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Jia L, Li T, Wang R, Ma M, Yang Z. Enhancing docosahexaenoic acid production from Schizochytrium sp. by using waste Pichia pastoris as nitrogen source based on two-stage feeding control. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 403:130891. [PMID: 38788808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
To reduce the cost of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production from Schizochytrium sp., the waste Pichia pastoris was successfully used as an alternative nitrogen source to achieve high-density cultivation during the cell growth phase. However, due to the high oxygen consumption feature when implementing high-density cultivation, the control of both the nitrogen source and dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) at each sufficient level was impossible; thus, two realistic control strategies, including "DO sufficiency-nitrogen limitation" and "DO limitation-nitrogen sufficiency", were proposed. When using the strategy of "DO sufficiency-nitrogen limitation", the lowest maintenance coefficient of glucose (12.3 mg/g/h vs. 17.0 mg/g/h) and the highest activities of related enzymes in DHA biosynthetic routes were simultaneously obtained; thus, a maximum DHA concentration of 12.8 ± 1.2 g/L was achieved, which was 1.58-fold greater than that of the control group. Overall, two-stage feeding control for alternative nitrogen sources is an efficient strategy to industrial DHA fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqiang Jia
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, China.
| | - Tianyi Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengyao Ma
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenquan Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, China.
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2
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Zhang ZX, Xu YS, Li ZJ, Xu LW, Ma W, Li YF, Guo DS, Sun XM, Huang H. Turning waste into treasure: A new direction for low-cost production of lipid chemicals from Thraustochytrids. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108354. [PMID: 38588906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are marine microorganisms known for their fast growth and ability to store lipids, making them useful for producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), biodiesel, squalene, and carotenoids. However, the high cost of production, mainly due to expensive fermentation components, limits their wider use. A significant challenge in this context is the need to balance production costs with the value of the end products. This review focuses on integrating the efficient utilization of waste with Thraustochytrids fermentation, including the economic substitution of carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and fermentation water. This approach aligns with the 3Rs principles (reduction, recycling, and reuse). Furthermore, it emphasizes the role of Thraustochytrids in converting waste into lipid chemicals and promoting sustainable circular production models. The aim of this review is to emphasize the value of Thraustochytrids in converting waste into treasure, providing precise cost reduction strategies for future commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xu Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jia Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Wei Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Feng Li
- Zhihe Biotechnology (Changzhou) Co. Ltd, 1 Hanshan Road, Xuejia Town, Xinbei District, Changzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Zhihe Biotechnology (Changzhou) Co. Ltd, 1 Hanshan Road, Xuejia Town, Xinbei District, Changzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Song Y, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Engineering Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Microalgae: Recent Progress and Perspectives. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:216. [PMID: 38786607 PMCID: PMC11122798 DOI: 10.3390/md22050216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgal lipids hold significant potential for the production of biodiesel and dietary supplements. To enhance their cost-effectiveness and commercial competitiveness, it is imperative to improve microalgal lipid productivity. Metabolic engineering that targets the key enzymes of the fatty acid synthesis pathway, along with transcription factor engineering, are effective strategies for improving lipid productivity in microalgae. This review provides a summary of the advancements made in the past 5 years in engineering the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway in eukaryotic microalgae. Furthermore, this review offers insights into transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and transcription factor engineering aimed at enhancing lipid production in eukaryotic microalgae. Finally, the review discusses the challenges and future perspectives associated with utilizing microalgae for the efficient production of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Song
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (Y.S.); (L.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fangzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (Y.S.); (L.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (Y.S.); (L.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (Y.S.); (L.