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Paiva AM, Barros B, Oliveira M, Alves S, Esteves F, Fernandes A, Vaz J, Slezáková K, Teixeira JP, Costa S, Morais S. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and short-time health effects in wildland firefighters during real-life fire events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171801. [PMID: 38508274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring data retrieved from real-life wildland firefighting in Europe and, also, worldwide are scarce. Thus, in this study, 176 Portuguese firefighters were biomonitored pre- and post- unsimulated wildfire combating (average:12-13 h; maximum: 55 h) to evaluate the impact on the levels of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons hydroxylated metabolites (OHPAH; quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection) and the associated short-term health effects (symptoms, and total and differentiated white blood cells). Correlations between these variables and data retrieved from the self-reported questionnaires were also investigated. Firefighters were organized into four groups according to their exposure to wildfire emissions and their smoking habits: non-smoking non-exposed (NSNExp), non-smoking exposed (NSExp), smoking non-exposed (SNExp), and smoking and exposed (SExp). The most abundant metabolites were 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 1-hydroxyacenaphthene (1OHNaph + 1OHAce) (98-99 %), followed by 2-hydroxyfluorene (2OHFlu) (0.2-1.1 %), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1OHPhen) (0.2-0.4 %), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1OHPy) (0.1-0.2 %); urinary 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was not detected. The exposure to wildfire emissions significantly elevated the median concentrations of each individual and total OHPAH compounds in all groups, but this effect was more pronounced in non-smoking (1.7-4.2 times; p ≤ 0.006) than in smoking firefighters (1.3-1.6 times; p ≤ 0.03). The greatest discriminant of exposure to wildfire emissions was 1OHNaph + 1OHAce (increase of 4.2 times), while for tobacco smoke it was 2OHFlu (increase of 10 times). Post-exposure, white blood cells count significantly increased ranging from 1.4 (smokers, p = 0.025) to 3.7-fold (non-smokers, p < 0.001), which was accompanied by stronger significant correlations (0.480 < r < 0.882; p < 0.04) between individual and total OHPAH and total white blood cells (and lymphocytes > monocytes > neutrophils in non-smokers), evidencing the impact of PAH released from wildfire on immune cells. This study identifies Portuguese firefighters with high levels of biomarkers of exposure to PAH and points out the importance of adopting biomonitoring schemes, that include multiple biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers of effect, and implementing mitigations strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Paiva
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bela Barros
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Alves
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, UICISA: E, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde: Enfermagem, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Filipa Esteves
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adília Fernandes
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, UICISA: E, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde: Enfermagem, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Josiana Vaz
- CIMO, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; SusTEC, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Sustec - Associate Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Inland Regions, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Klára Slezáková
- LEPABE-ALiCE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Solange Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal.
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Shusterman D. History of pollutant adjuvants in respiratory allergy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2024; 5:1374771. [PMID: 38533354 PMCID: PMC10964904 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1374771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Combined exposures to allergens and air pollutants emerged as a topic of concern in scientific circles by the 1980's, when it became clear that parallel increases in respiratory allergies and traffic-related air pollution had been occurring during the 20th century. Although historically there has been a tendency to treat exposure-related symptoms as either allergic or toxicologic in nature, cross-interactions have since been established between the two modalities. For example, exposure to selected air pollutants in concert with a given allergen can increase the likelihood that an individual will become sensitized to that allergen, strongly suggesting that the pollutant acted as an adjuvant. Although not a review of underlying mechanisms, the purpose of this mini-review is to highlight the potential significance of co-exposure to adjuvant chemicals in predicting allergic sensitization in the respiratory tract. The current discussion emphasizes the upper airway as a model for respiratory challenge studies, the results of which may be applicable-not only to allergic rhinitis-but also to conjunctivitis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Shusterman
- Upper Airway Biology Laboratory, Division of Occupational, Environmental and Climate Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and serum total IgE in the Korean adults: the Third Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2015-2017). Ann Occup Environ Med 2022; 34:e43. [PMID: 36704541 PMCID: PMC9836823 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have become common pollutants with industrial development. Although the effect of exposure to PAHs on allergic disease in humans has been evaluated, evidence of an association is sparse. The association between PAH exposure and serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels was evaluated in Korean adults. Methods In total, this study included 3,269 participants in the Third Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2015-2017). Four urinary PAH metabolites were used to assessed exposure to PAHs: 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-naphthol, and 2-hydroxyfluorene. The analyses were performed on 3 cutoff levels (100 IU/mL, 114 IU/mL, and 150 IU/mL) set as the total IgE elevation. Prevalence of total IgE elevation by PAH exposure group and general characteristics (age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, and occupation) were analyzed using the Rao-Scott χ2 test. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for total IgE elevation by PAH exposure groups. Results Total IgE elevation differed significantly by age, sex, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, and occupation. For 2-hydroxyfluorene, the fourth quartile showed a significant association with IgE elevation compared to the first quartile in the analyses of cutoff-level 100 IU/mL (OR: 1.372, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.007-1.869) and 114 IU/mL (OR: 1.643, 95% CI: 1.167-2.312). In the analysis of cutoff-level 150 IU/mL, the adjusted ORs of the third and fourth quartile of 2-hydroxyfluorene were significantly higher than the first quartile (3rd quartile: OR: 1.478, 95% CI: 1.034-2.113; 4th quartile: OR: 1.715, 95% CI: 1.161-2.534). However, there were no significant positive associations for the other metabolites. Conclusions This study implied that PAHs exposure is associated with total IgE elevation in Korean adults. More research is needed to confirm the effect of exposure to PAHs on serum IgE and allergic diseases.
