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Wang Q, Xu C, He Z, Zou P, Yang J, Huang Y. An exploration of proactive health oriented symptom patterns in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation: A mixed-methods study protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292285. [PMID: 37796788 PMCID: PMC10553226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide. Currently, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation is the main clinical treatment for CHD, and patients can achieve better outcomes after stenting. However, adverse cardiovascular events continue to recur, ultimately failing to yield good results. Several symptoms exist after stenting and are associated with health outcomes. Little is known about the symptom patterns of patients during the different postoperative periods. Therefore, this study aims to explore the dynamics of symptoms and clarify the experiences of post-stenting in patients during different periods, which may help the delivery of more specific patient management and improve survival outcomes in the future. METHODS A mixed method (quantitative/qualitative) design will be adopted. Longitudinal research, including surveys regarding three different periods, will be sued to describe the symptom patterns of patients undergoing PCI with stent implantation, clarifying their focused symptom problems during different time periods or in populations with different features. Qualitative individual interviews aim to understand the feelings, experiences, opinions, and health conditions of patients post-stenting, which can explain and supplement quantitative data. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics, latent class analysis (LCA), and latent translation analysis (LTA). Qualitative data will be analyzed using content analysis. DISCUSSION This study is the first study to explore the symptom patterns and experiences of patients in various domains after stent implantation using a novel design including quantitative and qualitative methods, which will help the delivery of more specific patient management, reduce the recurrence of adverse cardiovascular events, and improve survival outcomes in the future. It is also meaningful to use PROMIS profile-57 to help patients to proactively focus on their health problems, promote health literacy, and incorporate active patient participation into health management, which is a successful transition from passive medical treatment to active management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Nursing, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chaoyue Xu
- School of Nursing, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhiqing He
- School of Nursing, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ping Zou
- Nipissing University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jing Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yanjin Huang
- School of Nursing, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Zukerman G, Maor M, Reichard T, Ben-Itzhak S. Does older mean flexible? Psychological flexibility and illness cognitions in chronic medical conditions - the moderating effect of age. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2023; 28:1844-1860. [PMID: 37088966 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2023.2206145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Adjustment to a Chronic Medical Condition (CMC) is associated with developing hypotheses regarding one's symptoms, known as illness cognition (IC). Aging is associated with a higher rate of CMC. We assessed the effects of aging and psychological flexibility (PF)-one's ability to be open to change, and to alter or persist in behaviors according to environmental circumstances - on IC development in CMC. In a cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients with CMC, 192 patients in four age groups: younger (<50), midlife (50-59), young old (60-69), and elderly (≥70) completed questionnaires sampling IC, PF and demographics. Younger participants reported less helplessness (IC) while lower scores in one PF component (perceiving reality as multifaceted) were reported by the elderly (≥70); older age was associated with a more fixed, narrow perception of reality. Both effects remained significant when using the medical condition severity as a covariate. In general, age was positively associated with IC of acceptance and Helplessness. In regression analysis, CMC severity significantly predicted all IC. Moreover, the interaction of age and perceiving reality as dynamic and changing (PF-RDC component) significantly predicted IC- acceptance of illness; follow-up analysis revealed significant correlations between PF-RDC and acceptance only for younger patients (< age 50). PF-RDC also significantly predicted IC - perceived benefit; among the entire sample higher RDC was associated with less IC - perceived benefit. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Zukerman
- Department of Communication Disorders, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Maya Maor
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Humanistic and Social Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Tamar Reichard
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Psychological Service, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shulamit Ben-Itzhak
