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Alharthi R, Mutahar M, Bartlett D, Jafari J, Moazzez R. Salivary Proteins in Human Acquired Enamel Pellicle (AEP) on Eroded and Uneroded Teeth in Patients with Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD). Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:235. [PMID: 39195079 DOI: 10.3390/dj12080235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this in vivo study was to compare total protein present in the salivary films (F) and acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) on eroded and non-eroded surfaces in patients suffering from GORD symptoms with and without GORD diagnosis (GORD, No-GORD). Thirty-nine patients suffering from GORD symptoms and erosive tooth wear on lower first molars and an unaffected posterior occlusal surface in the same quadrant were recruited from Guy's hospital, London. Salivary film and AEP were collected from the eroded and uneroded occlusal surfaces, using 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-soaked filter papers. Total protein concentration was analysed using bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA). Statistical analysis was conducted using Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA, and Tukey's tests (p < 0.05), comparing four GDS sample types and GORD vs. No-GORD groups. The level of significance was set as p < 0.05. Data were compared between eroded and uneroded surfaces in the same patient with GORD symptoms, as well as between those with or without a GORD diagnosis (GORD, No-GORD). The AEP total protein concentration from the eroded [2.17 (0.49) mg/mL] and uneroded surfaces [2.24 (0.66) mg/mL] of the GORD group were statistically significantly lower than those on eroded [3.27 (1.01) mg/mL] and uneroded [3.33 (1.57) mg/mL] surfaces in the No-GORD group (p = 0.007) (p = 0.008), respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed for film and AEP between eroded and uneroded surfaces (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Alharthi
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahdi Mutahar
- School of Dentistry, Health and Care Professions, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2QG, UK
| | - David Bartlett
- Centre for Oral Clinical and Translational Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jafar Jafari
- Upper GI Physiology Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Rebecca Moazzez
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
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Fischer NG, Aparicio C. The salivary pellicle on dental biomaterials. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 200:111570. [PMID: 33460965 PMCID: PMC8005451 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The salivary pellicle, an adlayer formed by adsorption of salivary components on teeth and dental biomaterials, has direct consequences on basic outcomes of dentistry. Here, we provide an overview of salivary pellicle formation processes with a critical focus on dental biomaterials. We describe and critique the array of salivary pellicle measurement techniques. We also discuss factors that may affect salivary pellicle formation and the heterogeneity of the published literature describing salivary pellicle formation on dental biomaterials. Finally, we survey the many effects salivary pellicles have on dental biomaterials and highlight its implications on design criteria for dental biomaterials. Future investigations may lead to rationally designed dental biomaterials to control the salivary pellicle and enhance material function and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Fischer
- MDRCBB, Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Conrado Aparicio
- MDRCBB, Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.
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Mutahar M, Bartlett D, Carpenter G, Moazzez R. Proteins from whole mouth saliva mediate greater protection against severe erosive tooth wear than proteins from parotid saliva using an in vitro model. J Dent 2020; 95:103319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Houghton JW, Yong JT, Carpenter G, Bartlett D, Moazzez R, O'Toole S. Differences in the Natural Enamel Surface and Acquired Enamel Pellicle following Exposure to Citric or Hydrochloric Acid. Caries Res 2020; 54:226-233. [PMID: 31962317 DOI: 10.1159/000504746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate variations in the interaction between enamel, that is, the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) and citric or hydrochloric acid. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 24-h AEP was formed on natural enamel specimens (n = 40) from pooled whole mouth human saliva. Samples were randomly allocated to citric (0.3%, pH 3.2) or hydrochloric (HCl) acid (0.01 M, pH 2.38) exposure for 30 or 300 s. The total protein concentration (TPC), and phosphorous and calcium concentrations of the pellicle were determined before and after acid exposure, and again after re-immersion in saliva. Surface roughness and tandem scanning confocal microscopy imaging were used to assess enamel changes. RESULTS After 300 s of citric acid exposure, the mean ± SD TPC reduced from 5.1 ± 1.1 to 3.5 ± 1.1 mg/mL (p < 0.05). In contrast, after 300 s of HCl exposure, the mean TPC did not reduce significantly from baseline (6.6 ± 1.1 to 5.7 ± 0.7 mg/mL) but was significantly reduced in the reformed pellicle to 4.9 ± 1.2 mg/mL (p < 0.001). This reduction occurred after significant release of calcium and phosphorous from the enamel surface (p < 0.001). Thirty seconds of exposure to either acid had no obvious effect on the AEP. The surface roughness of the enamel decreased after acid exposure but no differences between groups was observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that citric acid interacted with proteins in the AEP upon contact, offering enamel protection. In contrast, HCl appeared to bypass the pellicle, and reduced protein was observed only after changes in the enamel chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack William Houghton