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Rörig LR, Gressler PD, Tramontin DP, de Souza Schneider RDC, Derner RB, de Oliveira Bastos E, de Souza MP, Oliveira CYB. Biomass productivity and characterization of Tetradesmus obliquus grown in a hybrid photobioreactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024; 47:367-380. [PMID: 38407617 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-02969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of CO2 addition on the growth performance and biochemical composition of the green microalga Tetradesmus obliquus cultured in a hybrid algal production system (HAPS) were investigated. The HAPS combines the characteristics of tubular photobioreactors (towards a better carbon dioxide dissolution coefficient) with thin-layer cascade system (with a higher surface-to-volume ratio). Experimental batches were conducted with and without CO2 addition, and evaluated in terms of productivity and biomass characteristics (elemental composition, protein and lipid contents, pigments and fatty acids profiles). CO2 enrichment positively influenced productivity, and proteins, lipids, pigments and unsaturated fatty acids contents in biomass. The HAPS herein presented contributes to the optimization of microalgae cultures in open systems, since it allows, with a simple adaptation-a transit of the cultivation through a tubular portion where injection and dissolution of CO2 is efficient-to obtain in TLC systems, greater productivity and better-quality biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Rubi Rörig
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Pablo Diego Gressler
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Deise Parolo Tramontin
- Laboratório de Sistemas Porosos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Rosana de Cassia de Souza Schneider
- Centro de Excelência em Produtos e Processos Oleoquímicos e Biotecnológicos, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul-UNISC, Avenida Independência, 2293, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto Bianchini Derner
- Laboratório de Cultivo de Algas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Rua dos Coroas, 503, Barra da Lagoa, Florianópolis, SC, 88061-600, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Oliveira Bastos
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Maiara Priscilla de Souza
- Centro de Excelência em Produtos e Processos Oleoquímicos e Biotecnológicos, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul-UNISC, Avenida Independência, 2293, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Yure B Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
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Yang LH, Liu MZ, Chen ZL, Tong LL, Guo DS. Lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis of the increase in eicosapentaenoic acid under cobalamin deficiency of Schizochytrium sp. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300612. [PMID: 38472102 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. is a heterotrophic microorganism capable of accumulating polyunsaturated fatty acids and has achieved industrial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It also has the potential for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production. In this study, it was found that the cell growth, lipid synthesis and fatty acid composition of Schizochytrium sp. were significantly affected by the level of cobalamin in the medium, especially with regard to the content of EPA in the fatty acids. The content of EPA in the fatty acids increased 17.91 times, reaching 12.00%, but cell growth and lipid synthesis were significantly inhibited under cobalamin deficiency. The response mechanism for this phenomenon was revealed through combined lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis. Although cell growth was inhibited under cobalamin deficiency, the genes encoding key enzymes in central carbon metabolism were still up-regulated to provide precursors (Acetyl-CoA) and reducing power (NADPH) for the synthesis and accumulation of fatty acids. Moreover, the main lipid subclasses observed during cobalamin deficiency were glycerolipids (including glycerophospholipids), with EPA primarily distributed in them. The genes involved in the biosynthesis of these lipid subclasses were significantly up-regulated, such as the key enzymes in the Kennedy pathway for the synthesis of triglycerides. Thus, this study provided insights into the specific response of Schizochytrium sp. to cobalamin deficiency and identified a subset of new genes that can be engineered for modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hui Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Zhen Liu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Lei Chen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Tong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Chauhan AS, Patel AK, Singhania RR, Vadrale AP, Chen CW, Giri BS, Chang JS, Dong CD. Fine-tuning of key parameters to enhance biomass and nutritional polyunsaturated fatty acids production from Thraustochytrium sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130252. [PMID: 38145766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The escalating demand for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) due to their vital health effects has deepened the exploration of sustainable sources. Thraustochytrium sp. stands out as a promising platform for omega-3 and 6 PUFA production. This research strategically optimizes key parameters: temperature, salinity, pH, and G:Y:P ratio and the optimized conditions for maximum biomass, total lipid, and DHA enhancement were 28 °C, 50 %, 6, and 10:1:2 respectively. Process optimization enhanced 32.30 and 31.92 % biomass (9.88 g/L) and lipid (6.57 g/L) yield. Notably, DHA concentration experienced a substantial rise of 69.91 % (1.63 g/L), accompanied by notable increases in EPA and DPA by 82.69 % and 31.47 %, respectively. MANOVA analysis underscored the statistical significance of the optimization process (p < 0.01), with all environmental factors significantly influencing biomass and lipid data (p < 0.05), particularly impacting DHA production. Thraustochytrium sp. can be a potential source of commercial DHA production with the fine-tuning of these key process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Singh Chauhan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akash Pralhad Vadrale
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Balendu Sheker Giri