- Head Clinical Psychologist, Psychological Service, Sourasky Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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Ashgar RI. Personal satisfaction: A concept analysis. Nurs Forum 2022; 57:446-453. [PMID: 35005791 DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advancements in understanding the impact of personal satisfaction on health, ambiguity persists regarding the concept of personal satisfaction. PURPOSE To elucidate the meaning of personal satisfaction. METHOD Walker and Avant's approach of concept analysis was used to guide the analysis. Databases were searched using the words "satisfaction" and "personal satisfaction." A literature search was conducted in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases to locate articles on personal satisfaction. The "quick search" option available on the website of the Saudi Digital Library was utilized to find articles that pertain to nonhealth-related, fields. FINDINGS Three defining attributes (the fulfillment of personal needs or wants, a positive affect, and a positive attitude) and three antecedents (personal needs or wants, the cognitive ability to judge or evaluate needs, and the freedom to decide how personal needs should be fulfilled) were identified. The study found that satisfaction improved health, quality of life, and productivity. CONCLUSION The theoretical definition provides a connotative meaning, and is the first step toward concept validation and instrument development. The Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale are examples of empirical definitions for personal satisfaction with life and self, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rnda I Ashgar
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Boyle JT, Vargas I, Rosenfield B, Grandner MA, Perlis ML. Insomnia Severity and Degree of Dysfunction: What Is to Be Learned When These Domains are Discordant? Behav Sleep Med 2022; 20:164-172. [PMID: 33818194 PMCID: PMC8488059 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2021.1895794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Illness severity and resultant dysfunction are often linearly related and tightly coupled (concordant). Some percentage of individuals, however, exhibit discordant associations (high illness severity and low dysfunction [HL] or low illness severity and high dysfunction [LH]). In the present study, a sample of subjects with insomnia complaints were evaluated to determine what percentage of subjects exhibited discordant associations. PARTICIPANTS Archival data were drawn from a community-based sample (n = 4,680; 61.8% female; Ages 18-105). METHODS Median splits were calculated for illness severity and daytime dysfunction and each individual was typed as High (H) or Low (L) for the concordant (HH and LL) and discordant domains (HL and LH). RESULTS Given this typology, 61% were classified as concordant and 39% were classified as discordant. Of these, 38% were sub-typed as HH, 23% as LL, 26% as LH, and 13% as HL. CONCLUSIONS We propose that some of the discordance may be ascribable to a mismatch between sleep need and sleep ability. Those "who need a lot, may suffer a lot, in the face of only a little (LH)", whereas those "who need a little, may suffer only a little, in the face of a lot (HL)".
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T. Boyle
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Professional and Applied Psychology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ivan Vargas
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Bradly Rosenfield
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Professional and Applied Psychology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A. Grandner
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Michael L. Perlis
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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5
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Harifi S, SeyedAlinaghi S, Qorbani M, Mahmoodi Z. The relationship between social roles and psychosocial adjustment in women with HIV: A structural equation model. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01943. [PMID: 33216468 PMCID: PMC7821615 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human immunodeficiency virus is a unique social phenomenon that affects almost all the aspects of the social and economic life of individuals. The present study was conducted for the path analysis of the relationship between social roles and psychosocial adjustment in women with AIDS. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 on 240 women with HIV who referred to the Counseling Center for Behavioral Diseases of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. The eligible individuals entered the study through convenience sampling, and data were collected using five questionnaires, including the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales, the Illness Perception Questionnaire, the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale, and a socio-demographic checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and Lisrel 8.8 software. RESULTS According to the results of the path analysis, internal health locus of control and patient's age have a significant positive relationship with psychosocial adjustment only through the direct path, and among them, patient's age has the greatest positive and direct relationship (B = 0.139). In the indirect path, education, external health locus of control, anxiety in experiences of close relationships, and perceived support have the greatest relationship with psychosocial adjustment, and among these variables, education has the highest positive relationship (B = 0.06). Illness perception, avoidance in experiences of close relationships, and chance locus of health control are associated with psychosocial adjustment through both direct and indirect paths, and among these variables, chance locus of health control has the greatest overall relationship with psychosocial adjustment (B = 0.238). CONCLUSION Based on the results, social roles and physical health are directly/indirectly associated with psychosocial adjustment, which emphasizes the need to pay more attention to all three aspects of psychosocial health, especially in this vulnerable group of the society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Harifi