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Nguyen VK, Colacino J, Patel CJ, Sartor M, Jolliet O. Identification of occupations susceptible to high exposure and risk associated with multiple toxicants in an observational study: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2014. EXPOSOME 2022; 2:osac004. [PMID: 35832257 PMCID: PMC9266352 DOI: 10.1093/exposome/osac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposures to toxicants are estimated to cause over 370 000 premature deaths annually. The risks due to multiple workplace chemical exposures and those occupations most susceptible to the resulting health effects remain poorly characterized. The aim of this study is to identify occupations with elevated toxicant biomarker concentrations and increased health risk associated with toxicant exposures in a diverse working US population. For this observational study of 51 008 participants, we used data from the 1999-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We characterized differences in chemical exposures by occupational group for 131 chemicals by applying a series of generalized linear models with the outcome as biomarker concentrations and the main predictor as the occupational groups, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty income ratio, study period, and biomarker of tobacco use. For each occupational group, we calculated percentages of participants with chemical biomarker levels exceeding acceptable health-based guidelines. Blue-collar workers from "Construction," "Professional, Scientific, Technical Services," "Real Estate, Rental, Leasing," "Manufacturing," and "Wholesale Trade" have higher biomarker levels of toxicants such as several heavy metals, acrylamide, glycideamide, and several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) compared with their white-collar counterparts. Moreover, blue-collar workers from these industries have toxicant concentrations exceeding acceptable levels: arsenic (16%-58%), lead (1%-3%), cadmium (1%-11%), glycideamide (3%-6%), and VOCs (1%-33%). Blue-collar workers have higher toxicant levels relative to their white-collar counterparts, often exceeding acceptable levels associated with noncancer effects. Our findings identify multiple occupations to prioritize for targeted interventions and health policies to monitor and reduce toxicant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vy Kim Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chirag J Patel
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maureen Sartor
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Qin C, Hu X, Waigi MG, Yang B, Gao Y. Amino and hydroxy substitution influences pyrene-DNA binding. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138542. [PMID: 32304974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA binding is an essential step in PAH-induced carcinogenesis. A large number of PAHs contain substituents, it is unclear whether functional groups will influence the PAH-DNA binding. Here, we investigated amino (-NH2) and hydroxy (-OH) substitution on pyrene-DNA binding. Because of the considerable effects of electrostatic surface potential (ESP), -NH2 substitution significantly facilitated binding by increasing the binding constant (log KA) from 4.14 L mol-1 to 12.31 L mol-1, while -OH substitution inhibited binding by reducing log KA to 3.68 L mol-1. Spectroscopy results revealed that pyrene and its derivatives were able to bind with thymine to induce DNA damage or double helix distortion. Quantum chemical calculations showed that -NH2 substitution induces hydrogen bond formation, thereby enhancing the binding of pyrene with DNA; moreover, binding force changes due to -OH substitution may not be an essential factor. All structural descriptors were not correlated with the quenching constant (KSV) or binding constant, indicating that changes in physicochemical properties shows no influence on pyrene-DNA binding. The results of this study will improve our understanding of the contribution of functional groups to PAH-DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qin
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Wing SE, Larson TV, Hudda N, Boonyarattaphan S, Fruin S, Ritz B. Preterm Birth among Infants Exposed to in Utero Ultrafine Particles from Aircraft Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:47002. [PMID: 32238012 PMCID: PMC7228090 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ambient air pollution is a known risk factor for adverse birth outcomes, but the role of ultrafine particles (UFPs) is not well understood. Aircraft-origin UFPs adversely affect air quality over large residential areas downwind of airports, but their reproductive health burden remains uninvestigated. OBJECTIVES This analysis evaluated whether UFPs from jet aircraft emissions are associated with increased rates of preterm birth (PTB) among pregnant mothers living downwind of Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). METHODS This population-based study used birth records, provided by the California Department of Public Health, to ascertain birth outcomes and a novel, validated geospatial UFP dispersion model approach to estimate in utero exposures. All mothers who gave birth from 2008 to 2016 while living within 15km of LAX were included in this analysis (N=174,186; including 15,134 PTBs). RESULTS In utero exposure to aircraft-origin UFPs was positively associated with PTB. The odds ratio (OR) per interquartile range (IQR) increase [9,200 particles per cubic centimeter (cc)] relative UFP exposure was 1.04 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.06]. When comparing the fourth quartile of UFP exposure to the first quartile, the OR for PTB was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.20), adjusting for maternal demographic characteristics, exposure to traffic-related air pollution, and airport-related noise. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that emissions from aircraft play an etiologic role in PTBs, independent of noise and traffic-related air pollution exposures. These findings are of public health concern because UFP exposures downwind of airfields are common and may affect large, densely populated residential areas. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5732.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam E. Wing
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy V. Larson
- Departments of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Occupational & Environmental Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Neelakshi Hudda
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarunporn Boonyarattaphan
- Departments of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Occupational & Environmental Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Scott Fruin
