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donna M. Evon
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amanda N. Stover
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Trish Mashburn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott A. Davis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Delesha Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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McDowell L, Hohmann L, Maxson R. Impact of a Didactic-Experiential Naloxone Learning Model to Improve Student Pharmacist Skills and Patient Care. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:100576. [PMID: 37459914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of an integrated didactic-experiential learning model on student pharmacists' knowledge, confidence, comfort, and intention regarding provision of naloxone for patients receiving opioid therapy. METHODS An integrated didactic-experiential learning model was developed to bridge learning in the classroom and laboratory with application in the experiential setting. Student knowledge, confidence, comfort, and intentions regarding provision of naloxone services were measured via online survey at predidactic, postdidactic, and postexperiential time points, and analyzed using Friedman's analysis of variance. RESULTS A total of 280 first-year student pharmacists completed the baseline survey. The learning model increased student knowledge, confidence, comfort, and intention regarding naloxone services implementation. Specifically, students reported an increase in mean (SD) knowledge score from 60.85% (17.40%) in the predidactic to 81.47% (13.57%) in the postdidactic period. Similarly, mean (SD) confidence (2.49 [0.75] to 3.56 [0.45]), comfort (2.06 [0.74] to 3.57 [0.45]), and intention (3.46 [0.70] to 3.66 [0.44]) increased from pre- to postdidactic period, and these changes were maintained from postdidactic to postexperiential period. CONCLUSION The didactic-experiential learning model increased student knowledge, confidence, comfort, and intentions regarding naloxone services implementation. We believe that the model fills gaps in student pharmacist education and is the first step in enhancing and sustaining community pharmacy-based naloxone services. Although this study was limited to a single college, it shows the effectiveness of linking didactic and experiential training in improving students' knowledge and skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena McDowell
- Auburn University, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Lindsey Hohmann
- Auburn University, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca Maxson
- Auburn University, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA
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Bharne P, Kelly E, Rajkumar S, Iglesias A, Ponnapalli S, Haslund-Gourley B, Gadegbeku A. Temporal Reinforcement of Naloxone Training Results in Significant Retention of Anti-bias and Overdose-Response Knowledge. Cureus 2023; 15:e45415. [PMID: 37854753 PMCID: PMC10581504 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The opioid epidemic is an increasingly severe problem affecting public health and leading to significant economic burdens on healthcare systems. Overdose reversal training and de-stigmatization efforts are common strategies used to combat this epidemic. Nevertheless, healthcare professionals report a lack of confidence in administering naloxone and high stigmatization levels toward people with opioid use disorder (OUD). While one-time educational training reduces stigma and improves naloxone administration confidence, we previously demonstrated that knowledge retention at a three-month follow-up is reduced among a cohort of medical students. This study aimed to improve the effectiveness of opioid overdose awareness and reversal training (OOART) with a three-month follow-up abbreviated OOART (aOOART) booster video. METHODS Voluntary OOART was offered to first-year medical students (M1) at the Drexel University College of Medicine in 2022. At this training, 82 students completed a pre-training survey to establish a baseline knowledge and attitude toward people with OUD and their familiarity with the steps to reverse an opioid overdose. Following the hour-long training, 64 of 82 (79%) participants completed the post-training survey to measure the immediate retention of training information. After 2.5 months, students were randomly selected to receive a 6.5-minute aOOART booster video or serve as an unboosted control. Students in the booster and non-booster cohorts then completed a three-month follow-up survey. RESULTS Students who received the aOOART booster had significantly increased opioid reversal knowledge scores compared to non-boosted control students at the three-month follow-up. The aOOART booster resulted in a retention of the lowered stigma, and participants expressed a higher willingness to respond to an opioid overdose compared to participants who did not receive the booster video at the three-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that an aOOART booster method improves knowledge retention following initial OOART. Further, the aOOART booster video served to maintain participants' reduced stigma toward people with OUD and maintained participants' willingness to respond to an opioid overdose. These results support the incorporation of an abbreviated, periodic OOART reinforcement video into opioid overdose response training nationwide. We believe this "booster video" approach is a novel and effective method to improve healthcare professionals' and medical student preparedness to render appropriate care to people with OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Kelly
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sujay Rajkumar
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
