1
|
Chen D, Du Y, Ye S, Yu J. Astragaloside IV protects against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via the histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9)/NF-κB axis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:534-544. [PMID: 36322813 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a main cause of multiple cardiovascular diseases, and cell damage of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was reported to participate in the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we aimed to study the action of Astragaloside IV (ASV) on AS development using in vitro AS cell model. METHODS MTT assay, EdU staining assay, and flow cytometry were utilized for detection of cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. The protein expression of histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9), Bax, Bcl-2, p-P65, P65, p-IκBα, and IκBα was gaged using western blot. The angiogenesis was evaluated by tube formation assay. The inflammatory response was evaluated by ELISA kits. SOD activity and MDA level were detected using the matched commercial kits. RT-qPCR was used for HDAC9 mRNA expression measurement. RESULTS Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) significantly repressed cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and enhanced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in HUVECs. ASV addition could alleviate ox-LDL-caused cell damage in HUVECs. Moreover, HDAC9 was overexpressed in AS patients and AS cell model. Functionally, HDAC9 knockdown also exhibited the protective role in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs. In addition, ASV treatment protected against ox-LDL-induced damage in HUVECs via targeting HDAC9. ASV could inactivate the NF-κB pathway via regulating HDAC9 in AS cell model. CONCLUSION ASV exerted the protective effects on ox-LDL-induced damage in HUVECs through the HDAC9/NF-κB axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Decai Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Nanyang, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Nanyang Key Laboratory of Thyroid Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Nanyang, China
| | - Shouwan Ye
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Nanyang Key Laboratory of Thyroid Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Nanyang, China
| | - Jinsong Yu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Nanyang Key Laboratory of Thyroid Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Nanyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
NIR stimulus-responsive AstragalosideIV-Indocyanin green liposomes for chemo-photothermal therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
3
|
Shao X, Liu Z, Liu S, Lin N, Deng Y. Astragaloside IV alleviates atherosclerosis through targeting circ_0000231/miR-135a-5p/CLIC4 axis in AS cell model in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1783-1795. [PMID: 33439448 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have shown to act as crucial mediators in atherosclerosis (AS) development. The purpose of our study was to explore the role of Astragaloside IV (ASV) and circular RNA_0000231 (circ_0000231) in AS using AS cell model. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry were used to analyze cell viability and apoptosis. Migration ability was assessed by transwell migration assay and wound healing assay. The inflammatory response was evaluated via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oxidative status was assessed via matching commercial kits. Western blot assay was conducted to detect the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), and chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4). The levels of circ_0000231, its linear form Rho GTPase activating protein 12 (ARHGAP12), microRNA-135a-5p (miR-135a-5p), and CLIC4 messenger RNA (mRNA) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Circ_0000231-miRNA interactions were established using Starbase and Circbank softwares, while the targets of miR-135a-5p were explored by Starbase software. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA-pull down assay were used to verify these target interactions. ASV suppressed the apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress while recovered the viability and migration ability of HUVECs which were mediated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Circ_0000231 overexpression antagonized the protective role of ASV in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. MiR-135a-5p was verified as a direct target of circ_0000231, and circ_0000231 contributed to ox-LDL-induced cell injury of HUVECs through down-regulating miR-135a-5p. MiR-135a-5p directly interacted with the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of CLIC4 mRNA in HUVECs, and miR-135a-5p protected HUVECs against ox-LDL-induced injury through down-regulating CLIC4. ASV protected HUVECs against ox-LDL-induced injury through targeting circ_0000231/miR-135a-5p/CLIC4 axis. Targeting circ_0000231/miR-135a-5p/CLIC4 axis might provide a novel insight to develop effective strategy for AS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shao
- Changchun University of traditional Chinese medicine, Changchun city, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhaozheng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of traditional Chinese medicine, Changchun city, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Fushun, Fushun city, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Na Lin