- Division of Environmental Health, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Fernando H, Ju H, Kakumanu R, Bhopale KK, Croisant S, Elferink C, Kaphalia BS, Ansari GAS. Distribution of petrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seafood following Deepwater Horizon oil spill. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 145:200-207. [PMID: 31590776 PMCID: PMC6785834 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A community-based participatory research was utilized to address the coastal community's concern regarding Deepwater Horizon oil contamination of seafood. Therefore, we analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), major toxic constituents of crude oil, in the seafood collected from gulf coast (Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi) during December 2011-February 2014. PAHs were extracted from edible part of shrimp, oysters, and crabs by the QuEChERS/dsPE procedure and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total PAHs data were further analyzed using the General Linear Mixed Model procedure of the SAS (Version 9.3, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) statistical software. Brown shrimp showed statistically significant differences in PAHs levels with respect to time and locations while white shrimp showed differences at various time points. PAHs levels in oyster and crab samples were not statistically different at the Type I error of 0.05. Overall, the PAHs levels are far below FDA levels of concern for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshica Fernando
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Chemistry and Physics, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
| | - Hyunsu Ju
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ramu Kakumanu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kamlesh K Bhopale
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sharon Croisant
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Cornelis Elferink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bhupendra S Kaphalia
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - G A Shakeel Ansari
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Olabanji IO, Asubiojo OI, Komolafe MA, Akintomide A, Adeniji AO. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in blood plasma of neurology patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.5897/jtehs2018.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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A Case Study Describing a Community-Engaged Approach for Evaluating Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in a Native American Community. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030327. [PMID: 30682857 PMCID: PMC6388274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community (SITC) was impacted by an air toxic release from one of two nearby oil refineries. This experience motivated SITC members to learn more about their exposure to air toxics. On the invitation of SITC, this community-based study measured personal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and conducted interviews with the volunteers to evaluate perceptions of the data and experience of participating. Non-smoking SITC members were recruited in March 2016 (N = 10) and January 2017 (N = 22) with seven volunteers participating both times. Volunteers wore a wristband passive sampler for 7 days and completed daily activity diaries. Wristbands were analyzed for 62 PAHs using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Wilcoxon exact tests determined if the sum total PAHs (ΣPAH) differed by activity, proximity to the refineries, and time. Aggregated results were shared during community meetings, and volunteers received individual reports. Volunteers (N = 9) participated in individual interviews. All volunteers were exposed to different amounts and types of PAHs. Burning candles or using a wood stove and/or propane heating were associated with higher ΣPAH exposures. While ΣPAH was similar in both sampling periods, the composition of PAHs differed. More priority listed PAHs were detected in January (N = 17) versus March (N = 10). Among volunteers who participated in both sampling events, exposure to four PAHs significantly differed between seasons. Overall, volunteers reported that the study made them more aware of air pollution sources in their community. They also commented that the chemical nomenclature was difficult to understand, but appreciated the individual reports that allowed them to visually compare their data to the distribution of data collected in their community. For volunteers with lower exposures, these comparisons gave them relief. However, volunteers with higher exposures reported concern and several changed their behaviors to reduce their exposure to known PAH sources. This study provided an opportunity for SITC members to learn about their personal exposure to a class of air toxics within the context of their community. While the limitations of the study hindered the ability to identify sources of air toxics in the community, this activity appeared to raise awareness about ambient and indoor air pollution among the volunteers.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence highlights the reality of unprecedented human exposure to toxic chemical agents found throughout our environment - in our food and water supply, in the air we breathe, in the products we apply to our skin, in the medical and dental materials placed into our bodies, and even within the confines of the womb. With biomonitoring confirming the widespread bioaccumulation of myriad toxicants among population groups, expanding research continues to explore the pathobiological impact of these agents on human metabolism. METHODS This review was prepared by assessing available medical and scientific literature from Medline as well as by reviewing several books, toxicology journals, government publications, and conference proceedings. The format of a traditional integrated review was chosen. RESULTS Toxicant exposure and accrual has been linked to numerous biochemical and pathophysiological mechanisms of harm. Some toxicants effect metabolic disruption via multiple mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS As a primary causative determinant of chronic disease, toxicant exposures induce metabolic disruption in myriad ways, which consequently result in varied clinical manifestations, which are then categorized by health providers into innumerable diagnoses. Chemical disruption of human metabolism has become an etiological determinant of much illness throughout the lifecycle, from neurodevelopmental abnormalities in-utero to dementia in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Genuis