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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He SJ, Yang LH, Du YH, Tong LL, Wang Y, Guo DS. Development of a novel microplate for high-throughput screening and optimization of DHA producing strains based on CFD technology. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300169. [PMID: 37466173 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Microtiter plates are suitable for screening and process development of most microorganisms. They are currently the container of choice for high-throughput and small-scale microbial culture, but require optimization for specific work. In this research, a novel type of microtiter plate was developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. The new plate provided high oxygen supply and optimal mixing effects for the fermentation culture of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) producing strains, surpassing the conventional method of strain screening with shake flasks, which was insufficient. The shape of the microtiter plate was modified, and baffles were introduced to improve mass transfer and oxygen supply effects in the vibrating bioreactor. CFD technology was used to model the new plate's characteristics, establishing the superiority of hexagonal microtiter plates with six baffles. Parameters in the incubation process, such as vibration frequency and liquid load, were optimized, and the final result achieved an oxygen transfer coefficient (KL a) of 0.61 s-1 and a volume power input of 2364 w m-3 , which was four to five times better than the original 96-well plate. The culture results optimized by the model were also verified. Therefore, this new microtiter plate provides a powerful tool for future high-throughput screening of strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie He
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Hui Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Hang Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Tong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Guo P, Dong L, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Deciphering and engineering the polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase pathway from eukaryotic microorganisms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1052785. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1052785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important nutrients that play important roles in human health. In eukaryotes, PUFAs can be de novo synthesized through two independent biosynthetic pathways: the desaturase/elongase pathway and the PUFA synthase pathway. Among them, PUFAs synthesized through the PUFA synthase pathway typically have few byproducts and require fewer reduction equivalents. In the past 2 decades, numerous studies have been carried out to identify, analyze and engineer PUFA synthases from eukaryotes. These studies showed both similarities and differences between the eukaryotic PUFA synthase pathways and those well studied in prokaryotes. For example, eukaryotic PUFA synthases contain the same domain types as those in prokaryotic PUFA synthases, but the number and arrangement of several domains are different; the basic functions of same-type domains are similar, but the properties and catalytic activities of these domains are somewhat different. To further utilize the PUFA synthase pathway in microbial cell factories and improve the productivity of PUFAs, many challenges still need to be addressed, such as incompletely elucidated PUFA synthesis mechanisms and the difficult genetic manipulation of eukaryotic hosts. In this review, we provide an updated introduction to the eukaryotic PUFA synthase pathway, summarize the functions of domains and propose the possible mechanisms of the PUFA synthesis process, and then provide future research directions to further elucidate and engineer the eukaryotic PUFA synthase pathway for the maximal benefits of humans.
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Dietary Schizochytrium Microalgae Affect the Fatty Acid Profile of Goat Milk: Quantification of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Its Distribution at Sn-2 Position. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142087. [PMID: 35885330 PMCID: PMC9322115 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to detect the influence of dietary Schizochytrium microalgae on milk composition, milk fatty acids, and milk sn-2 fatty acids in goat’s milk. Firstly, we could see that the fat content increased in low microalgae supplementation goat’s milk (LM, 15 g/day) and the lactose content decreased in medium microalgae supplementation goat’s milk (MM, 25 g/day) compared with control goat’s milk (C, 0 g/day). Moreover, the absolute concentration of the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of LM, MM, and high microalgae supplementation (HM, 35 g/day) goat’s milk was 29.485, 32.351, and 24.817 mg/100 g raw milk, respectively, which were all higher than that in the control goat’s milk with 4.668 mg/100 g raw milk. In addition, the sn-2 DHA content increased in MM and HM goat’s milk. However, the decreasing trend of the sn-2 DHA content was observed in LM goat’s milk. As for other fatty acids, the oleic acid (C18:1n9c) and linolenic acid (C18:3n3) content decreased and increased, respectively, in all experimental goat milk. Finally, an interesting phenomenon was found, which was that docosanoic acid (C22:0) and tetracosenic acid (C24:1) were only detected in test goat’s milk. Consequently, the phenomena of this study demonstrated that dietary Schizochytrium microalgae have an obvious effect on the fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid profile of goat’s milk, and they provide an effective method to improve the content of goat’s milk DHA in practical production.
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Rodríguez-España M, Mendoza-Sánchez LG, Magallón-Servín P, Salgado-Cervantes MA, Acosta-Osorio AA, García HS. Supercritical fluid extraction of lipids rich in DHA from Schizochytrium sp. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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