- Student Research CommitteeAlborz University of Medical SciencesKarajIran
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk BehaviorsTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non‐Communicable Diseases Research CenterAlborz University of Medical SciencesKarajIran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Zohreh Mahmoodi
- Social Determinants of Health Research CenterAlborz University of Medical SciencesKarajIran
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Checa C, Medina-Perucha L, Muñoz MÁ, Verdú-Rotellar JM, Berenguera A. Living with advanced heart failure: A qualitative study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243974. [PMID: 33315935 PMCID: PMC7735582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Information about how patients with advanced heart failure (HF) live and cope with their disease remains scarce. The objective of this study was to explore, from phenomenological and holistic perspectives, the experiences of patients suffering from advanced HF, attended at home in the primary care setting in 2018. Materials and methods Qualitative study conducted in 4 primary healthcare centers in Barcelona (Spain). Twelve in-depth interviews were conducted in advanced HF patients, aged over 65 and visited regularly at home. We developed a purposeful sampling, accounting for variability in gender, age, and socioeconomic level. Leventhal’s framework was used to analyze the interviews. Results Participants received insufficient and contradictory information about HF. They talked about their cognitive representation and claimed a better communication with healthcare professionals. Due to their advanced age, subjects considered their daily living limitations to be normal rather than as a consequence of HF. Gender differences in emotional representation were clearly observed. Women considered themselves the keystone of correct family “functioning” and thought that they were not useful if they could not correspond to gendered societal expectations. Cognitive coping strategies included specific diets, taking medication, and registering weight and blood pressure. Nevertheless, they perceived the locus of control as external and felt unable to manage HF progression. Their emotional coping strategies included some activities at home such as watching television and reading. Social support was perceived crucial to the whole process. Conclusions Locus of control in advanced HF was perceived as external. Healthcare professionals should adapt emotional health interventions in patients with advanced HF based on a gender perspective. Social support was found to be crucial in facing the disease. Patients reported poor communication with healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Checa
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Healthcare Centre Dreta de l’Eixample, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Pediatria, Obstetricia i Ginecologia i Medicina Preventiva, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Medina-Perucha
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel-Ángel Muñoz
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Pediatria, Obstetricia i Ginecologia i Medicina Preventiva, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Verdú-Rotellar
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Pediatria, Obstetricia i Ginecologia i Medicina Preventiva, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Berenguera
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Pediatria, Obstetricia i Ginecologia i Medicina Preventiva, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Marzorati C, Mazzocco K, Monzani D, Pavan F, Casiraghi M, Spaggiari L, Monturano M, Pravettoni G. One-Year Quality of Life Trends in Early-Stage Lung Cancer Patients After Lobectomy. Front Psychol 2020; 11:534428. [PMID: 33362618 PMCID: PMC7758417 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.534428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Quality of Life (QoL) is an important predictor of patient's recovery and survival in lung cancer patients. The aim of the present study is to identify 1-year trends of lung cancer patients' QoL after robot-assisted or traditional lobectomy and investigate whether clinical (e.g., pre-surgery QoL, type of surgery, and perioperative complications) and sociodemographic variables (e.g., age) may predict these trends. Methods: An Italian sample of 176 lung cancer patients undergoing lobectomy completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire—Core 30 (QLQ-C30) at the pre-hospitalization (t0), 30 days (t1), 4 months (t2), 8 months (t3), and 12 months (t4) after surgery. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (age, gender, perioperative complications, and type of surgery) were also collected. The individual change over time of the 15 dimensions of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and the effects of pre-surgery scores of QoL dimensions, type of surgery, perioperative complications, and age on patients' QoL after surgery were studied with the individual growth curve (IGC) models. Results: Patients had a good recovery after lobectomy: functioning subscales improved over time, while most of the symptoms became less severe over the care process. Perioperative complications, type of surgery, pre-surgery status, and age significantly affected these trends, thus becoming predictors of patients' QoL. Conclusion: This study highlights different 1-year trends of lung cancer patients' QoL. The measurement of pre- and post-surgery QoL and its clinical and sociodemographic covariables would be necessary to better investigate patients' care process and implement personalized medicine in lung cancer hospital divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Marzorati