- Centre for Host Microbe-Interactions, King's College London Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, London, United Kingdom,
| | - Jing Teng Yong
- Centre for Clinical, Oral and Translational Sciences, King's College London Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Carpenter
- Centre for Host Microbe-Interactions, King's College London Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Bartlett
- Centre for Clinical, Oral and Translational Sciences, King's College London Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Moazzez
- Centre for Clinical, Oral and Translational Sciences, King's College London Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse O'Toole
- Centre for Clinical, Oral and Translational Sciences, King's College London Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
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Mutahar M, O’Toole S, Carpenter G, Bartlett D, Andiappan M, Moazzez R. Reduced statherin in acquired enamel pellicle on eroded teeth compared to healthy teeth in the same subjects: An in-vivo study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183660. [PMID: 28837608 PMCID: PMC5570300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this in-vivo study was to compare total protein and four key salivary proteins present in the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) on eroded and non-eroded surfaces in participants with erosive tooth wear. Participants with erosive tooth wear of dietary non-intrinsic origin, present on the occlusal surfaces of the lower first molars and an unaffected posterior occlusal surface in the same quadrant were recruited from restorative dental clinics at King's College London Dental Institute (n = 29, REC ref 14/EM/1171). Following removal of the salivary film, AEP samples were collected from the eroded occlusal surfaces (EP, n = 29) and the non-eroded occlusal surfaces (NP, n = 29) using 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) soaked filter papers. Total protein concentration was analysed using bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA). Protein fractions were separated using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted against: mucin5b, albumin, carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) and statherin antibodies. Amounts were quantified using ImageLab software against purified protein standards of known concentration. ANOVA followed by paired t-test and Wilcoxon's matched-pair signed-rank test were used to test statistical significance. The difference was considered to be significant at a P value < 0.05. The total protein on eroded surfaces was significantly lower compared to the total protein on non-eroded surfaces [0.41mg/mL (0.04) and 0.61 mg/mL (0.11)] respectively (p< 0.05). The median (min, max) amount of statherin was also significantly lower on eroded occlusal surfaces [84.1 (20.0, 221.8) ng] compared to AEP from non-eroded teeth in the same subjects [97.1(30.0, 755.6) ng] (p = 0.002). No statistical differences were observed for mucin 5b, albumin or CA VI. The total protein and statherin in the in-vivo AEP were different between eroded and non-eroded tooth surfaces of the same patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Mutahar
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse O’Toole
- Tissue engineering and Biophotonics, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Carpenter
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Bartlett
- Tissue engineering and Biophotonics, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manoharan Andiappan
- Biostatistics and Research Methods Centre, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Moazzez
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Aroonsang W, Sotres J, El-Schich Z, Arnebrant T, Lindh L. Influence of substratum hydrophobicity on salivary pellicles: organization or composition? BIOFOULING 2014; 30:1123-1132. [PMID: 25377485 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.974155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Different physico-chemical properties (eg adsorption kinetics, thickness, viscoelasticity, and mechanical stability) of adsorbed salivary pellicles depend on different factors, including the properties (eg charge, roughness, wettability, and surface chemistry) of the substratum. Whether these differences in the physico-chemical properties are a result of differences in the composition or in the organization of the pellicles is not known. In this work, the influence of substratum wettability on the composition of the pellicle was studied. For this purpose, pellicles eluted from substrata of different but well-characterized wettabilities were examined by means of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results showed that substratum hydrophobicity did not have a major impact on pellicle composition. In all substrata, the major pellicle components were found to be cystatins, amylases and large glycoproteins, presumably mucins. In turn, interpretation of previously reported data based on the present results suggests that variations in substratum wettability mostly affect the organization of the pellicle components.