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Courtney J, Kreys E, Luu B, Kreys T, Vinall R, Quang V, Titus-Lay E. Effectiveness of an Advanced Naloxone Training, Simulation, and Assessment of Second-Year Pharmacy Students. PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10060153. [PMID: 36412829 PMCID: PMC9680519 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10060153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Opioid overdoses continue to be one of the most urgent public health priorities. In 2020, reported overdose deaths in the United States reached a high of over 93,000 cases. As the COVID-19 pandemic and opioid crisis continues to be addressed, life-saving agents must be more widely accessible to those with a high overdose risk. An essential step to increasing access is to train student pharmacists to dispense naloxone. Once licensed, the number of personnel authorized to dispense naloxone can increase. Objectives: To design a training program to educate second-year pharmacy (P2) students on furnishing naloxone under a state protocol. Methods: A multi-phased curriculum-based naloxone training program was delivered to P2 students and included lecture-based education, team-based learning (TBL) applications, case-based scenarios, and summative assessments to improve student knowledge and confidence in furnishing naloxone. Students were surveyed on their knowledge and confidence with naloxone prior to training, after the in-class training and TBL applications and after three assessments. Assessments included simulated patient counseling, case-based scenarios, and proper dispensing of naloxone in a community pharmacy simulation lab. Results: A total of 185 student pharmacists completed the naloxone training program and 68 completed all three surveys. Average scores for naloxone assessments were 83% for the APPS lab patient case, 90.5% for the prescription label typed for the naloxone product, and 88.5% for patient counseling. Statistically significant increases in knowledge-based quiz-like scores (42.1% after training vs. 7.2% after assessment) and in the proportion of students affirmatively answering survey questions after training and assessment was observed. Conclusion: Multi-phase curriculum-based naloxone training program improved pharmacy student knowledge and confidence in furnishing naloxone under a state BOP protocol.
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Sandhu RK, Heller MV, Buckanavage J, Haslund-Gourley B, Leckron J, Kupersmith B, Goss NC, Samson K, Gadegbeku AB. A longitudinal study of naloxone opioid overdose awareness and reversal training for first-year medical students: specific elements require reinforcement. Harm Reduct J 2022; 19:70. [PMID: 35780103 PMCID: PMC9250225 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-022-00656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The opioid epidemic is a progressively worsening public health crisis that continues to impact healthcare system strategies such as overdose reversal and destigmatization. Even among healthcare professionals, there remains a lack of confidence in naloxone administration and a prevalence of stigma. While training can play a major impact in reducing these shortcomings, the long-term effectiveness has yet to be characterized in training healthcare professionals. This study examined the long-term retention of opioid overdose awareness and reversal training (OOART) by evaluating performance at two-time intervals, immediately post-training and at a 3-month follow-up. Methods Voluntary training was offered to first-year (M1) medical students at the Drexel University College of Medicine in 2021. At this training, 118 students completed training, 95 completed the post-training survey, and 42 completed the 3-month follow-up. Results Opioid reversal knowledge questions assessed significantly increased scores post-training and at the 3-month follow-up. In three of the attitude questions, scores were improved at both follow-up timepoints. In addition, three attitude questions indicating a participant’s confidence to respond to an opioid overdose situation increased directly after the training, but regressed at the 3-month follow-up. The remaining questions did not show any statistical difference across the survey intervals. Conclusions This study establishes that while OOART provides participants with the knowledge of how to respond to an opioid overdose, the retention of this knowledge at a 3-month interval is reduced. The results were mixed for longitudinal assessment of participant’s attitudes toward people with opioid use disorder. Some positive increases in attitudes were retained at the 3-month interval, while others trended back toward pre-training levels. These results support the effectiveness of the training but also provide evidence that OOART must be reinforced often. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12954-022-00656-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena K Sandhu
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Joshua Leckron
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Kyle Samson
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Annette B Gadegbeku
- Department of Family, Community and Preventive Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Musco S, Kicklighter J, Arnett A. Expanding naloxone education in the doctor of pharmacy curriculum. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:310-317. [PMID: 35307090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacists are well-positioned to provide patients with access to the opioid-induced breathing emergency reversal agent naloxone, but many do not feel they have received adequate training to do so. The purpose of this project was to develop, implement, and evaluate an enhanced teaching approach to naloxone education in the doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum. METHODS The educational intervention incorporated active learning, technology, and interprofessional education components. Surveys were developed and administered pre-intervention and at one-week, six-month, and one-year post-intervention to evaluate changes in knowledge, perceptions, and confidence in clinical skills related to opioid-induced breathing emergencies and naloxone. RESULTS After participating, students' confidence (rated 0 to 5) in their ability to administer both intranasal (2.54 vs. 4.37, P < .001) and intramuscular (IM) (2.8 vs. 4.02, P < .001) naloxone increased, which was reflected in their improved performance on an opioid-induced breathing emergency simulation activity. Students ≤25 years old and females experienced significantly greater increases in their confidence to administer IM naloxone than those >25 years old and male. Most of these effects persisted at six months and one-year post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS The educational intervention increased pharmacy students' skills and confidence related to opioid-induced breathing emergency and naloxone. Improvements observed were in line with results of similar pedagogical studies. Age and gender differences in self-reported confidence levels also reflected previously reported findings. Materials and methods have been made available for other PharmD programs to utilize in expanding their curricula in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina Musco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, High Point University Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, One University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268, United States.