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ketti Mazzocco
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Monzani
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pavan
- Patient Safety & Risk Management Service, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Casiraghi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spaggiari
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Monturano
- Patient Safety & Risk Management Service, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Relationships Between Personal Satisfaction, Cardiovascular Disease Risk, and Health Promoting Behavior Among Arab American Middle-Aged Women. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2020; 36:273-282. [PMID: 32398497 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among middle-aged women. Health-promoting behavior is essential to the prevention of CVD. During middle adulthood, women experience biopsychosocial changes that may reduce personal satisfaction and affect health-promoting behavior and CVD risk. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the impact of personal satisfaction on health-promoting behavior and CVD risk in middle-aged Arab American women. METHODS A convenience sample of 114 middle-aged Arab American women was recruited from 2 clinical sites in Michigan in the United States. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Satisfaction With Life Scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, and a single item assessing health satisfaction. Risk for CVD was calculated using the 10-year atherosclerotic CVD Risk Estimator. RESULTS Health-promoting behavior was significantly correlated with self-satisfaction (r = 0.54, P < .0001), health satisfaction (r = 0.45, P < .0001), and life satisfaction (r = 0.41, P < .0001). Risk for CVD was significantly negatively correlated with self-satisfaction (r = -0.17, P = .039), health satisfaction (r = -0.18, P = .029), and life satisfaction (r = -0.27, P = .002). Self-satisfaction and health satisfaction accounted for 32% of the variance in health-promoting behavior (F = 7.568, P < .0001). Age and life satisfaction accounted for 50% of the variance in CVD risk score (F = 58.28, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Personal satisfaction was associated with health-promoting behavior and CVD risk. Future research would benefit from the inclusion of longitudinal data and comparative groups.
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Breland JY, Wong JJ, McAndrew LM. Are Common Sense Model constructs and self-efficacy simultaneously correlated with self-management behaviors and health outcomes: A systematic review. Health Psychol Open 2020; 7:2055102919898846. [PMID: 32030192 PMCID: PMC6978827 DOI: 10.1177/2055102919898846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review answered two questions among adults with chronic conditions: When included in the same statistical model, are Common Sense Model constructs and self-efficacy both associated with (1) self-management behaviors and (2) health outcomes? We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and included 29 articles. When included in the same statistical model, Common Sense Model constructs and self-efficacy were both correlated with outcomes. Self-efficacy was more consistently associated with self-management behaviors, and Common Sense Model constructs were more consistently associated with health outcomes. Findings support the continued inclusion and integration of both frameworks to understand and/or improve chronic illness self-management and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessie J Wong
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Lisa M McAndrew
- VA New Jersey Health Care System, USA.,University at Albany, State University of New York, USA
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Westbrook TD, Morrison EJ, Maddocks KJ, Awan FT, Jones JA, Woyach JA, Johnson AJ, Byrd JC, Andersen BL. Illness Perceptions in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Testing Leventhal's Self-regulatory Model. Ann Behav Med 2019; 53:839-848. [PMID: 30590383 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kay093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leventhal's Self-regulatory Model proposes that somatic characteristics of a health threat (e.g., symptom severity), and prior experience with the threat (e.g., unsuccessful treatment), are determinants of illness perceptions. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is appropriate for test of these postulates, having three phases differing in symptom severity and prior treatment experiences: indolent disease requiring no treatment (active surveillance; AS), symptomatic disease requiring a first treatment (FT), and highly symptomatic disease in those who have relapsed and/or failed to respond to prior treatments (relapsed/refractory; RR). PURPOSE To test symptom severity and prior treatment experiences as determinants of illness perceptions, illness perceptions were characterized and contrasted between CLL groups. METHODS Three hundred and thirty CLL patients (AS, n = 100; FT, n = 78; RR, n = 152) provided illness perception data on one occasion during a surveillance visit (AS) or prior to beginning treatment (FT, RR). RESULTS Analysis of variance with planned comparisons revealed that consequences, identity, and concern were least favorable among RR patients, followed by FT, then AS (ps < .01). AS patients endorsed the lowest levels of coherence (ps < .01), and the most chronic illness timeline (ps < .01). FT patients endorsed the highest levels of personal and treatment control (ps < .01). CONCLUSIONS Data provide preliminary empirical support for Self-regulatory Model postulates that symptom severity and prior disease experiences influence illness perceptions. Unique knowledge needs for AS patients and elevated psychological/physical symptoms for later-stage CLL patients may warrant clinical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kami J Maddocks