- a Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | - Edmond Kyrillos
- b Department of Family Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
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De Guise S, Levin M, Gebhard E, Jasperse L, Burdett Hart L, Smith CR, Venn-Watson S, Townsend F, Wells R, Balmer B, Zolman E, Rowles T, Schwacke L. Changes in immune functions in bottlenose dolphins in the northern Gulf of Mexico associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Gruber B, Schneider J, Föhlinger M, Buters J, Zimmermann R, Matuschek G. A minimal-invasive method for systemic bio-monitoring of the environmental pollutant phenanthrene in humans: Thermal extraction and gas chromatography − mass spectrometry from 1 mL capillary blood. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1487:254-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Noth EM, Lurmann F, Northcross A, Perrino C, Vaughn D, Hammond SK. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Elemental Carbon in Bakersfield, California. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2016; 9:899-908. [PMID: 28083077 PMCID: PMC5221703 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-016-0399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence that airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposures contribute to adverse health outcomes for sensitive populations, limited data are available on short-term intraurban spatial distributions for use in epidemiologic research. Exposure assessments for airborne PAHs are uncommon because air sampling for PAHs is a labor-, equipment-, and time-intensive task. To address this gap we measured wintertime PAH concentrations during 2010-2011 in Bakersfield, California, USA, a major city in the Southern San Joaquin Valley. Specifically, 58 96-hour integrated PAH samples were collected during 4 time periods at 14 locations from November 2010 to January 2011; duplicates were collected at two sites. We also collected elemental carbon (EC) at the same 14 sites and analyzed the two time periods with the highest ambient PAH pollution. We used linear regression models to quantify the relationship between potential spatial and temporal predictors of PAH concentrations. We found that wintertime PAH concentrations in Bakersfield, CA, are best predicted by meteorological variables and traffic proximity. Our model explains a moderate amount of the variability in the data (R2=0.58), likely reflecting the major sources of PAHs in Bakersfield. We also observed that PAH concentrations were more spatially variable than EC concentrations. Comparing our data to historical monitoring data at one location in Bakersfield showed that the relatively low PAH concentrations during the 2010-2011 winter in Bakersfield is part of a long-term trend in decreasing PAH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Noth
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 USA
| | - Fred Lurmann
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., 1455 N. McDowell Blvd., Petaluma, CA 94954-6503
| | - Amanda Northcross
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave, NW 7th Floor, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Charles Perrino
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 USA
| | - David Vaughn
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., 1455 N. McDowell Blvd., Petaluma, CA 94954-6503
| | - S. Katharine Hammond
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 USA
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Sénéchal H, Visez N, Charpin D, Shahali Y, Peltre G, Biolley JP, Lhuissier F, Couderc R, Yamada O, Malrat-Domenge A, Pham-Thi N, Poncet P, Sutra JP. A Review of the Effects of Major Atmospheric Pollutants on Pollen Grains, Pollen Content, and Allergenicity. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:940243. [PMID: 26819967 PMCID: PMC4706970 DOI: 10.1155/2015/940243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the available data related to the effects of air pollution on pollen grains from different plant species. Several studies carried out either on in situ harvested pollen or on pollen exposed in different places more or less polluted are presented and discussed. The different experimental procedures used to monitor the impact of pollution on pollen grains and on various produced external or internal subparticles are listed. Physicochemical and biological effects of artificial pollution (gaseous and particulate) on pollen from different plants, in different laboratory conditions, are considered. The effects of polluted pollen grains, subparticles, and derived aeroallergens in animal models, in in vitro cell culture, on healthy human and allergic patients are described. Combined effects of atmospheric pollutants and pollen grains-derived biological material on allergic population are specifically discussed. Within the notion of "polluen," some methodological biases are underlined and research tracks in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sénéchal
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Visez
- Physical Chemistry of Combustion and Atmosphere Processes (PC2A), UMR CNRS 8522, University of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Denis Charpin
- Pneumo-Allergology Department, North Hospital, 265 chemin des Bourrely, 13915 Marseille 20, France
| | - Youcef Shahali
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
- Persiflore, 18 avenue du Parc, 91220 Le Plessis-Pâté, France
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Biolley
- SEVE Team, Ecology and Biology of Interactions (EBI), UMR-CNRS-UP 7267, University of Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | | | - Rémy Couderc
- Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris 12, France
| | - Ohri Yamada
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Audrey Malrat-Domenge
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nhân Pham-Thi
- Allergology Department, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris 15, France
| | - Pascal Poncet
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
- Infections & Epidemiology Department, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris 15, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Sutra
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