| | - Jackson Kicklighter
- High Point University Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, One University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268, United States.
| | - Addison Arnett
- High Point University Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, One University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268, United States.
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Effect of a simulated overdose response on student ability to counsel on naloxone use. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Skrabal MZ, Sharp CKK, Palombi L, Tiemeier AM, Walker PC, Devine T, Spencer SA, Coover KL, Tran TH. A Multi-Site Qualitative Study Examining Pharmacy Student Perspectives on the Opioid Crisis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2021; 85:8515. [PMID: 34544744 PMCID: PMC8499662 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To determine pharmacy students' perspectives regarding opioid use, the opioid crisis, and pharmacy education related to both topics.Methods. Students from each professional year at eight participating schools and colleges of pharmacy were invited to participate in focus groups and answer questions about their experiences with the opioid crisis. Faculty and/or staff moderated the focus groups and audio-recorded responses. Recordings were deidentified, transcribed, and analyzed.Results. One hundred fifty students participated in one of 29 focus groups conducted. Responses were categorized according to themes using consensual qualitative research (CQR) methodology. Sources impacting student views on the crisis included school, personal and work experience, and media. Perspective changes since starting school included increased knowledge and awareness and decreased bias/stigma.Conclusion. Conducting focus groups on the opioid crisis provided pharmacy schools with information on what student pharmacists are learning about the crisis, practices they see, and their recommendations to address the crisis. Pharmacy schools can better prepare students to combat the opioid crisis by providing them with training in opioid counseling, use of naloxone, and how to have difficult conversations with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryann Z Skrabal
- Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Laura Palombi
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Amy M Tiemeier
- St. Louis College of Pharmacy at University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paul C Walker
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Trish Devine
- Butler University College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sara A Spencer
- Binghamton University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton, New York
| | - Kelli L Coover
- Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tran H Tran
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, Illinois
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Wilson M, Bray BS, Remsberg CM, Kobayashi R, Richardson B. Interprofessional education on opioid use and pain identifies team-based learning needs. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:429-437. [PMID: 33715807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An interprofessional education (IPE) activity was designed for health professional students in pharmacy, medicine, nursing, social work, and addiction studies. The goals were to practice team-based collaboration for patients who are prescribed opioids for chronic pain and to evaluate student responses to the activity. INTERPROFESSIONAL EDUCATION ACTIVITY Student teams were guided through an unfolding patient case that included evaluating the patient's history, screening tool results, morphine equivalent dose, prescription monitoring program report, and videos of a patient-provider interaction. The two-hour, in-person IPE activity culminated in creation of a patient-centered treatment plan. Surveys were administered to compare pre- and post-course opioid knowledge and post-course IPE attitudes among the healthcare professions. DISCUSSION Pharmacy students' baseline opioid knowledge scores were similar to nursing students, significantly lower than medical students, and significantly higher than social work students. Pharmacy students reported significantly higher gains in opioid knowledge than medical students. Nursing and social work students showed significantly higher levels of agreement that the course enhanced attitudes toward interprofessional collaboration compared to medicine and pharmacy students. Students most frequently noted working with other professions as the most valuable aspect of the IPE activity. IMPLICATIONS Training gaps can be met using novel IPE activities specific to chronic pain and opioid use. Depending on profession, students demonstrated varied baseline knowledge regarding opioid use for chronic pain. Comparing knowledge gains and attitudes on IPE collaboration among professions can detect areas for program refinement to address each professions' unique needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Wilson
- Associate Professor Nursing, Washington State University College of Nursing, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, United States.
| | - Brenda S Bray
- Clinical Professor Medicine, Washington State University Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, United States.
| | - Connie M Remsberg
- Clinical Assistant Professor Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, United States.
| | - Rie Kobayashi
- Professor Social Work, Eastern Washington University School of Social Work, 102 Senior Hall, Cheney, WA 99004, United States.
| | - Barbara Richardson
- Interprofessional Education & Research, Medicine, Washington State University Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, United States.
