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Kapoor DU, Garg R, Maheshwari R, Gaur M, Sharma D, Prajapati BG. Advancing psoriasis drug delivery through topical liposomes. Z NATURFORSCH C 2024; 0:znc-2024-0118. [PMID: 39037729 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2024-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis, recognized as a chronic inflammatory skin disorder, disrupts immune system functionality. Global estimates by the World Psoriasis Day consortium indicate its impact on approximately 130 million people, constituting 4 to 5 percent of the worldwide population. Conventional drug delivery systems, mainly designed to alleviate psoriasis symptoms, fall short in achieving targeted action and optimal bioavailability due to inherent challenges such as the drug's brief half-life, instability, and a deficiency in ensuring both safety and efficacy. Liposomes, employed in drug delivery systems, emerge as highly promising carriers for augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of topically applied drugs. These small unilamellar vesicles demonstrate enhanced penetration capabilities, facilitating drug delivery through the stratum corneum layer of skin. This comprehensive review article illuminates diverse facets of liposomes as a promising drug delivery system to treat psoriasis. Addressing various aspects such as formulation strategies, encapsulation techniques, and targeted delivery, the review underscores the potential of liposomes in enhancing the efficacy and specificity of psoriasis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh U Kapoor
- Dr. Dayaram Patel Pharmacy College, Bardoli 394601, Gujarat, India
| | - Rahul Garg
- Asian College of Pharmacy, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India
| | - Rahul Maheshwari
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Green Industrial Park, TSIIC, 509301, Jadcherla, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mansi Gaur
- Rajasthan Pharmacy College, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur 302026, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Institute of Pharmacy, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia, Assam 782402, India
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva 384012, India
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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de Menêses AG, Ferreira EB, Vieira LAC, de Souza Maggi Bontempo P, Guerra ENS, Ciol MA, Dos Reis PED. Comparison of liposomal gel with and without addition of chamomile for prevention of radiation dermatitis in head and neck cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial. Radiother Oncol 2024:110440. [PMID: 39032836 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Head and neck cancer patients frequently develop radiation dermatitis (RD) during radiotherapy. We compared liposomal gel with and without chamomile extract for the prevention and management of RD in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty participants undergoing radiotherapy for the first time for head and neck cancer were recruited in a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Primary outcomes were the occurrence of dry desquamation and the cumulative dose of ionizing radiation at the first occurrence of dry desquamation. Secondary outcomes were the occurrence of erythema, moist desquamation, global RD, and participant self-reported symptoms. RESULTS Dry desquamation occurred in 76.9 % (95 % CI: 57.9, 89.0) of participants in the chamomile liposomal gel group and in 88.9 % (95 % CI: 71.9, 96.1) in the liposomal gel group (p = 0.43). The median cumulative dose of ionizing radiation when dry desquamation occurred was 48.0 Gy in the chamomile liposomal gel group and 40.0 Gy in the liposomal gel group. Fewer symptoms were reported in the chamomile liposomal gel group. CONCLUSION No statistically significant differences in outcomes were found between the two groups, though the chamomile liposomal gel group presented with lower grades of RD than the liposomal gel group. In addition, when compared to the literature on other topical interventions to manage RD, our results show that chamomile liposomal gel has potential for better management and prevention of RD in this population, which should be further tested. This study provides crucial information to design future studies. Clinical Trials Registration (REBEC): RBR-92cts3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gomes de Menêses
- University of Brasília, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research Applied to Clinical Practice in Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Elaine Barros Ferreira
- University of Brasília, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research Applied to Clinical Practice in Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Larissa Aparecida Corrêa Vieira
- University of Brasília, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research Applied to Clinical Practice in Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Souza Maggi Bontempo
- University of Brasília, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research Applied to Clinical Practice in Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- University of Brasília, Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcia A Ciol
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seattle, USA
| | - Paula Elaine Diniz Dos Reis
- University of Brasília, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research Applied to Clinical Practice in Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Brasília, Brazil.