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Carpenter G, Cotroneo E, Moazzez R, Rojas-Serrano M, Donaldson N, Austin R, Zaidel L, Bartlett D, Proctor G. Composition of Enamel Pellicle from Dental Erosion Patients. Caries Res 2014; 48:361-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000356973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Sotres J, Barrantes A, Lindh L, Arnebrant T. Strategies for a direct characterization of phosphoproteins on hydroxyapatite surfaces. Caries Res 2013; 48:98-110. [PMID: 24296726 DOI: 10.1159/000351871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We show in this work how systems formed by phosphoproteins on calcium phosphate surfaces can be directly characterized, in real time, in liquid medium, without the need for elution or labeling. Specifically, we show how this is possible by applying three different techniques: ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, and atomic force microscopy-based friction force spectroscopy. We apply these techniques to study two different model systems, i.e. those formed upon the adsorption of two model phosphoproteins (κ- and β-casein) on hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces. Information on the kinetics of adsorption, surface excess, viscoelasticity, water content, thickness of the layers, and protein-surface interaction is provided. Results indicate that both phosphoproteins form homogeneous elastic highly hydrated monolayers on the HA surfaces, the strength of β-casein layers being higher by approximately a factor of 4. Based on the experimental results, models for the conformation of κ- and β-casein molecules adsorbed on HA surfaces are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sotres
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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Svendsen IE, Santos O, Sotres J, Wennerberg A, Breding K, Arnebrant T, Lindh L. Adsorption of HSA, IgG and laminin-1 on model hydroxyapatite surfaces--effects of surface characteristics. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:87-97. [PMID: 22257270 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.653562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ellipsometry and mechanically assisted sodium dodecyl sulphate elution was utilized to study the adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA), human immunoglobulin G (IgG), and laminin-1, as well as competitive adsorption from a mixture of these proteins on spin-coated and sintered hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces, respectively. The HA surfaces were characterized with respect to wettability and roughness by means of water contact angles and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Both surface types were hydrophilic, and the average roughness (Sa) and surface enlargement (Sdr) were lower for the sintered compared to the spin-coated HA surfaces. The adsorbed amounts on the sintered HA increased as follows: HSA < laminin-1 < IgG < the protein mixture. For the competitive adsorption experiments, the adsorbed fractions increased accordingly: HSA < laminin-1 < IgG on both types of HA substratum. However, a higher relative amount of HSA and laminin-1 and a lower relative amount of IgG was found on the spin-coated surfaces compared to the sintered surfaces. The effects observed could be ascribed to differences in surface roughness and chemical composition between the two types of HA substratum, and could have an influence on selection of future implant surface coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida E Svendsen
- Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Sotres J, Lindh L, Arnebrant T. Friction force spectroscopy as a tool to study the strength and structure of salivary films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:13692-13700. [PMID: 21942307 DOI: 10.1021/la202870c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we employ atomic force microscopy based friction force spectroscopy to study the strength and structure of salivary films. Specifically, films formed on model hydrophobic (methylated silica) and hydrophilic (clean silica) substrata have been studied in water at pHs in the range 3.3-7. Results reveal that films formed on both types of substrata can be described in terms of two different fractions, with only one of them being able to diffuse along the underlying substrata. We also show how the protective function of the films is reduced when the pH of the surrounding medium is lowered. Specifically, lowering of pH causes desorption of some components of the films formed on hydrophobic methylated surfaces, leading to weaker layers. In contrast, at low pHs, saliva no longer forms a layer on hydrophilic silica surfaces. Instead, an inhomogeneous distribution of amorphous aggregates is observed. Our data also suggest that hydrophobic materials in the oral cavity might be more easily cleaned from adsorbed salivary films. Finally, reproducible differences are observed in results from experiments on films from different individuals, validating the technique as a tool for clinical diagnosis of the resistance to erosion of salivary films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sotres
- Biomedical Laboratory Science and Technology, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmoe University, 20506 Malmoe, Sweden.
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Santos O, Svendsen IE, Lindh L, Arnebrant T. Adsorption of HSA, IgG and laminin-1 on model titania surfaces--effects of glow discharge treatment on competitively adsorbed film composition. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:1003-1015. [PMID: 22004177 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.622440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of glow discharge treatment of titania surfaces on plasma protein adsorption, by means of ellipsometry and mechanically assisted SDS elution. The adsorption and film elution of three plasma proteins, viz. human serum albumin (HSA), human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and laminin-1, as well as competitive adsorption from a mixture of the three proteins, showed that the adsorbed amount of the individual proteins after 1 h increased in the order HSA <IgG <laminin-1 ≤ protein mixture. Film elutability showed that 30 min of SDS interaction resulted in almost complete removal of adsorbed films. No difference in the total adsorbed amounts of individual proteins, or from the mixture, was observed between untreated and glow discharge treated titania surfaces. However, the composition of the adsorbed films from the mixture differed between the untreated and glow discharge treated substrata. On glow discharge-treated titania the fraction of HSA increased, the fraction of laminin-1 decreased and the fraction of IgG was unchanged compared to the adsorption on the untreated titania, which was attributed to protein-protein interactions and competitive/associative adsorption behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Santos
- Biomedical Laboratory Science and Technology, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Svendsen IE, Lindh L. The composition of enamel salivary films is different from the ones formed on dental materials. BIOFOULING 2009; 25:255-261. [PMID: 19177227 DOI: 10.1080/08927010802712861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) to illustrate the compositional differences between in vitro salivary conditioning films (denoted pellicles) formed on human enamel as well as on the dental materials titanium and poly(methyl methacrylate). The salivary pellicles were formed by immersing each surface in individual tubes containing small volumes of freshly collected whole saliva. Saliva remaining in the tubes after the pellicle formation for 2 h was visualized by means of 2DE and silver staining. The results showed that the protein patterns in 2DE of the liquid phase of saliva left after the exposure to the respective surfaces, regarding proteins <100 kDa in size, were different depending on the surface used. Several protein groups and/or individual proteins were shown to be distinct for each surface used.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Svendsen
- Biomedical Laboratory Science and Technology, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
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