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Franko TS, Shah V, Hong KL, Bommareddy A. Evaluation of long term retention and utilization of the situation, background, assessment, recommendation (SBAR) communication technique. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:122-126. [PMID: 33454067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective communication as part of an interprofessional team is a required standard of pharmacy education. The Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation (SBAR) communication technique is an evidence-based method shown to improve patient safety, and is embedded in some curricula of pharmacy and other health care professions. The aim of this study is to determine whether students can utilize the SBAR communication technique during an interprofessional skills assessment one year following initial instruction. METHODS Students are initially trained on the SBAR technique in an interprofessional setting using the Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS) method in the fall of the second professional year. One year later, students participated in a simulated interaction with a physician as part of the pulmonary module of the pharmacotherapeutics series. Faculty evaluators noted how many and which components of the SBAR technique students used during the interaction. The simulation was run for two academic years, results of which were compared. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the number of students who used all four components of SBAR. A significant difference also existed between the use of the "situation" and "background" components. CONCLUSION The TeamSTEPPS method appears to be an effective method to train students on the SBAR communication technique and results in long term retention. Pharmacy programs should consider the use of the TeamSTEPPS method early in their curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Franko
- Pharmacy Practice, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 West South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, United States.
| | - Vicky Shah
- Pharmacy Practice, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 West South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, United States.
| | - Ka Lok Hong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 West South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, United States.
| | - Ajay Bommareddy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 West South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, United States.
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Berardi L, Bucerius S, Haggerty KD, Krahn H. Narcan and Narcan't: Implementation factors influencing police officer use of Narcan. Soc Sci Med 2021; 270:113669. [PMID: 33445119 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
First responders-including police officers-play a prominent role in managing the risk of fentanyl overdoses. In many jurisdictions, they have Naloxone (also commercially available as Narcan) at their disposal to counter the effects of an opioid overdose. Little empirical research exists on how effectively police are incorporating this emergency rescue medication into routine practice. Between 2018 and 2019, we conducted semi-structured interviews with police officers from two Western Canadian police organizations. We also administered organization-wide web surveys to determine what factors facilitate or inhibit the incorporation of Narcan into police practice by looking at two domains: 1) the inner setting of the police organization and 2) personal knowledge of, and attitudes toward, an intervention. Whether officers administered Narcan depended on several personal and organizational factors, including: 1) having sufficient knowledge and concern about the fentanyl situation, 2) being knowledgeable about Narcan and trained in its use, 3) the medication being readily available to officers, and 4) being willing to administer it to citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Berardi
- Department of Sociology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M4, Canada.
