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Tang ZQ, Tian T, Molino PJ, Skvortsov A, Ruan D, Ding J, Li Y. Recent Advances in Superhydrophobic Materials Development for Maritime Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308152. [PMID: 38403472 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Underwater superhydrophobic surfaces stand as a promising frontier in materials science, holding immense potential for applications in underwater infrastructure, vehicles, pipelines, robots, and sensors. Despite this potential, widespread commercial adoption of these surfaces faces limitations, primarily rooted in challenges related to material durability and the stability of the air plastron during prolonged submersion. Factors such as pressure, flow, and temperature further complicate the operational viability of underwater superhydrophobic technology. This comprehensive review navigates the evolving landscape of underwater superhydrophobic technology, providing a deep dive into the introduction, advancements, and innovations in design, fabrication, and testing techniques. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology, magnetic-responsive coatings, additive manufacturing, and machine learning are highlighted, showcasing the diverse avenues of progress. Notable research endeavors concentrate on enhancing the longevity of plastrons, the fundamental element governing superhydrophobic behavior. The review explores the multifaceted applications of superhydrophobic coatings in the underwater environment, encompassing areas such as drag reduction, anti-biofouling, and corrosion resistance. A critical examination of commercial offerings in the superhydrophobic coating landscape offers a current perspective on available solutions. In conclusion, the review provides valuable insights and forward-looking recommendations to propel the field of underwater superhydrophobicity toward new dimensions of innovation and practical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Qing Tang
- Centre for Smart Infrastructure and Digital Construction, School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Tongfei Tian
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4556, Australia
| | - Paul J Molino
- Platforms Division, Defence Science and Technology, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - Alex Skvortsov
- Platforms Division, Defence Science and Technology, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - Dong Ruan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Jie Ding
- Platforms Division, Defence Science and Technology, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - Yali Li
- Centre for Smart Infrastructure and Digital Construction, School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
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Duan Y, Wu J, Qi W, Su R. Eco-friendly marine antifouling coating consisting of cellulose nanocrystals with bioinspired micromorphology. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 304:120504. [PMID: 36641170 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-incorporated surfaces with microstructures have been widely used for marine antifouling coatings, yet limited green antifouling coatings are currently available for sustainable application, given the potential environmental effects of nanomaterial-based nanofillers. Here, by using natural sourced nanomaterials (cellulose nanocrystals, CNCs) as nanofillers, a nanocomposite superhydrophobic coating was fabricated via a simple sol-gel synthesis method. Notably, CNCs were firstly applied in the marine antifouling realm to form uniform and stable coatings, which were condensed with hydroxyl groups of hydrolyzed tetrapropyl zirconate, 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and methyltrimethoxysilane. The synthesized coatings gained a biomimetic microscopic ridge-like surface, where more CNCs contents contributed to finer microstructures. As a result of the influence of CNCs content on surface wettability and antifouling properties, the coating with CNCs accounting for 20 wt% of the total solid content (CNC20) delivered the best antifouling performance. Furthermore, 90-day marine field tests verified CNC20's excellent antifouling ability, reducing fouling by 82 % in comparison to the control group. Such a biomimicry study provides a novel strategy for the development of environmentally friendly coatings with CNCs nanofillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Jiangjiexing Wu
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Wei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Rongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
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Rawlinson JM, Cox HJ, Hopkins G, Cahill P, Badyal JPS. Nature-Inspired Trapped Air Cushion Surfaces for Environmentally Sustainable Antibiofouling. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rasitha. T, Sofia. S, Anandkumar B, Philip J. Long term antifouling performance of superhydrophobic surfaces in seawater environment: Effect of substrate material, hierarchical surface feature and surface chemistry. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Xu M, Liu CT, Kim CJ. Self-Powered Plastron Preservation and One-Step Molding of Semiactive Superhydrophobic Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8193-8198. [PMID: 32589845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas-trapping-typically superhydrophobic (SHPo)-surfaces are useful for underwater applications only while their plastron lasts. Because the plastron unfortunately disappears under most practical conditions, various active approaches to supply ample gas have been reported, including the semiactive SHPo surface based on self-regulated electrolysis. Here, we report two major advances: (i) a self-powered plastron restoration mechanism that obviates the need for external power; (ii) a one-step molding process to mass-manufacture semiactive SHPo surfaces. The advances clear major hurdles for real-world implementation.
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Panchanathan D, Rajappan A, Varanasi KK, McKinley GH. Plastron Regeneration on Submerged Superhydrophobic Surfaces Using In Situ Gas Generation by Chemical Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33684-33692. [PMID: 30184437 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces submerged under water appear shiny due to total internal reflection of light from a thin layer of air (plastron) trapped in their surface texture. This entrapped air is advantageous for frictional drag reduction in various applications ranging from microfluidic channels to marine vessels. However, these aerophilic textures are prone to impregnation by water due to turbulent pressure fluctuations from external flows and dissolution of the trapped gas into the water. We demonstrate a novel chemical method to replenish the plastron in situ by using the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide on superhydrophobic surfaces prepared with a catalytic coating. We also provide a thermodynamic framework for designing superhydrophobic surfaces with optimal texture and chemistry for underwater plastron regeneration. We finally demonstrate the practical utility of this method by fabricating periodic microtextures on aluminum surfaces that incorporate a cheap catalyst, manganese dioxide. We perform drag-reduction experiments under turbulent flow conditions in a Taylor-Couette cell (TC cell), which show that more than half of the drag increase ensuing from plastron collapse can be recovered spontaneously by injection of dilute H2O2 into the TC cell. Thus, we present a low-cost, scalable method to enable in situ plastron regeneration on large surfaces for marine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Panchanathan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Anoop Rajappan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Kripa K Varanasi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Gareth H McKinley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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Parallelized microfluidic diatom accumulation assay to test fouling-release coatings. Biointerphases 2018; 13:041007. [PMID: 30021446 DOI: 10.1116/1.5034090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the efficiency of the next generation of protective marine coatings is highly relevant for their optimization. In this paper, a parallelized microfluidic testing device is presented to quantify the accumulation of a model organism (Navicula perminuta) under constant laminar flow. Using automated microscopy in conjunction with image analysis, the adhesion densities on the tested surfaces could be determined after exposure to a flow of suspended algae for 90 min. The optimized protocol for the assay is presented, and the reproducibility of the densities of attached diatoms was verified on four identical surfaces (self-assembled dodecanethiol monolayers). A set of well-characterized self-assembled monolayers with different chemical terminations was used to validate the performance of the assay and its capability to discriminate diatom accumulation on different surface chemistries under dynamic conditions. The observed trends are in good agreement with previously published results obtained in single channel accumulation and detachment assays. To demonstrate the practical relevance of the dynamic experiment, diatom attachment on four technically relevant silicone coatings with different fouling-release properties could clearly be distinguished.
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Hwang GB, Page K, Patir A, Nair SP, Allan E, Parkin IP. The Anti-Biofouling Properties of Superhydrophobic Surfaces are Short-Lived. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6050-6058. [PMID: 29792802 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces are present in nature on the leaves of many plant species. Water rolls on these surfaces, and the rolling motion picks up particles including bacteria and viruses. Man-made superhydrophobic surfaces have been made in an effort to reduce biofouling. We show here that the anti-biofouling property of a superhydrophobic surface is due to an entrapped air-bubble layer that reduces contact between the bacteria and the surface. Further, we showed that prolonged immersion of superhydrophobic surfaces in water led to loss of the bubble-layer and subsequent bacterial adhesion that unexpectedly exceeded that of the control materials. This behavior was not restricted to one particular type of material but was evident on different types of superhydrophobic surfaces. This work is important in that it suggests that superhydrophobic surfaces may actually encourage bacterial adhesion during longer term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Kristopher Page
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Patir
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Sean P Nair
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute , University College London , 256 Gray's Inn Road , London WC1X 8LD , United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Allan
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute , University College London , 256 Gray's Inn Road , London WC1X 8LD , United Kingdom
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
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Simovich T, Ritchie C, Belev G, Cooper DML, Lamb RN. Superhydrophobicity from the Inside. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:13990-13995. [PMID: 29064712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The nature of trapped air on submersed ultra-water-repellent interfaces has been investigated. These gaseous layers (plastrons) can last from hours to, in some examples such as the Salvinia molesta fern, months. The interface of submerged superhydrophobic surfaces with carefully controlled micropatterned surface roughness has been probed using synchrotron-based high-resolution X-ray phase tomography. This technique looks in situ, through the aqueous/gas interface in three dimensions. Long-term plastron stability appears to correlate with the appearance of scattered microdroplets <20 μm in diameter that are sandwiched within the 30 μm thick gaseous interfacial layer. These microdroplets are centered on defects or damaged sections within the substrate surface approximately 20-50 μm apart. Such irregularities represent heterogeneous micro/nano-hierarchical structures with varying surface structures and chemistry. The stability of microdroplets is governed by a combination of electrostatic repulsion, contact angle limitations, and a saturated vapor pressure, the latter of which reduces the rate of diffusion of gas out of the air layer, thus increasing underwater longevity. Homogenous surfaces exhibiting purely nano- or micro-regularity do not support such microdroplets, and, as a consequence, plastrons can disappear in <20 h compared with >160 h for surfaces with scattered microdroplets. Such behavior may be a requirement for long-term nonwetting in any system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Simovich
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron Ritchie
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Belev
- Canadian Light Source (CLS) , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - David M L Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Robert N Lamb
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Canadian Light Source (CLS) , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
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Jimenez C, Andreou V, Evriviadou M, Munkes B, Hadjioannou L, Petrou A, Abu Alhaija R. Epibenthic communities associated with unintentional artificial reefs (modern shipwrecks) under contrasting regimes of nutrients in the Levantine Sea (Cyprus and Lebanon). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182486. [PMID: 28850572 PMCID: PMC5574533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial reefs, in the Eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus,) became a popular and frequently used tool, in fisheries and biodiversity conservation management. Even though evaluation studies about the efficacy of artificial reefs are plentiful in the rest of the Mediterranean (Central and Western), in the Eastern Basin they are largely absent. As the Eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea is characterised by unique physical parameters, the necessity to study artificial reefs under these contrasting regimes increases. The epibenthic communities of two unintentional artificial reefs (modern shipwrecks) in Cyprus (Zenobia) and Lebanon (Alice-B) were evaluated in 2010. Both shipwrecks are at similar depth, type of sea bottom, made of the same material (steel) and were sunk approximately the same period of time. However, Alice-B shipwreck off the coast of Lebanon is constantly exposed to higher levels of nutrients than Zenobia in Cyprus. Significant dissimilarities were observed in the composition, percentage of benthic cover of predominant taxonomic groups and development of the epibenthic communities. Differences in physical and chemical parameters between sides lay mainly in the nutrient and thermal regimes affecting the shipwrecks and most likely bring about the differences in the observed community structure. The results of this study suggest that epibenthic communities could be highly impacted by eutrophication caused by anthropogenic activities, leading to less biodiverse communities dominated by specific species that are favoured by the eutrophic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jimenez
- Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre (ENALIA), Acropoleos 2, Aglanzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC) of The Cyprus Institute, Aglanzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vasilis Andreou
- Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre (ENALIA), Acropoleos 2, Aglanzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marina Evriviadou
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC) of The Cyprus Institute, Aglanzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Britta Munkes
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research (GEOMAR), Experimental Ecology Department, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, Germany
| | - Louis Hadjioannou
- Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre (ENALIA), Acropoleos 2, Aglanzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Antonis Petrou
- Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre (ENALIA), Acropoleos 2, Aglanzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Rana Abu Alhaija
- Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre (ENALIA), Acropoleos 2, Aglanzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC) of The Cyprus Institute, Aglanzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Cirisano F, Benedetti A, Liggieri L, Ravera F, Santini E, Ferrari M. Amphiphobic coatings for antifouling in marine environment. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Heydari G, Sedighi Moghaddam M, Tuominen M, Fielden M, Haapanen J, Mäkelä JM, Claesson PM. Wetting hysteresis induced by temperature changes: Supercooled water on hydrophobic surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 468:21-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Benedetti A, Cirisano F, Delucchi M, Faimali M, Ferrari M. Potentiodynamic study of Al-Mg alloy with superhydrophobic coating in photobiologically active/not active natural seawater. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 137:167-75. [PMID: 26319307 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic coating technology is regarded as an attractive possibility for the protection of materials in a sea environment. DC techniques are a useful tool to characterize metals' behavior in seawater in the presence/absence of coatings and/or corrosion inhibitors. In this work, investigations concerning Al-5%Mg alloy with and without a sprayed superhydrophobic coating were carried out with potentiodynamic scans in photobiologically active and not active seawater (3 weeks of immersion). In not photobiologically active seawater, the presence of the superhydrophobic coating did not prevent pitting corrosion. With time, the coating underwent local exfoliations, but intact areas still preserved superhydrophobicity. In photobiologically active seawater, on samples without the superhydrophobic coating (controls) pitting was inhibited, probably due to the adsorption of organic compounds produced by the photobiological activity. After 3 weeks of immersion, the surface of the coating became hydrophilic due to diatom coverage. As suggested by intermediate observations, the surface below the diatom layer is suspected of having lost its superhydrophobicity due to early stages of biofouling processes (organic molecule adsorption and diatom attachment/gliding). Polarization curves also revealed that the metal below the coating underwent corrosion inhibiting phenomena as observed in controls, likely due to the permeation of organic molecules through the coating. Hence, the initial biofouling stages (days) occurring in photobiologically active seawater can both accelerate the loss of superhydrophobicity of coatings and promote corrosion inhibition on the underlying metal. Finally, time durability of superhydrophobic surfaces in real seawater still remains the main challenge for applications, where the early stages of immersion are demonstrated to be of crucial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Benedetti
- Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi - U.O.S. Genova, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cirisano
- Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi - U.O.S. Genova, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Delucchi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica e Ambientale, P.le Kennedy,1, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Istituto per le Scienze Marine - U.O.S. Genova, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrari
- Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi - U.O.S. Genova, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
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Ferrari M, Benedetti A. Superhydrophobic surfaces for applications in seawater. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 222:291-304. [PMID: 25759005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Technological fields in which seawater is implied are numerorus, working in seawater (shipping, oil industry, marine aquaculture,..), and exploiting seawater in plants (cooling heat-exchange, desalination, power plants,..). All suffer from detrimental effects induced by biofouling mainly enhancing material failures and limiting energetic efficiencies. Among the remediation solutions, technologies coniugating economical, green and efficiency criteria should represent the direction. With the aim to meet these criteria, superhydrophobic (SH) technology attracted many researches for the protection of materials operating in contact with seawater. METHOD In this work, the literature focusing on such technology for the protection of surfaces in contact with seawater has been reviewed, mainly focusing on boat and ship hull protection. RESULTS Despite the growing interest around SH technology in seawater for fouling control and friction drag reduction of hulls, to date literature shows that superhydrophobicity in seawater is still limited if compared with a time window compatible with technological needs (set on years). An evaluation of the causes of early superhydrophobicity loss under operative conditions clearly indicates that, to the best of present knowledge, a SH surface cannot preserve this feature by itself alone (especially in real seawater). Hence, we have considered to highlight the behaviour of SH surfaces in seawater in relation to early stages of biocolonization (conditioning film and pioneering bioslime formation). Considering the annual costs sustained for the biofouling impact control, advantages coming from SH surfaces, in terms of foul control and friction drag reduction, would allow economical savings allowing to cover both the appliance of longevity keeping strategies of the SH surfaces and investments in green technologies of SH coating life cycle (production, storing). In addition a brief outlook is provided on technological fields exploiting seawater in pipelines (power and desalination plants), where the SH surface finishing finds potentially interesting application for fouling and corrosion prevention applications.
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Krishnan KG, Malm P, Loth E. Superhydrophobic resistance to dynamic freshwater biofouling inception. BIOFOULING 2015; 31:789-797. [PMID: 26618394 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1107053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic nanotextured surfaces have gained increased usage in various applications due to their non-wetting and self-cleaning abilities. The aim of this study was to investigate nanotextured surfaces with respect to their resistance to the inception of freshwater biofouling at transitional flow conditions. Several coatings were tested including industry standard polyurethane (PUR), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), capstone mixed polyurethane (PUR + CAP) and nanocomposite infused polyurethane (PUR + NC). Each surface was exposed to freshwater conditions in a lake at 4 m s(-1) for a duration of 45 min. The polyurethane exhibited the greatest fouling elements, in terms of both height and number of elements, with the superhydrophobic nanocomposite based polyurethane (PUR + NC) showing very little to no fouling. A correlation between the surface characteristics and the degree of fouling inception was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ghokulla Krishnan
- a Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA
| | - Peter Malm
- a Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA
| | - Eric Loth
- a Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA
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