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Maurya R, Misro L, Boini T, Radhakrishnan T, Nair PG, Gaidhani SN, Jain A. Transforming Medicinal Oil into Advanced Gel: An Update on Advancements. Gels 2024; 10:342. [PMID: 38786260 PMCID: PMC11121385 DOI: 10.3390/gels10050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study delves into the evolution of traditional Ayurvedic oil preparations through innovative strategies to develop advanced gel formulations, aiming at amplifying their therapeutic efficacy. Ayurvedic oils have a rich historical context in healing practices, yet their conversion into contemporary gel-based formulations represents a revolutionary approach to augment their medicinal potential. The primary objective of this transformation is to leverage scientific advancements and modern pharmaceutical techniques to enhance the application, absorption, and overall therapeutic impact of these traditional remedies. By encapsulating the essential constituents of Ayurvedic oils within gel matrices, these novel strategies endeavor to improve their stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery mechanisms. This review highlights the fusion of traditional Ayurvedic wisdom with cutting-edge pharmaceutical technology, paving the way for more effective and accessible utilization of these revered remedies in modern healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Maurya
- National Ayurveda Research Institute for Panchakarma, CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur 679531, India; (L.M.); (T.B.); (T.R.); (P.G.N.); (S.N.G.)
| | - Lakshminarayana Misro
- National Ayurveda Research Institute for Panchakarma, CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur 679531, India; (L.M.); (T.B.); (T.R.); (P.G.N.); (S.N.G.)
| | - Thirupataiah Boini
- National Ayurveda Research Institute for Panchakarma, CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur 679531, India; (L.M.); (T.B.); (T.R.); (P.G.N.); (S.N.G.)
| | - Thulasi Radhakrishnan
- National Ayurveda Research Institute for Panchakarma, CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur 679531, India; (L.M.); (T.B.); (T.R.); (P.G.N.); (S.N.G.)
| | - Parvathy G. Nair
- National Ayurveda Research Institute for Panchakarma, CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur 679531, India; (L.M.); (T.B.); (T.R.); (P.G.N.); (S.N.G.)
| | - Sudesh N. Gaidhani
- National Ayurveda Research Institute for Panchakarma, CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur 679531, India; (L.M.); (T.B.); (T.R.); (P.G.N.); (S.N.G.)
| | - Ankit Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India
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Chutoprapat R, Witarat J, Jongpanyangarm P, Mang Sung Thluai L, Khankaew P, Wah Chan L. Development of solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) containing asiatic acid for topical treatment of acne: Characterization, stability, in vitro and in vivo anti-acne assessment. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123980. [PMID: 38460769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) represent a promising approach for drug delivery in anti-acne applications. In this study, asiatic acid-loaded SLMs (AASLMs) were prepared by melt emulsification method in conjunction with freeze-drying. Comprehensive evaluations comprised particle size, %entrapment efficiency (%EE), %labeled amount (%LA), surface morphology, stability, %release, %skin permeation, and anti-acne activity. The AASLMs exhibited an average particle size ranging from 7.46 to 38.86 µm, with %EE and %LA falling within the range of 31.56 to 100.00 and 90.43 to 95.38, respectively. The AASLMs demonstrated a spherical shape under scanning electron microscopy, and maintained stability over a 3-month period. Notably, formulations with 10 % and 15 % cetyl alcohol stabilized with poloxamer-188 (specifically F6 and F12) displayed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 75 mg/ml against Cutibacterium acnes. Furthermore, F12 exhibited a higher %release and %skin permeation compared to F6 over 24 h. In a single-blind clinical trial involving fifteen participants with mild-to-moderate acne, F12 showcased its potential not only in reducing porphyrin intensity and enhancing skin barriers but also in significantly improving skin hydration and brightness. However, further investigations with larger subject cohorts encompassing diverse age groups and genders are necessary to thoroughly establish the performance of the developed AASLMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romchat Chutoprapat
- Cosmetic Science Program, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Jatuporn Witarat
- Cosmetic Science Program, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panalee Jongpanyangarm
- Cosmetic Science Program, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Lucy Mang Sung Thluai
- Cosmetic Science Program, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pichanon Khankaew
- Cosmetic Science Program, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Lai Wah Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Wang N, Zhang C, Wu J, Zhang D, Li J, Galvbu A, Tang L, Li Y, Li H, Tan S, Wang X. Carboxymethyl chitosan and octadecylamine-coated liposome-containing WPTS: design, optimization, and evaluation. J Liposome Res 2024; 34:124-134. [PMID: 37555618 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2023.2246057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes (LPs) are a delivery system for stabilizing pharmaceuticals with limited use due to their propensity to congregate and fuse. A proposed method of addressing these problems is polymer coating. In this study, the potential of octadecylamine (ODA)-coated liposomes and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS/ODA-LPs) for enhancing Wacao pentacyclic triterpene saponin (WPTS) transport capacity was investigated. CMCS/ODA-LPs were produced by electrostatic adsorption and thin-film hydration. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to enhance the process and encapsulation efficiency (EE) for optimum drug encapsulation efficiency. The synthesized WPTS-CMCS/ODA-LPs were uniformly dispersed in a circular shape, and during 14 days of storage at 4 °C, the particle size and morphology did not significantly change. Vesicle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (%) were 179.1 ± 7.31 nm, -29.6 ± 1.35 mV, 0.188 ± 0.052, and 75.62 ± 0.43, respectively. The hemolysis test revealed that WPTS-CMCS/ODA-LPs were sufficiently biocompatible. Compared to WPTS-LPs, WPTS-CMCS/ODA-LPs consistently showed a much more significant cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. Early and WPTS-CMCS/ODA-LPs-induced apoptosis resulted in almost seven times more cell death than the control. Compared to physiological pH 7.3, the pH-sensitive CMCS coupled LPs increased drug release at acidic pH 6.5. These findings suggest the efficacy of pH-sensitive CMCS/ODA-LPs as a medication delivery method for WPTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- School of Chinese Meteria Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Chinese Meteria Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- School of Chinese Meteria Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- School of Chinese Meteria Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junling Li
- School of Chinese Meteria Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - A Galvbu
- School of Chinese Meteria Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Leimengyuan Tang
- School of Chinese Meteria Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chinese Meteria Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Houxier Li
- School of Chinese Meteria Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuting Tan
- School of Chinese Meteria Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyong Wang
- School of Chinese Meteria Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Shahrajabian MH, Sun W. The Golden Spice for Life: Turmeric with the Pharmacological Benefits of Curcuminoids Components, Including Curcumin, Bisdemethoxycurcumin, and Demethoxycurcumins. Curr Org Synth 2024; 21:665-683. [PMID: 37287298 DOI: 10.2174/1570179420666230607124949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, is a perennial rhizomatous plant of tropical and subtropical regions. The three major chemical components responsible for the biological activities of turmeric are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. METHODS The literature search included review articles, analytical studies, randomized control experiments, and observations, which have been gathered from various sources, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. A review of the literature was carried out using the keywords: turmeric, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Iranian medicine, traditional Indian medicine, curcumin, curcuminoids, pharmaceutical benefits, turmerone, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. The main components of the rhizome of the leaf are α-turmerone, β-turmerone, and arturmerone. RESULTS The notable health benefits of turmeric are antioxidant activity, gastrointestinal effects, anticancer effects, cardiovascular and antidiabetic effects, antimicrobial activity, photoprotector activity, hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects, and appropriate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and inflammatory and edematic disorders. DISCUSSION Curcuminoids are phenolic compounds usually used as pigment spices with many health benefits, such as antiviral, antitumour, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, anticancer, and antifungal effects. Curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and demethoxycurcumin are the major active and stable bioactive constituents of curcuminoids. Curcumin, which is a hydroponic polyphenol, and the main coloring agent in the rhizomes of turmeric, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anticarcinogenic activities, as well as beneficial effects for infectious diseases and Alzheimer's disease. Bisdemethoxycurcumin possesses antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-metastasis activities. Demethoxycurcumin, which is another major component, has anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anti-cancer activities and is the appropriate candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION The goal of this review is to highlight the health benefits of turmeric in both traditional and modern pharmaceutical sciences by considering the important roles of curcuminoids and other major chemical constituents of turmeric.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenli Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Promising prospects of lipid-based topical nanocarriers for the treatment of psoriasis. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Wu YQ, Tong T. Curcumae Rhizoma: A botanical drug against infectious diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1015098. [PMID: 36703758 PMCID: PMC9871392 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1015098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumae Rhizoma is the dry rhizome coming from Curcuma longa L. which grow widely in tropical south and southwest Asia. It has been used to treat conditions such as dermatoses, infections, stress, and depression. Moreover, in China, Curcumae Rhizoma and its active constituents have been made into different pharmaceutical preparations. Growing evidence suggests that these preparations can exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects, which may play crucial roles in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, infectious-, autoimmune-, neurological-, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes. The anti-infective effect of Curcumae Rhizoma has become a popular field of research around the world, including for the treatment of COVID-19, influenza virus, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and human papilloma virus, among others. In this paper, the basic characteristics of Curcumae Rhizoma and its active constituents are briefly introduced, and we also give an overview on their applications and mechanisms in infectious diseases.