| | - Sandra Bucerius
- Department of Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H4, Canada
| | - Kevin D Haggerty
- Department of Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H4, Canada
| | - Harvey Krahn
- Department of Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H4, Canada
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Franklin Edwards G, Mierisch C, Mutcheson B, Horn K, Henrickson Parker S. A review of performance assessment tools for rescuer response in opioid overdose simulations and training programs. Prev Med Rep 2020; 20:101232. [PMID: 33163333 PMCID: PMC7610043 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1990s, more than 600 overdose response training and education programs have been implemented to train participants to respond to an opioid overdose in the United States. Given this substantial investment in overdose response training, valid assessment of a potential rescuers' proficiency in responding to an opioid overdose is important. The aim of this article is to review the current state of the literature on outcome measures utilized in opioid overdose response training. Thirty-one articles published between 2014 and 2020 met inclusion criteria. The reviewed articles targeted laypersons, healthcare providers, and first responders. The assessment tools included five validated questionnaires, fifteen non-validated questionnaires, and nine non-validated simulation-based checklists (e.g., completion of critical tasks and time to completion). Validated multiple choice knowledge assessment tools were commonly used to assess the outcomes of training programs. It is unknown how scores on these assessment tools may correlate with actual rescuer performance responding to an overdose. Seven studies reported ceiling effects most likely attributed to participants' background medical knowledge or experience. The inclusion of simulation-based outcome measures of performance, including the commission of critical errors and the time to naloxone administration, provides better insight into rescuer skill proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Franklin Edwards
- Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Carilion Clinic Center for Simulation, Research and Patient Safety, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Cassandra Mierisch
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Carilion Clinic, Department of Orthopedics and Opioid Task Force, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Horn
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sarah Henrickson Parker
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Carilion Clinic Center for Simulation, Research and Patient Safety, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Abstract
Across all care environments, pharmacists play an essential role in the care of people who use and misuse psychoactive substances, including those diagnosed with substance use disorders. To optimize, sustain, and expand these independent and collaborative roles, the Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) has developed core competencies for pharmacists to address substance use in the 21st century. Key concepts, skills, and attitudes are outlined, with links to entrustable professional activities to assist with integration into a variety of ideally interdisciplinary curricular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Bratberg
- Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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17
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Thakur T, Frey M, Chewning B. Evaluating Pharmacy Student Consultations with Standardized Patients on Opioid Medication Use and Opioid-Specific Risks. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:7494. [PMID: 32001883 PMCID: PMC6983880 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To assess third-year pharmacy students' entry-level verbal and nonverbal communication skills when addressing sensitive topics during opioid consultations with standardized patients. Methods. Seventy-one students were video-taped while consulting with standardized patients who were receiving a one-month supply of oxycodone for lower back pain. Consults were coded quantitatively for the topics students discussed with the patient, terms used, eye contact, and filler words. Results. The majority of pharmacy students discussed common and severe opioid side effects, such as respiratory depression. However, only 30% explained that the medication being dispensed was an opioid or narcotic, and only 23% of students initiated a conversation regarding dependence, addiction, or overdose risk. Students used more filler words when discussing dependence, addiction, or overdose risk as compared to the rest of the consult. Afterwards, students expressed discomfort and the need for additional training and resources for communicating with patients about opioids. Conclusion. Many students lacked confidence with regards to educating patients about opioid-specific risks. This necessitates expanding education regarding discussing sensitive information about opioids at this school of pharmacy. Other schools of pharmacy would benefit from an evaluation of their curriculum to assess the necessity for additional education and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvee Thakur
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Meredith Frey
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Betty Chewning
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin
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Haegerich TM, Jones CM, Cote PO, Robinson A, Ross L. Evidence for state, community and systems-level prevention strategies to address the opioid crisis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107563. [PMID: 31585357 PMCID: PMC9286294 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Practitioners and policy makers need evidence to facilitate the selection of effective prevention interventions that can address the ongoing opioid overdose epidemic in the United States. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of publications reporting on rigorous evaluations of systems-level interventions to address provider and patient/public behavior and prevent prescription and illicit opioid overdose. A total of 251 studies were reviewed. Interventions studied included 1) state legislation and regulation, 2) prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), 3) insurance strategies, 4) clinical guideline implementation, 5) provider education, 6) health system interventions, 7) naloxone education and distribution, 8) safe storage and disposal, 9) public education, 10) community coalitions, and 11) interventions employing public safety and public health collaborations. RESULTS The quality of evidence supporting selected interventions was low to moderate. Interventions with the strongest evidence include PDMP and pain clinic legislation, insurance strategies, motivational interviewing in clinical settings, feedback to providers on opioid prescribing behavior, intensive school and family-based programs, and patient education in the clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS Although evidence is growing, further high-quality research is needed. Investigators should aim to identify strategies that can prevent overdose, as well as influence public, patient, and provider behavior. Identifying which strategies are most effective at addressing prescription compared to illicit opioid misuse and overdose could be fruitful, as well as investigating synergistic effects and unintended consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara M. Haegerich
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA,Corresponding author: (T.M. Haegerich)
| | - Christopher M. Jones
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Pierre-Olivier Cote
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Amber Robinson
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
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Gordon AJ, Oliva EM. Applying and advancing best practices in opioid use disorder and addiction treatment: Introduction to the special issue on implementation science and quality improvement scholarship. Subst Abus 2019; 39:125-128. [PMID: 31032746 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2018.1518082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To help realize the promise of evidence-based practices to stem the opioid crisis, there is a glaring need for descriptions of how practices are effectively disseminated and implemented. Unfortunately, addiction journals do not often publish addiction implementation science and non-research descriptions of quality improvement projects. This is unfortunate as these projects are more representative of how research is translated into practice in the real-world and offer guidance and practical information to help speed implementation of evidence-based practices. To support translation of research into practice, primary, secondary, and tertiary intervention implementation science and quality improvement projects should be disseminated. We are excited to again partner with the Providers' Clinical Support System for Opioid Therapies in presenting implementation and quality improvement demonstration projects in this special issue: "Implementation and Quality Improvement: Applying and Advancing Best Practices in Opioid Use Disorder and Addiction Treatment."