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Farrukh T Awan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Jeffrey A Jones
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Jennifer A Woyach
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Amy J Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - John C Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
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11
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Rogante E, Sarubbi S, Lamis DA, Canzonetta V, Sparagna A, De Angelis V, Erbuto D, Martelletti P, Pompili M. Illness Perception and Job Satisfaction in Patients Suffering from Migraine Headaches: Trait Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms as Potential Mediators. Headache 2018; 59:46-55. [PMID: 30548860 DOI: 10.1111/head.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Migraine headache is the seventh leading cause of disability worldwide causing adverse outcomes in many aspects of an individual's life. Many psychological aspects affect chronic migraine (CM): illness perception, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and job satisfaction. This observational study aimed to examine the association among illness perception, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and job satisfaction, connected to migraine and its features. METHODS Ninety-eight individuals with CM treated with OnabotulinumtoxinA were recruited from the Regional Referral Headache Centre of Sant'Andrea Hospital in Rome. They completed 4 questionnaires (Brief Illness Perception Quality of Life, Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II) and a socio-anamnestic form. RESULTS This cross-sectional study examined 2 mediational models. The first one demonstrated an indirect mediating effect of trait anxiety on the association between illness perception and job satisfaction (ab = -0.217, 95% CI [-0.37, -0.09]). In the second model, depressive symptoms mediated the association between illness perception and job satisfaction (ab = -0.186, 95% CI [-0.33, -0.04]). CONCLUSIONS In our study, levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms showed a mediational effect on the association between illness perception and job fulfillment. It is important to develop interventions aimed at improving the quality of life of individuals with CM and to increase knowledge about headache and psychological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rogante
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Dorian A Lamis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Valeria Canzonetta
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Sparagna
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio De Angelis
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Denise Erbuto
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelletti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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12
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Monzani D, D'Addario M, Fattirolli F, Giannattasio C, Greco A, Quarenghi F, Steca P. Clustering of Lifestyle Risk Factors in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Prevalence and Change after the First Event. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2018; 10:434-456. [PMID: 30230683 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy lifestyles are modifiable risk factors for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) onset and recurrence. While unhealthy lifestyles tend to cluster together within the general healthy population, little is known about the prevalence and clustering of these behaviours in people with ACS before and after the first acute event. The aim of this study was to identify lifestyle profiles of patients with ACS and to explore their change after their first coronary event. METHODS Three hundred and fifty-six patients completed self-report measures of healthy habits at the beginning of cardiac rehabilitation and 6 months later. By adopting a person-oriented approach, we analysed lifestyle clustering and its change over time. Differences in depression, anxiety, and negative illness perception among lifestyle profiles were assessed. RESULTS We identified seven profiles, ranging from more maladaptive to healthier clusters. Findings showed a strong interrelation among unhealthy habits in patients. We highlighted a moderate individual and group stability of cluster membership over time. Moreover, unhealthier lifestyle profiles were associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and negative illness perception. CONCLUSION These results may have implications for the development and implementation of multimodal interventions addressing wider-ranging improvement in lifestyles by targeting multiple unhealthy behaviours in patients with ACS.