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Shree D, Patra CN, Sahoo BM. Novel Herbal Nanocarriers for Treatment of Dermatological Disorders. Pharm Nanotechnol 2022; 10:246-256. [PMID: 35733305 DOI: 10.2174/2211738510666220622123019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In the present scenario, the use of novel nanocarriers to provide a better therapy regimen is noteworthy. Nanotechnology with the advanced system enables the herbs for encapsulation within the smart carrier and boosts the nanotherapeutic. These emerging innovations of herbal nanocarriers have paved the way for dermal targeting by eliciting the desired response for particular diseases. METHODS In this current manuscript, an extensive search is conducted for the original research papers using databases, viz., Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, etc. Furthermore, painstaking efforts are made to compile and update the novel herbal nanocarriers, such as liposomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, nanogels, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid carriers, etc., which are mostly used for the treatment of several skin maladies, viz., eczema, psoriasis, acne, etc. This article highlights the recent findings that the innovators are exclusively working on herbal drug delivery systems for dermal targeting, and these are enumerated in the form of tables. CONCLUSION Herbal formulations employing a suitable nanocarrier could be a promising approach for the treatment of several pathological conditions, including skin ailments. Therefore, scientific research is still being carried out in this specific area for a better perspective in herbal drug delivery and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipthi Shree
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010, Odisha, India
| | - Chinam Niranjan Patra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010, Odisha, India
| | - Biswa Mohan Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010, Odisha, India
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Niu J, Yuan M, Zhang Z, Wang L, Fan Y, Liu X, Liu X, Ya H, Zhang Y, Xu Y. Hyaluronic Acid Micelles for Promoting the Skin Permeation and Deposition of Curcumin. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:4009-4022. [PMID: 36105622 PMCID: PMC9464638 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s372711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The poor skin permeation and deposition of topical therapeutic drugs is a major issue in topical drug delivery, improving this issue is conducive to improving the topical therapeutic effect of drugs. Methods In this study, octadecylamine modified hyaluronic acid (OHA) copolymer was synthesized by amide reaction technique to prepare curcumin (CUR)-loaded micelles (CUR-M) for topical transdermal administration. CUR-M was successfully prepared by dialysis, and the formulation was evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, entrapment effciency (EE%), drug loading (DL), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the in vitro drug release. Additionally, in vitro skin permeation and retention, in vivo topical analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, and skin irritation were assessed. Results The mean drug loading (DL), drug entrapment efficiency (EE), hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of CUR-M were 8.26%, 90.86%, 165.64 nm and −26.85 mV, respectively. CUR-M was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), it was found that there was an interaction between CUR and OHA, and CUR existed in CUR-M in an amorphous form. CUR-M exhibited sustained release in 48 h and good stability at 4 °C for 21days. CUR-M could significantly increase the skin penetration and retention of CUR and had better analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in vivo when compared with CUR solution. Hematoxylin-eosin staining results revealed that the transdermal penetration mechanism of CUR-M might be related to the hydration of stratum corneum by HA. In addition, CUR-M showed no skin irritation to mouse skin. Conclusion CUR-M might be a promising and safe drug delivery system for the treatment of topical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxiu Niu
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yuan
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Liye Wang
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Fan
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianming Liu
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyuan