1
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Lu Q. How to Correctly Analyze 2p X-ray Photoelectron Spectra of 3d Transition-Metal Oxides: Pitfalls and Principles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13973-13982. [PMID: 38776459 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials based on transition-metal oxides (TMOs) that contain late 3d transition metals (e.g., Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) have diverse properties and functionality that are related to the oxidation state of constituent transition-metal (TM) cations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of TM 2p orbitals has been widely used to quantify the TM oxidation state of TMOs. However, 2p XPS spectra of late 3d TM cations usually have complicated shapes due to the charge transfer between the TM cation and oxygen ligands (anions), which makes the analysis highly nontrivial. In this article, we will examine the validity of commonly used analysis methods based on either peak fitting or the shift of binding energy (BE). The different origins of the BE shift in XPS spectra will be discussed. We will then introduce a model to reproduce the complex shapes of TM 2p spectra, based on fundamental parameters that describe the TMO electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Lu
- School of Engineering and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, P. R. China
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2
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Manzanillas L, Ablett JM, Choukroun M, Iguaz FJ, Rueff JP. Development of an x-ray polarimeter at the SOLEIL synchrotron. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:053302. [PMID: 38804809 DOI: 10.1063/5.0207370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation facilities provide highly polarized x-ray beams across a wide energy range. However, the exact type and degree of polarization vary according to the beamline and experimental setup. To accurately determine the angle and degree of linear polarization, a portable x-ray polarimeter has been developed. This setup consists of a silicon drift detector that rotates around a target made of high-density polyethylene. The imprint generated in the angular distribution of scattered photons from the target at a 90-degree angle between the incident x-rays and detector has been exploited to determine the beam polarization. Measurements were conducted at the GALAXIES beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron. The expected angular distribution of the scattered photons for a given beam polarization was obtained through simulations using the Geant4 simulation toolkit. An excellent agreement between simulations and the collected data has been obtained, validating the setup and enabling a precise determination of the beam polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Manzanillas
- SOLEIL Synchrotron, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - J M Ablett
- SOLEIL Synchrotron, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - M Choukroun
- SOLEIL Synchrotron, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - F J Iguaz
- SOLEIL Synchrotron, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - J-P Rueff
- SOLEIL Synchrotron, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
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3
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Mosaferi M, Céolin D, Rueff JP, Selles P, Odelius M, Björneholm O, Öhrwall G, Carniato S. Fingerprint of Dipole Moment Orientation of Water Molecules in Cu 2+ Aqueous Solution Probed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9836-9850. [PMID: 38545903 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The electronic structure and geometrical organization of aqueous Cu2+ have been investigated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) at the Cu L-edge combined with state-of-the-art ab initio molecular dynamics and a quantum molecular approach designed to simulate the Cu 2p X-ray photoelectron spectrum. The calculations offer a comprehensive insight into the origin of the main peak and satellite features. It is illustrated how the energy drop of the Cu 3d levels (≈7 eV) following the creation of the Cu 2p core hole switches the nature of the highest singly occupied molecular orbitals (MOs) from the dominant metal to the dominant MO nature of water. It is particularly revealed how the repositioning of the Cu 3d levels induces the formation of new bonding (B) and antibonding (AB) orbitals, from which shakeup mechanisms toward the relaxed H-SOMO operate. As highlighted in this study, the appearance of the shoulder near the main peak corresponds to the characteristic signature of shakeup intraligand (1a1 → H-SOMO(1b1)) excitations in water, providing insights into the average dipole moment distribution (≈36°) of the first-shell water molecules surrounding the metal ion and its direct impact on the broadening of the satellite. It is also revealed that the main satellite at 8 eV from the main peak corresponds to (metal/1b2 → H-SOMO(1b1) of water) excitations due to a bonding/antibonding (B/AB) interaction of Cu 3d levels with the deepest valence O2p/H1s 1b2 orbitals of water. This finding underscores the sensitivity of XPS to the electronic structure and orientation of the nearest water molecules around the central ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Mosaferi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Matière et Rayonnement, UMR 7614, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Denis Céolin
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, St Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Rueff
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, St Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Patricia Selles
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Matière et Rayonnement, UMR 7614, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Öhrwall
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Carniato
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Matière et Rayonnement, UMR 7614, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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4
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Svanström S, García Fernández A, Sloboda T, Jacobsson TJ, Zhang F, Johansson FOL, Kühn D, Céolin D, Rueff JP, Sun L, Aitola K, Rensmo H, Cappel UB. Direct Measurements of Interfacial Photovoltage and Band Alignment in Perovskite Solar Cells Using Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12485-12494. [PMID: 36847773 PMCID: PMC9999345 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A heterojunction is the key junction for charge extraction in many thin film solar cell technologies. However, the structure and band alignment of the heterojunction in the operating device are often difficult to predict from calculations and, due to the complexity and narrow thickness of the interface, are difficult to measure directly. In this study, we demonstrate a technique for direct measurement of the band alignment and interfacial electric field variations of a fully functional lead halide perovskite solar cell structure under operating conditions using hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). We describe the design considerations required in both the solar cell devices and the measurement setup and show results for the perovskite, hole transport, and gold layers at the back contact of the solar cell. For the investigated design, the HAXPES measurements suggest that 70% of the photovoltage was generated at this back contact, distributed rather equally between the hole transport material/gold interface and the perovskite/hole transport material interface. In addition, we were also able to reconstruct the band alignment at the back contact at equilibrium in the dark and at open circuit under illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Svanström
- Condensed Matter Physics of Energy
Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics
and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alberto García Fernández
- Division
of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamara Sloboda
- Division
of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Jesper Jacobsson
- Institute
of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory
of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, College
of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Fuguo Zhang
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik O. L. Johansson
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation in Synchrotron Radiation Research
FG-ISRR, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie Albert-Einstein-Strasse
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physik und Astronomie, Universität
Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse
24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Danilo Kühn
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation in Synchrotron Radiation Research
FG-ISRR, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie Albert-Einstein-Strasse
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Céolin
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, L′Orme des Merisiers, BP 48 St Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Rueff
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, L′Orme des Merisiers, BP 48 St Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Licheng Sun
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis,
DUT−KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116024 Dalian, China
- Center
of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Kerttu Aitola
- New Energy Technologies Group, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, Box 15100, 00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Condensed Matter Physics of Energy
Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics
and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ute B. Cappel
- Division
of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Li B, Kumar K, Roy I, Morozov AV, Emelyanova OV, Zhang L, Koç T, Belin S, Cabana J, Dedryvère R, Abakumov AM, Tarascon JM. Capturing dynamic ligand-to-metal charge transfer with a long-lived cationic intermediate for anionic redox. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:1165-1174. [PMID: 35725928 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reversible anionic redox reactions represent a transformational change for creating advanced high-energy-density positive-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The activation mechanism of these reactions is frequently linked to ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) processes, which have not been fully validated experimentally due to the lack of suitable model materials. Here we show that the activation of anionic redox in cation-disordered rock-salt Li1.17Ti0.58Ni0.25O2 involves a long-lived intermediate Ni3+/4+ species, which can fully evolve to Ni2+ during relaxation. Combining electrochemical analysis and spectroscopic techniques, we quantitatively identified that the reduction of this Ni3+/4+ species goes through a dynamic LMCT process (Ni3+/4+-O2- → Ni2+-On-). Our findings provide experimental validation of previous theoretical hypotheses and help to rationalize several peculiarities associated with anionic redox, such as cationic-anionic redox inversion and voltage hysteresis. This work also provides additional guidance for designing high-capacity electrodes by screening appropriate cationic species for mediating LMCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- Chimie du Solide-Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS, Amiens, France
| | - Khagesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Indrani Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anatolii V Morozov
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Emelyanova
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leiting Zhang
- Battery Electrodes and Cells, Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tuncay Koç
- Chimie du Solide-Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS, Amiens, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Belin
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jordi Cabana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rémi Dedryvère
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS, Amiens, France
- IPREM, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France
| | - Artem M Abakumov
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jean-Marie Tarascon
- Chimie du Solide-Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France, Paris, France.
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS, Amiens, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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6
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Kukk E, Püttner R, Simon M. Recoil lineshapes in hard X-ray photoelectron spectra of large molecules - free and anchored-on-surface 10-aminodecane-1-thiol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10465-10474. [PMID: 35441614 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05777d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Core-level photoelectron spectroscopy of molecules presents unique opportunities but also challenges in the Hard X-ray Spectroscopy (HAXPES) realm. Here we focus on the manifestation of the photoelectron recoil effects in core-level photoemission spectra, using the independent normal-mode oscillators approach that allows to model and investigate the resulting recoil lineshapes for molecules of large sizes with only a slight computational effort. We model the recoil lineshape for N 1s and C 1s photoemission using the 10-aminodecane-1-thiol molecule as an example. It represents also a class of compounds commonly used in creating self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on surfaces. Attachment of the -SH head group to the surface is modelled here in a simplified way by anchoring the sulfur atom of a single molecule. The effects of the orientation of photoemission in the molecular frame on the recoil lineshape of such anchored molecules are illustrated and discussed as a possible geometry probe. Time-evolution of the recoil excitations from the initial emission site across the entire molecule is also visualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Ralph Püttner
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Simon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, F-75005 Paris, France
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7
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Kalha C, Fernando NK, Bhatt P, Johansson FOL, Lindblad A, Rensmo H, Medina LZ, Lindblad R, Siol S, Jeurgens LPH, Cancellieri C, Rossnagel K, Medjanik K, Schönhense G, Simon M, Gray AX, Nemšák S, Lömker P, Schlueter C, Regoutz A. Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: a snapshot of the state-of-the-art in 2020. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:233001. [PMID: 33647896 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abeacd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) is establishing itself as an essential technique for the characterisation of materials. The number of specialised photoelectron spectroscopy techniques making use of hard x-rays is steadily increasing and ever more complex experimental designs enable truly transformative insights into the chemical, electronic, magnetic, and structural nature of materials. This paper begins with a short historic perspective of HAXPES and spans from developments in the early days of photoelectron spectroscopy to provide an understanding of the origin and initial development of the technique to state-of-the-art instrumentation and experimental capabilities. The main motivation for and focus of this paper is to provide a picture of the technique in 2020, including a detailed overview of available experimental systems worldwide and insights into a range of specific measurement modi and approaches. We also aim to provide a glimpse into the future of the technique including possible developments and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curran Kalha
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie K Fernando
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Prajna Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Fredrik O L Johansson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lindblad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - León Zendejas Medina
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Lindblad
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Siol
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lars P H Jeurgens
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Cancellieri
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kai Rossnagel
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katerina Medjanik
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Institut für Physik, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerd Schönhense
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Institut für Physik, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc Simon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexander X Gray
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States of America
| | - Slavomír Nemšák
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Patrick Lömker
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Regoutz
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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