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Kile ML, Coker ES, Smit E, Sudakin D, Molitor J, Harding AK. A cross-sectional study of the association between ventilation of gas stoves and chronic respiratory illness in U.S. children enrolled in NHANESIII. Environ Health 2014; 13:71. [PMID: 25182545 PMCID: PMC4175218 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gas stoves emit pollutants that are respiratory irritants. U.S. children under age 6 who live in homes where gas stoves are used for cooking or heating have an increased risk of asthma, wheeze and reduced lung function. Yet few studies have examined whether using ventilation when operating gas stoves is associated with a decrease in the prevalence of respiratory illnesses in this population. METHODS The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used to identify U.S. children aged 2-16 years with information on respiratory outcomes (asthma, wheeze, and bronchitis) who lived in homes where gas stoves were used in the previous 12 months and whose parents provided information on ventilation. Logistic regression models evaluated the association between prevalent respiratory outcomes and ventilation in homes that used gas stoves for cooking and/or heating. Linear regression models assessed the association between spirometry measurements and ventilation use in children aged 8-16 years. RESULTS The adjusted odds of asthma (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.64; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.43, 0.97), wheeze (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.86), and bronchitis (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.95) were lower among children whose parents reported using ventilation compared to children whose parents reported not using ventilation when operating gas stoves. One-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC ratio was also higher in girls who lived in households that used gas stoves with ventilation compared to households that used gas stoves without ventilation. CONCLUSIONS In homes that used gas stoves, children whose parents reported using ventilation when operating their stove had higher lung function and lower odds of asthma, wheeze, and bronchitis compared to homes that never used ventilation or did not have ventilation available after adjusting for other risk factors. Additional research on the efficacy of ventilation as an intervention for ameliorating respiratory symptoms in children with asthma is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly L Kile
- />College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 15 Milam, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Eric S Coker
- />College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 15 Milam, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Ellen Smit
- />College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 15 Milam, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Daniel Sudakin
- />Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - John Molitor
- />College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 15 Milam, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Anna K Harding
- />College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 15 Milam, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
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16
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Israeli E, Pardo A. The sick building syndrome as a part of the autoimmune (auto-inflammatory) syndrome induced by adjuvants. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-010-0380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Israeli
- The Chaim Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center,
52621 Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Asher Pardo
- Tel-Aviv University and the Institute for Occupational Safety and Hygiene,
Tel Aviv, Israel
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17
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Noth EM, Hammond SK, Biging GS, Tager IB. Mapping and modeling airborne urban phenanthrene distribution using vegetation biomonitoring. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2013; 77:518-524. [PMID: 31708678 PMCID: PMC6839706 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To capture the spatial distribution of phenanthrene in an urban setting we used vegetation biomonitoring with Jeffrey pine trees (Pinus jeffreyi). The major challenge in characterizing spatial variation in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations within a metropolitan area has been sampling at a fine enough resolution to observe the underlying spatial pattern. However, field and chamber studies show that the primary pathway through which PAHs enter plants is from air into leaves, making vegetation biomonitoring a feasible way to examine the spatial distribution of these compounds. Previous research has shown that phenanthrene has adverse health effects and that it is one of the most abundant PAHs in urban air. We collected 99 pine needle samples from 91 locations in Fresno in the morning on a winter day, and analyzed them for PAHs in the inner needle. All 99 pine needle samples had detectable levels of phenanthrene, with mean concentration of 41.0 ng g-1, median 36.9 ng g-1, and standard deviation of 28.5 ng g-1 fresh weight. The ratio of the 90th:10th percentile concentrations by location was 3.3. The phenanthrene distribution had a statistically significant Moran's I of 0.035, indicating a high degree of spatial clustering. We implemented land use regression to fit a model to our data. Our model was able to explain a moderate amount of the variability in the data (R 2 = 0.56), likely reflecting the major sources of phenanthrene in Fresno. The spatial distribution of modeled airborne phenanthrene shows the influences of highways, railroads, and industrial and commercial zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Noth
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - S. Katharine Hammond
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Gregory S. Biging
- Environmental Science, Policy and Management, College of Natural Resources, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ira B. Tager
- Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
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18
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Klein T, Kukkonen J, Dahl Å, Bossioli E, Baklanov A, Vik AF, Agnew P, Karatzas KD, Sofiev M. Interactions of physical, chemical, and biological weather calling for an integrated approach to assessment, forecasting, and communication of air quality. AMBIO 2012; 41:851-64. [PMID: 22627871 PMCID: PMC3492561 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews interactions and health impacts of physical, chemical, and biological weather. Interactions and synergistic effects between the three types of weather call for integrated assessment, forecasting, and communication of air quality. Today's air quality legislation falls short of addressing air quality degradation by biological weather, despite increasing evidence for the feasibility of both mitigation and adaptation policy options. In comparison with the existing capabilities for physical and chemical weather, the monitoring of biological weather is lacking stable operational agreements and resources. Furthermore, integrated effects of physical, chemical, and biological weather suggest a critical review of air quality management practices. Additional research is required to improve the coupled modeling of physical, chemical, and biological weather as well as the assessment and communication of integrated air quality. Findings from several recent COST Actions underline the importance of an increased dialog between scientists from the fields of meteorology, air quality, aerobiology, health, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klein