- Department of Cardiology and rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of traditional Chinese medicine, Changchun city, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of traditional Chinese medicine, Changchun city, Jilin Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He T, Qu R, Qin C, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Shao X, Lu T. Potential mechanisms of Chinese Herbal Medicine that implicated in the treatment of COVID-19 related renal injury. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1138-1148. [PMID: 32837217 PMCID: PMC7416081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that renal injury in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has been a real concern, which is associated with high mortality and an inflammation/apoptosis-related causality. Effective target therapy for renal injury has yet been developed. Besides, potential anti-COVID-19 medicines have also been reported to cause adverse side effects to kidney. Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM), however, has rich experience in treating renal injury and has successfully applied in China in the battle of COVID-19. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of CHM treatment are still unclear. In this study, we searched prescriptions in the treatment of renal injury extensively and the potential mechanisms to treat COVID-19 related renal injury were investigated. The association rules analysis showed that the core herbs includes Huang Qi, Fu Ling, Bai Zhu, Di Huang, Shan Yao. TCM herbs regulate core pathways, such as AGE-RAGE, PI3K-AKT, TNF and apoptosis pathway, etc. The ingredients (quercetin, formononetin, kaempferol, etc.,) from core herbs could modulate targets (PTGS2 (COX2), PTGS1 (COX1), IL6, CASP3, NOS2, and TNF, etc.), and thereby prevent the pharmacological and non-pharmacological renal injury comparable to that from COVID-19 infection. This study provides therapeutic potentials of CHM to combat COVID-19 related renal injury to reduce complications and mortality.
Collapse
Key Words
- AGE, Advanced Glycation End products
- AKT, Protein Kinase B
- Association rules
- CHM, Chinese Herbal medicine
- CNKI, China National Knowledge Infrastructure
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Corona Virus Disease 2019
- CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy
- Chinese Herbal Medicine
- IL6, interleukin 6
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- NCBI, National Coalition Building Institute
- NHC, National Health Commission
- NOS2, Nitric Oxide synthase
- Network pharmacology
- PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PPI, protein–protein interaction
- PTGS1, Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1
- PTGS2, Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
- RAGE, Receptor of Advanced Glycation End products
- Renal/kidney injury
- SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- TCMSP, Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology
- TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian He
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rendong Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Caimeng Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zheyi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangming Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang H, Yuan R, Cao Q, Wang M, Ren D, Huang X, Wu M, Zhang L, Zhao X, Huo X, Pan Y, Liu Q. Astragaloside III activates TACE/ADAM17‐dependent anti‐inflammatory and growth factor signaling in endothelial cells in a p38‐dependent fashion. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1096-1107. [PMID: 32197276 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Wang
- Shaanxi and Xianyang Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Integrated MedicineShaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| | - Ruihua Yuan
- Shaanxi and Xianyang Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Integrated MedicineShaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| | - Qingwen Cao
- Division of Medical ManagementShaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xi'an China
| | - Mian Wang
- Shaanxi and Xianyang Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Integrated MedicineShaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| | - Dezhi Ren
- Department of CardiologyShaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xi'an China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Laboratory CenterShaanxi Provincial People's Hospital Xi'an China
| | - Min Wu
- Laboratory CenterShaanxi Provincial People's Hospital Xi'an China
| | - Linping Zhang
- Laboratory CenterShaanxi Provincial People's Hospital Xi'an China
| | - Xiangrong Zhao
- Laboratory CenterShaanxi Provincial People's Hospital Xi'an China
| | - Xueping Huo
- Laboratory CenterShaanxi Provincial People's Hospital Xi'an China
| | - Yalei Pan
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research CenterShaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| | - Qinshe Liu
- Shaanxi and Xianyang Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Integrated MedicineShaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qian W, Qian Q, Cai X, Han R, Yang W, Zhang X, Zhao H, Zhu R. Astragaloside IV inhibits oxidized low‑density lipoprotein‑induced endothelial damage via upregulation of miR‑140‑3p. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:847-856. [PMID: 31257467 PMCID: PMC6657972 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (ox‑LDL)‑mediated endothelial cell injury has an important role in the vascular complications of type 2 diabetes. Astragaloside IV (ASV) is an active component of Radix Astragali, which has been demonstrated to exert protective effects against endothelial damage. The present study explored whether microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in mediating the protective effects of ASV on ox‑LDL‑induced damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RNA sequencing and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR analyses revealed that ox‑LDL treatment significantly downregulated miR‑140‑3p expression in HUVECs. miR‑140‑3p overexpression promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in ox‑LDL‑induced HUVECs. However, inhibition of miR‑140‑3p expression could reverse the effects of ASV on ox‑LDL‑induced HUVECs and reactivate ASV‑inhibited PI3K/Akt signaling in ox‑LDL‑induced HUVECs. In addition, Krüppel‑like factor 4 (KLF4) was identified as a target of miR‑140‑3p in ox‑LDL‑treated HUVECs. Subsequent experiments revealed that KLF4 overexpression partially counteracted the protective effects of miR‑140‑3p or ASV treatment in ox‑LDL‑induced HUVECs. Taken together, the current findings demonstrated that the protective effects of ASV on HUVECs were dependent on miR‑140‑3p upregulation and subsequent inhibition of KLF4 expression, which in turn suppressed the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The present results shed light to the molecular mechanism by which ASV alleviated ox‑LDL‑induced endothelial cell damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Qian
- Department of Lung Disease,Correspondence to: Dr Weibin Qian, Department of Lung Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 42 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Qiuhai Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250011
| | - Xinrui Cai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Dr Xinrui Cai, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 17 Yuxing Road, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Ru Han
- Personnel Section, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250011
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355
| | - Hongmin Zhao
- Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei, Cangzhou, Hebei 061899, P.R. China
| | - Ranran Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250011
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng Y, Dai Y, Liu W, Wang N, Cai Y, Wang S, Zhang F, Liu P, Chen Q, Wang Z. Astragaloside IV enhances taxol chemosensitivity of breast cancer via caveolin-1-targeting oxidant damage. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:4277-4290. [PMID: 30146689 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is a stress-related oncotarget and closely correlated to chemoresistance. Targeting CAV-1 might be a promising strategy to improve chemosensitivity for breast cancer treatment. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a bioactive compound purified from Astragalus membranaceus, has been shown to exhibit multiple bioactivities, including anticancer. However, the involved molecular targets are still ambiguous. In this study, we investigated the critical role of CAV-1 in mediating the chemosensitizing effects of AS-IV to Taxol on breast cancer. We found that AS-IV could enhance the chemosensitivity of Taxol with minimal direct cytotoxicity on breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, as well as the nontumor mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10A. AS-IV was further demonstrated to aggravate Taxol-induced apoptosis and G2/M checkpoint arrest. The phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), except p38, was also abrogated by a synergistic interaction between AS-IV and Taxol. Moreover, AS-IV inhibited CAV-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner and reversed CAV-1 upregulation induced by Taxol administration. Mechanism study further demonstrated that AS-IV treatment triggered the eNOS/NO/ONOO- pathway via inhibiting CAV-1, which led to intense oxidant damage. CAV-1 overexpression abolished the chemosensitizing effects of AS-IV to Taxol by inhibiting oxidative stress. In vivo experiments further validated that AS-IV increased Taxol chemosensitivity on breast cancer via inhibiting CAV-1 expression, followed by activation of the eNOS/NO/ONOO- pathway. Taken together, our findings not only suggested the potential of AS-IV as a promising candidate to enhance chemosensitivity, but also highlighted the significance of CAV-1 as the target to reverse cancer drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zheng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Translational Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine & Cancer Stress Signaling, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Neng Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Translational Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine & Cancer Stress Signaling, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Post-Doctoral Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youli Cai
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Post-Doctoral Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Translational Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine & Cancer Stress Signaling, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengxue Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Translational Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine & Cancer Stress Signaling, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Post-Doctoral Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengxi Liu
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Translational Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine & Cancer Stress Signaling, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianjun Chen
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Translational Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine & Cancer Stress Signaling, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Post-Doctoral Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|