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Woodward S, Berry K, Bucci S. A systematic review of factors associated with service user satisfaction with psychiatric inpatient services. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 92:81-93. [PMID: 28412601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Satisfaction is seen as an indicator of the quality of mental health services and has been related to outcomes and compliance with treatment. The current review seeks to examine the factors relating to satisfaction with inpatient services. METHOD A search was conducted of PsycInfo, Web of Science, Cinahl, Embase and Medline databases. Screening resulted in 32 papers being included in the review. Papers were subject to quality assessment using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). RESULTS Review of the included papers suggested factors relating to satisfaction could be broadly classified as either service user or service/ward related. Service user related factors included findings that satisfaction was higher when service users were admitted voluntarily. Service related factors included findings that satisfaction was negatively associated with experiences of coercion and positively associated with being on an open ward. CONCLUSION It appears that coercion has a key role in ratings of satisfaction. Additionally, service users reported an impact of staff relationships, and the ward environment. Satisfaction is associated with a range of factors, an awareness of which will allow for the development of quality services that meet the needs of service users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Woodward
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Berry
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Bucci
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Steca P, Pancani L, Cesana F, Fattirolli F, Giannattasio C, Greco A, D'Addario M, Monzani D, Cappelletti ER, Magrin ME, Miglioretti M, Sarini M, Scrignaro M, Vecchio L, Franzelli C. Changes in physical activity among coronary and hypertensive patients: A longitudinal study using the Health Action Process Approach. Psychol Health 2017; 32:361-380. [PMID: 28049344 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2016.1273353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical activity (PA) is a key factor in cardiovascular disease prevention. Through the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA), the present study investigated the process of change in PA in coronary patients (CPs) and hypertensive patients (HPs). DESIGN Longitudinal survey study with two follow-up assessments at 6 and 12 months on 188 CPs and 169 HPs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intensity and frequency of PA. RESULTS A multi-sample analysis indicated the equivalence of almost all the HAPA social cognitive patterns for both patient populations. A latent growth curve model showed strong interrelations among intercepts and slopes of PA, planning and maintenance self-efficacy, but change in planning was not associated with change in PA. Moreover, increase in PA was associated with the value of planning and maintenance self-efficacy reached at the last follow-up Conclusions: These findings shed light on mechanisms often neglected by the HAPA literature, suggesting reciprocal relationships between PA and its predictors that could define a plausible virtuous circle within the HAPA volitional phase. Moreover, the HAPA social cognitive patterns are essentially identical for patients who had a coronary event (i.e. CPs) and individuals who are at high risk for a coronary event (i.e. HPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steca
- a Department of Psychology , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - L Pancani
- a Department of Psychology , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - F Cesana
- d Cardiology IV, Cardiovascular "A. De Gasperis" Department , Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital , Milan , Italy.,e Health Science Department , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - F Fattirolli
- b Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit , University of Florence and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi , Florence , Italy
| | - C Giannattasio
- d Cardiology IV, Cardiovascular "A. De Gasperis" Department , Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital , Milan , Italy.,e Health Science Department , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - A Greco
- a Department of Psychology , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - M D'Addario
- a Department of Psychology , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - D Monzani
- a Department of Psychology , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - E R Cappelletti
- a Department of Psychology , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - M E Magrin
- a Department of Psychology , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - M Miglioretti
- a Department of Psychology , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - M Sarini
- a Department of Psychology , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - M Scrignaro
- a Department of Psychology , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - L Vecchio
- a Department of Psychology , University of Milan - Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - C Franzelli
- c Cardiac Rehabilitation Centre , Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento Hospital , Milan , Italy
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Steca P, D’Addario M, Magrin ME, Miglioretti M, Monzani D, Pancani L, Sarini M, Scrignaro M, Vecchio L, Fattirolli F, Giannattasio C, Cesana F, Riccobono SP, Greco A. A Type A and Type D Combined Personality Typology in Essential Hypertension and Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: Associations with Demographic, Psychological, Clinical, and Lifestyle Indicators. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161840. [PMID: 27589065 PMCID: PMC5010181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have focused on Type A and Type D personality types in the context of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but nothing is known about how these personality types combine to create new profiles. The present study aimed to develop a typology of Type A and Type D personality in two groups of patients affected by and at risk for coronary disease. The study involved 711 patients: 51.6% with acute coronary syndrome, 48.4% with essential hypertension (mean age = 56.4 years; SD = 9.7 years; 70.7% men). Cluster analysis was applied. External variables, such as socio-demographic, psychological, lifestyle, and clinical parameters, were assessed. Six groups, each with its own unique combined personality profile scores, were identified: Type D, Type A-Negatively Affected, Not Type A-Negatively Affected, Socially Inhibited-Positively Affected, Not Socially Inhibited, and Not Type A-Not Type D. The Type A-Negatively Affected cluster and, to a lesser extent, the Type D cluster, displayed the worst profile: namely higher total cardiovascular risk index, physical inactivity, higher anxiety and depression, and lower self-esteem, optimism, and health status. Identifying combined personality profiles is important in clinical research and practice in cardiovascular diseases. Practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Steca
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan “Bicocca”, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco D’Addario
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan “Bicocca”, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Dario Monzani
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan “Bicocca”, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Pancani
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan “Bicocca”, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Sarini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan “Bicocca”, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Scrignaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan “Bicocca”, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Vecchio
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan “Bicocca”, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Fattirolli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, University of Florence and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Giannattasio
- Health Science Department, University of Milan “Bicocca”, Milan, Italy
- Cardiology IV, Cardiovascular “A.De Gasperis” Department, Niguarda Ca’ Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cesana
- Health Science Department, University of Milan “Bicocca”, Milan, Italy
- Cardiology IV, Cardiovascular “A.De Gasperis” Department, Niguarda Ca’ Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pio Riccobono
- Cardiology IV, Cardiovascular “A.De Gasperis” Department, Niguarda Ca’ Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Greco
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan “Bicocca”, Milan, Italy
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Kööts–Ausmees L, Realo A. The Association between Life Satisfaction and Self–Reported Health Status in Europe. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that life satisfaction (LS) and self–reported health status are strongly related to each other. However, it is not clear whether this association holds across different nations or whether certain country–level indicators significantly affect this association. The study was based on nationally representative samples of 32 countries from the first six rounds of the European Social Survey (N = 291 686). Results from hierarchical multilevel modelling indicated that there was a positive association between LS and self–reported health status across countries, but this association was slightly stronger in countries where governments spent less on the health care of their residents. Self–reported health ratings were also more strongly tied to LS judgements in countries where variability in LS ratings was larger. These results suggest that, especially in less wealthy European countries, policies should target reducing overall social inequality and the negative impact of governments’ underinvestment in health care on LS. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia
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Jokar F, Yousefi H, Yousefy A, Sadeghi M. Behavioral Change Challenges in the Context of Center-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Qualitative Study. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 17:e27504. [PMID: 26290753 PMCID: PMC4537786 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.17(5)2015.27504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease is chronic and often a sign of long-standing unhealthy lifestyle habits. Patients need support to reach lifestyle changes, well-being, join in social and vocational activity. Thus, patient responsibility should to be encouraged to provide quality as well as longevity. Cardiac rehabilitation programs aid patients in the attainment of these objectives. However, research shows that behavioral change following the diagnosis of a chronic disease is a challenge. Objectives: We sought to determine behavioral change challenges in patients with cardiovascular disease to improve intervention programs. Patients and Methods: Using a descriptive qualitative approach, we collected the data using 30 in-depth semi-structure interviews. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify themes from the data. Results: Three sources of behavioral change challenges emerged regarding the nature of cardiac disease and the role of the individual and the family in the recovery process. These challenges acted at two levels: intra- and interpersonal. The intrapersonal factors comprised value, knowledge and judgment about cardiovascular disease, and self-efficacy to fulfill the rehabilitation task. Family overprotection constituted the principal component of the interpersonal level. Conclusions: Behaviors are actually adopted and sustained by patients are so far from that recommended by health professionals. This gap could be reduced by identifying behavioral change challenges, rooted in the beliefs of the individual and the family. Therefore, culturally-based interventions to enhance disease self-management should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Jokar