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfeltsgata 15, 42671 Västra Frölunda, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Kukkonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Åslög Dahl
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elissavet Bossioli
- Laboratory of Meteorology, Department of Physics, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Building PHYS-5, Panepistimioupolis, 157 84 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Baklanov
- Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aasmund Fahre Vik
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Paul Agnew
- UK Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB UK
| | | | - Mikhail Sofiev
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Biological responses to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) depend on the physicochemical properties of the DEPs. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26749. [PMID: 22039547 PMCID: PMC3198839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are the main components of ambient particulate materials, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-PAHs, heavy metals, and gaseous materials. Many epidemiological, clinical, and toxicological studies have shown that ambient particles, including DEPs, are associated with respiratory disorders, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and lung cancer. However, the relationship between the biological response to DEPs and their chemical composition remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the physicochemical properties of DEPs before toxicological studies, and then administered a single intratracheal instillation of DEPs to mice. The mice were then killed 1, 7, 14 and 28 days after DEP exposure to observe the biological responses induced by DEPs over time. Our findings suggest that DEPs engulfed into cells induced a Th2-type inflammatory response followed by DNA damage, whereas DEPs not engulfed into cells induced a Th1-type inflammatory response. Further, the physicochemical properties, including surface charge, particle size, and chemical composition, of DEPs play a crucial role in determining the biological responses to DEPs. Consequently, we suggest that the biological response to DEPs depend on cell-particle interaction and the physicochemical properties of the particles.
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20
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Rosa MJ, Jung KH, Perzanowski MS, Kelvin EA, Darling KW, Camann DE, Chillrud SN, Whyatt RM, Kinney PL, Perera FP, Miller RL. Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, environmental tobacco smoke and asthma. Respir Med 2011; 105:869-76. [PMID: 21163637 PMCID: PMC3081952 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we reported that prenatal exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in combination were associated with respiratory symptoms at ages 1 and 2 years. Here, we hypothesized that children exposed to both prenatal PAH and ETS may be at greater risk of asthma and seroatopy at ages 5-6 years, after controlling for current pollution exposure. METHODS Prenatal PAH exposure was measured by personal air monitoring over 48 h. ETS exposure, respiratory symptoms and asthma at ages 5-6 years were assessed through questionnaire. Immunoglobulin (Ig) E was measured by Immunocap. RESULTS A significant interaction between prenatal PAH and prenatal (but not postnatal) ETS exposure on asthma (p < 0.05), but not IgE, was detected. Among children exposed to prenatal ETS, a positive nonsignificant association was found between prenatal PAH exposure and asthma (OR 1.96, 95% CI [0.95-4.05]). Among children without exposure to prenatal ETS, a negative nonsignificant association was found between prenatal PAH exposure and asthma (OR 0.65, 95% CI [0.41-1.01]). Prenatal PAH exposure was not associated with asthma or IgE at age 5-6 years. CONCLUSIONS Combined prenatal exposure to PAH and ETS appears to be associated with asthma but not seroatopy at age 5-6. Exposure to PAH alone does not appear associated with either asthma or seroatopy at age 5-6 years. Discerning the differential effects between ETS exposed and ETS nonexposed children requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Rosa
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY 10032, USA.
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21
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Israeli E, Pardo A. The sick building syndrome as a part of the autoimmune (auto-inflammatory) syndrome induced by adjuvants. Mod Rheumatol 2010; 21:235-9. [PMID: 21188456 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-010-0380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a term coined for a set of clinically recognizable symptoms and ailments without a clear cause reported by occupants of a building. In the 1990s the term "functional somatic syndromes" was applied to several syndromes, including SBS, multiple chemical sensitivity, repetition stress injury, the side effects of silicone breast implants, the Gulf War syndrome (GWS), chronic fatigue syndrome, the irritable bowel syndrome, and fibromyalgia. Recently, Shoenfeld and Agmon-Levin suggested that four conditions--siliconosis, macrophagic myofascitis, the GWS, and post-vaccination phenomena--which share clinical and pathogenic resemblances, may be included under a common syndrome entitled the "autoimmune (auto-inflammatory) syndrome induced by adjuvants". Comparison of the clinical manifestations, symptoms, and signs of the four conditions described by Shoenfeld and Agmon-Levin with those described for SBS shows that nine out of ten main symptoms are present in all 5 conditions. Shoenfeld and Agmon-Levin further propose several major and minor criteria, which, although requiring further validation, may aid in the diagnosis of this newly defined syndrome. We propose here that SBS may also be included as a part of "Shoenfeld's syndrome".