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Gordon
- a Program for Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge and Advocacy (PARCKA), Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA.,b Informatics, Decision-Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences Center (IDEAS 2.0) , VA Salt Lake City Health Care System , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
| | - Elizabeth M Oliva
- c VA Center for Innovation to Implementation , VA Palo Alto Health Care System , Menlo Park, California , USA
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20
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Skoy E, Werremeyer A. The opioid crisis-Educating the next generation of pharmacists. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2019; 11:431-432. [PMID: 31171244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Skoy
- North Dakota State University School of Pharmacy, PO Box 6050, Dept 2660, Fargo, ND 58018-6050, United States.
| | - Amy Werremeyer
- North Dakota State University School of Pharmacy, PO Box 6050, Dept 2660, Fargo, ND 58018-6050, United States.
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21
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Skoy E, Eukel H, Frenzel J, Werremeyer A. Preparing student pharmacists to identify opioid misuse, prevent overdose and prescribe naloxone. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2019; 11:522-527. [PMID: 31171255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE All 50 states have implemented policies to improve access to naloxone through community pharmacies. Many states require naloxone-based training for pharmacists before participating in these activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an opioid misuse and overdose training program on students' knowledge, self-efficacy, and value of pharmacists' role in preventing overdose. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING The training program was implemented with third-year professional pharmacy students. Students participated in a 50-min lecture followed by a two-hour hands-on laboratory activity. Students took a pre-survey immediately before the lecture and a post-survey immediately following the laboratory activity. FINDINGS Seventy students completed the pre- and post-surveys. Students showed a significant (p < 0.05) gain in self-efficacy and value after completing the training program, and a significant gain in knowledge from six of the eight related survey items. There was a significant correlation between students' self-efficacy and perceived value of the pharmacists' role in preventing opioid overdose. SUMMARY A training program implemented for third-year pharmacy students increases students' knowledge, self-efficacy, and perceived value. Specifically, the strong correlation seen between self-efficacy and perceived value after completing the training program is important to note as we prepare future pharmacists for their role in fighting the opioid epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Skoy
- North Dakota State University School of Pharmacy, PO Box 6050, Dept 2660, Fargo, ND 58018-6050, United States.
| | - Heidi Eukel
- North Dakota State University School of Pharmacy, PO Box 6050, Dept 2660, Fargo, ND 58018-6050, United States.
| | - Jeanne Frenzel
- North Dakota State University School of Pharmacy, PO Box 6050, Dept 2660, Fargo, ND 58018-6050, United States.
| | - Amy Werremeyer
- North Dakota State University School of Pharmacy, PO Box 6050, Dept 2660, Fargo, ND 58018-6050, United States.