- Students Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Hojatollah Yousefi
- Department of Adult Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Hojatllah Yousefi, Department of Adult Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-3137927543, Fax: +98-3136699398, E-mail:
| | - Alireza Yousefy
- Department of Medical Education, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sadeghi
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
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In vivo β-adrenergic receptor responsiveness: ethnic differences in the relationship with symptoms of depression and fatigue. Int J Behav Med 2015; 21:843-50. [PMID: 24114717 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-013-9359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive symptoms and fatigue frequently overlap in clinical samples and the general population. The link of depressive symptoms and fatigue with increased risk of cardiovascular disease has been partly explained by shared biological mechanisms including sympathetic overactivity. Prolonged sympathetic overactivity downregulates the responsiveness of the β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR), a receptor that mediates several end-organ sympathetic responses. PURPOSE The authors studied whether depression and fatigue are related to reduced β-AR responsiveness within the human body (in vivo) in an ethnically diverse sample of African and Caucasian Americans. METHODS The chronotropic25 dose (CD25) was used to determine in vivo β-AR responsiveness in 93 healthy participants. Psychometric measures included the Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale and the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory. RESULTS Hierarchical regression analyses (adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, blood pressure, smoking, and ethnicity) revealed that mental fatigue was significantly related to reduced β-AR responsiveness (i.e., higher CD25 values) in the whole sample. Moderation analyses indicated significant ethnicity × depression/fatigue interactions. Depressive symptoms, total fatigue, emotional fatigue, mental fatigue, and physical fatigue were related to reduced β-AR responsiveness in Caucasian American but not in African Americans. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that symptoms of depression and fatigue are related to decreased in vivo β-AR responsiveness in Caucasian Americans. The lack of this association in African Americans highlights the importance for considering ethnicity as a potential moderator in research focusing on associations between psychological variables and cardiovascular function.
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Patel NR, Chew-Graham C, Bundy C, Kennedy A, Blickem C, Reeves D. Illness beliefs and the sociocultural context of diabetes self-management in British South Asians: a mixed methods study. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2015; 16:58. [PMID: 25958196 PMCID: PMC4438635 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-015-0269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background British South Asians have a higher incidence of diabetes and poorer health outcomes compared to the general UK population. Beliefs about diabetes are known to play an important role in self-management, yet little is known about the sociocultural context in shaping beliefs. This study aimed to explore the influence of sociocultural context on illness beliefs and diabetes self-management in British South Asians. Methods A mixed methods approach was used. 67 participants recruited using random and purposive sampling, completed a questionnaire measuring illness beliefs, fatalism, health outcomes and demographics; 37 participants completed a social network survey interview and semi-structured interviews. Results were analysed using SPSS and thematic analysis. Results Quantitative data found certain social network characteristics (emotional and illness work) were related to perceived concern, emotional distress and health outcomes (p < 0.05). After multivariate analysis, emotional work remained a significant predictor of perceived concern and emotional distress related to diabetes (p < 0.05). Analysis of the qualitative data suggest that fatalistic attitudes and beliefs influences self-management practices and alternative food ‘therapies’ are used which are often recommended by social networks. Conclusions Diabetes-related illness beliefs and self-management appear to be shaped by the sociocultural context. Better understanding of the contextual determinants of behaviour could facilitate the development of culturally appropriate interventions to modify beliefs and support self-management in this population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12875-015-0269-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neesha R Patel
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes and Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, Institute of Human Development, The University of Manchester, Room S42, Second Floor, Zochonis Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Carolyn Chew-Graham
- Primary Care and Health Sciences, and NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) West Midlands, Research Institute, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Christine Bundy
- Institute for Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, 1.530 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Anne Kennedy
- NIHR CLAHRC Wessex, Faculty of Health Sciences, Building 67, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Christian Blickem
- NIHR CLAHRC Greater Manchester, The University of Manchester, Centre for Primary Care, 5th Floor Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - David Reeves
- Centre for Primary Care, The University of Manchester, 5th Floor Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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