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Israeli
- The Chaim Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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22
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Stevens T, Hester S, Gilmour MI. Differential Transcriptional Changes in Mice Exposed to Chemically Distinct Diesel Samples. BIOMEDICAL INFORMATICS INSIGHTS 2010; 3:29-52. [PMID: 27458330 PMCID: PMC4948654 DOI: 10.4137/bii.s5363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have linked exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) with increased asthmatic symptoms. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are a predominant source of vehicle derived ambient PM, and experimental studies have demonstrated that they may have adjuvant potential when given with an antigen. We previously compared 3 DEP samples: N-DEP, A-DEP, and C-DEP in a murine ovalbumin (OVA) mucosal sensitization model and reported the adjuvant activity to be: C-DEP ≈ A-DEP > N-DEP. The present study analyzed gene expression changes from the lungs of these mice. Transcription profiling demonstrated that all the DEP samples altered cytokine and toll-like receptor pathways regardless of type, with or without antigen sensitization. Further analysis of DEP exposure with OVA showed that all DEP treatments altered networks involved in immune and inflammatory responses. The A- and C-DEP/OVA treatments induced differential expression of apoptosis pathways in association with stronger adjuvant responses, while expression of cell cycle control and DNA damage pathways were also altered in the C-DEP/OVA treatment. This comprehensive approach using gene expression analysis to examine changes at a pathway level provides detailed information on events occurring in the lung after DEP exposure, and confirms that the most bioactive sample induced many more individual genes and changes in immunoregulatory and homeostatic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Hester
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, USA
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23
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Pleil JD, Stiegel MA, Sobus JR, Tabucchi S, Ghio AJ, Madden MC. Cumulative exposure assessment for trace-level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using human blood and plasma analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1753-60. [PMID: 20488767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Humans experience chronic cumulative trace-level exposure to mixtures of volatile, semi-volatile, and non-volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in the environment as by-products of combustion processes. Certain PAHs are known or suspected human carcinogens and so we have developed methodology for measuring their circulating (blood borne) concentrations as a tool to assess internal dose and health risk. We use liquid/liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and present analytical parameters including dynamic range (0-250 ng/ml), linearity (>0.99 for all compounds), and instrument sensitivity (range 2-22 pg/ml) for a series of 22 PAHs representing 2-6-rings. The method is shown to be sufficiently sensitive for estimating PAHs baseline levels (typical median range from 1 to 1000 pg/ml) in groups of normal control subjects using 1-ml aliquots of human plasma but we note that some individuals have very low background concentrations for 5- and 6-ring compounds that fall below robust quantitation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Pleil
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, NERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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24
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Lubitz S, Schober W, Pusch G, Effner R, Klopp N, Behrendt H, Buters JTM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel emissions exert proallergic effects in birch pollen allergic individuals through enhanced mediator release from basophils. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2010; 25:188-197. [PMID: 19382185 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) act as adjuvants in the immune system and contribute to the increased prevalence and morbidity of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major components of DEPs, which may be involved in the induction and enhancement of proallergic processes. In this study we explored adjuvant effects of DEP-PAHs on activation parameters of human basophils, fostering allergic inflammation through the release of preformed or granule-derived mediators. METHODS Heparinized blood samples from birch pollen allergic and control donors were stimulated with Bet v 1, the major allergen of birch pollen grains, alone or together with a mixture of 16 environmental prominent PAHs (EPA-PAH standard). Flow cytometric analysis was performed for quantitative determination of PAH-enhanced basophil activation. To assess direct PAH effects on basophils, enriched cultures from both donor groups were exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) or phenanthrene (Phe), two major DEP-PAHs, with and without allergen. Supernatants were assayed for IL-4 and IL-8 secretion and histamine release by means of ELISA. RESULTS At environmental relevant exposure levels EPA-PAH standard synergized with antigen and significantly enhanced basophil activation of all birch pollen allergic individuals up to 95%. Single PAHs significantly drove IL-8 secretion from sensitized basophils of all patients tested, and there was no further enhancement by addition of rBet v 1. B[a]P and Phe also significantly induced IL-4 secretion, a key factor for Th2 development, from purified sensitized basophils in the absence of antigen suggesting an adjuvant role of DEP-PAHs in allergic sensitization. None of the basophil samples from healthy controls showed any PAH effect on mediator release. CONCLUSION DEP-PAHs exert proallergic effects on sensitized basophils in an allergen independent fashion, suggesting a potential role of these pollutants for the allergic breakthrough in atopic individuals, who have not developed an allergic disease yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lubitz
- Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, Helmholtz Zentrum München/TUM, ZAUM - Center for Allergy and Environment, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany
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25