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22
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Palombi L, Hawthorne AN, Lunos S, Melgaard K, Dahly A, Blue H. Community Pharmacist Utilization of Legislation That Allows Impact on the Opioid Crisis in the State of Minnesota: A Mixed-Methods Approach. J Pharm Pract 2019; 33:799-808. [PMID: 30983492 DOI: 10.1177/0897190019841747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As opioid overdose deaths climb, legislation supporting pharmacists in developing their role to address the crisis has expanded. Although Minnesota pharmacists are encouraged to utilize opiate antagonist, syringe access and authorized collector legislation, the use patterns of these tools are unknown. METHODS A mixed-methods approach was used to survey 8405 Minnesota-licensed pharmacists on their practices related to the opioid crisis. An analysis of community pharmacist utilization of opioid-related legislation was conducted. RESULTS The majority (88.64%) of respondents indicated that they had not dispensed naloxone in the past month using a protocol; 59.69% reported that they had not dispensed naloxone by any method in the past month. Over sixty percent (60.61%) of respondents agreed they are comfortable with dispensing syringes and would dispense noninsulin syringes in their pharmacy under the statewide Syringe Access Initiative; 25.86% reported that they are not comfortable dispensing syringes. The majority (78.64%) of respondents reported that they do not participate in collecting unwanted pharmaceuticals. CONCLUSION While pharmacists have the potential to play a key role in efforts focused on addressing the opioid crisis through harm reduction strategies, this role and the use of supporting legislation is currently underutilized in the state of Minnesota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palombi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14713University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Amanda N Hawthorne
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14713University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Scott Lunos
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, 14713University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelsey Melgaard
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14713University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Ashley Dahly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14713University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Heather Blue
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14713University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
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Bachyrycz A, Takeda MY, Wittstrom K, Bleske B. Opioid overdose response training in pharmacy education: An analysis of students' perception of naloxone use for opioid overdose prevention. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2019; 11:166-171. [PMID: 30733013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pharmacists in New Mexico have prescriptive authority to prescribe naloxone. However, no formal naloxone training has been provided for students at the University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Training was incorporated into a pharmaceutical care laboratory course. First-year (P1) (n = 63) and third-year (P3) (n = 78) pharmacy students were asked to answer a pre- and post-training survey. The survey was designed to assess students' self-rated knowledge, clinical-type skills related to naloxone and opioids, and attitude toward prescribing naloxone. In class students reviewed the epidemiology of opioid overdose and risk assessment methods for patients, and the students practiced using an intranasal spray and an auto injector. FINDINGS The pre-survey showed that P3 students had higher confidence levels in regards to naloxone therapy compared with P1 students. However, educational materials significantly increased confidence levels in drug knowledge, clinical-type skills, and patient counseling in both cohorts. The P3 cohort tended to be more likely to disagree with advertisements about the availability of naloxone therapy by pharmacists as compared to the P1 cohort. SUMMARY P1 and P3 students demonstrated improved knowledge, skills, and attitudes in regards to naloxone therapy and dispensing. Naloxone training is essential to increase pharmacy students' knowledge about opioid overdose and naloxone benefits. Although the training helped increase students' confidence level, additional practical training and longitudinal instruction in a pharmacy curriculum would be valuable so that students could transfer the knowledge into practice as a pharmacist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bachyrycz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, 2502 Marble Ave. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States.
| | - Mikiko Y Takeda
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, 2502 Marble Ave. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States.
| | - Kristina Wittstrom
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, 2502 Marble Ave. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States.
| | - Barry Bleske
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, 2502 Marble Ave. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States.
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Hill LG, Sanchez JP, Laguado SA, Lawson KA. Operation Naloxone: Overdose prevention service learning for student pharmacists. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2018; 10:1348-1353. [PMID: 30527364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A service learning program for student pharmacists was developed to train other university students to respond effectively to opioid overdoses with naloxone. Assessments were analyzed to determine the effect of program participation on student pharmacists' overdose-related knowledge retention and harm reduction attitudes. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Student pharmacists were invited to attend a 90-min train-the-trainer seminar to obtain foundational knowledge regarding opioid overdose risk, symptoms, and response. Attendees were eligible to participate in a series of 10 community outreach events to educate university students. These two-hour events included a 30-min team huddle, 60-min workshop, and 30-min team debrief. Student pharmacists were asked to complete a follow-up assessment to evaluate knowledge retention and harm reduction attitudes. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Responses from students who participated in community outreach events (intervention) were compared to those who only attended the train-the-trainer seminar (control). A total of 116 subjects attended a train-the-trainer seminar and 94 completed the follow-up assessment. Thirty-six subjects voluntarily participated in at least one community outreach event while 58 did not participate. The intervention group demonstrated superior knowledge retention compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Cumulative harm reduction attitudes did not differ between groups (p = 0.89). The intervention group exhibited more positive attitudes regarding naloxone access for individuals who use illicit opioids (p = 0.015). SUMMARY The Operation Naloxone service learning program enabled student pharmacists to engage with their community while reinforcing overdose-related knowledge. Student pharmacists exhibited progressive attitudes regarding harm reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Hill
- The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Avenue, A1910, PHR 2.222G, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - John Patrick Sanchez
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - S Andrea Laguado
- University of Arizona / Banner University Medical Center South, 2800 E Ajo Way, Tucson, AZ 85713, United States.
| | - Kenneth A Lawson
- The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Avenue, A1930, PHR 3.209C, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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