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Sawyer K, Mundandhara S, Ghio AJ, Madden MC. The effects of ambient particulate matter on human alveolar macrophage oxidative and inflammatory responses. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:41-57. [PMID: 19953419 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903248901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and occupational studies demonstrated that ambient particulate matter (PM) and diesel exhaust particles (DEP) exert deleterious effects on human cardiopulmonary health, including exacerbation of pre-existing lung disease and development of respiratory infections. The effects of ambient PM on lung cell responsiveness are poorly defined. Human alveolar macrophages (AM) were exposed to SRM 1649 (Washington, DC, urban dust; UD), SRM 2975 (forklift diesel exhaust particles; DEP), and fine or coarse ambient PM collected in Chapel Hill, NC, during the late fall (November) and early summer (June) of 2001-2002. AM were subsequently incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), or calcium ionophore A23817 for 6 or 24 h after PM exposure. UD and DEP markedly suppressed O2- release 24 h post-PM exposure. UD exposure significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 release after exposure to 10 nanog/ml LPS. DEP significantly suppressed only TNF-alpha and IL-6 release. Suppressed cytokine release may also be produced by reduced cellular cytokine production. Data suggested that decreased cytokine release is not produced by the presence of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Comparison of TNF-alpha release after LPS, PMA, or A23817 revealed that suppressive effects of UD are LPS dependent, whereas inhibitory effects of DEP may work across multiple mechanistic pathways. November and June Chapel Hill PM exposure stimulated TNF-alpha and IL-8 release before LPS exposure. Fine and coarse November PM exposure markedly suppressed TNF-alpha release 6 h after LPS stimulation, but appeared to exert a stimulatory effect on IL-8 release 24 h after LPS exposure. June fine and coarse PM suppressed IL-8 release after LPS exposure. Data suggest that seasonal influences on PM composition affect AM inflammatory response before and after bacterial exposure. Overall, delayed or inhibited AM immune responses to LPS after PM exposure suggest human exposure to ambient PM may enhance pulmonary susceptibility to respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sawyer
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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26
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Alberg T, Cassee FR, Groeng EC, Dybing E, Løvik M. Fine ambient particles from various sites in europe exerted a greater IgE adjuvant effect than coarse ambient particles in a mouse model. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:1-13. [PMID: 18979350 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802414471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the European Union (EU)-funded project Respiratory Allergy and Inflammation due to Ambient Particles (RAIAP), coarse and fine ambient particulate matter (PM) was collected at traffic dominated locations in Oslo, Rome, Lodz, and Amsterdam, in the spring, summer, and winter 2001/2002. PM was also collected in de Zilk, a rural seaside background location in the Netherlands. The aim of this study was to screen the ambient PM fractions for allergy adjuvant activity measured as the production of allergen- (ovalbumin-) specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E following subcutaneous (sc) injection into the footpad of mice. A second aim was to determine whether the 6-d popliteal lymph node (PLN) assay can be used to detect an allergy adjuvant activity. Allergy screening for IgE adjuvant activity showed that in the presence of ovalbumin (Ova) 12 out of 13 of the fine ambient PM fractions exerted a significant IgE adjuvant activity. In contrast, only 3 out of 13 of the coarse PM fractions had significant adjuvant activity. Overall, fine ambient PM exerted significantly greater IgE adjuvant activity per unit mass than coarse PM. No significant differences were observed between locations or seasons. Substantial higher levels of specific components of PM such as vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), ammonium (NH(4)), and sulfate (SO(4)) were present in the fine compared to coarse PM fractions. However, differences in the content of these components among fine PM fractions did not reflect the variation in the levels of IgE anti-Ova. Still, when comparing all seasons overall, positive correlations were observed between V, Ni, and SO(4) and the allergen specific IgE levels. The PLN responses (weight and cell number) to Ova and ambient PM in combination were significantly higher than to Ova or PM alone. Still, the PLN assay appears not to be useful as a quantitative assay for screening of allergy adjuvant activity since no correlation was observed between PLN responses and allergen specific IgE levels. In conclusion, fine ambient PM fractions consistently were found to increase the allergen-specific IgE responses more than the coarse ones. Our finding is in agreement with the notion that traffic-related air pollution contributes to the disease burden in asthma and allergy, and points to fine and ultrafine ambient PM as the most important fractions in relation to allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torunn Alberg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
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Bente M, Sklorz M, Streibel T, Zimmermann R. Online Laser Desorption-Multiphoton Postionization Mass Spectrometry of Individual Aerosol Particles: Molecular Source Indicators for Particles Emitted from Different Traffic-Related and Wood Combustion Sources. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8991-9004. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bente
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and BIfA-Bayrisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and Technik GmbH, Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik and Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and BIfA-Bayrisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and Technik GmbH, Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik and Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and BIfA-Bayrisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and Technik GmbH, Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik and Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and BIfA-Bayrisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and Technik GmbH, Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik and Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
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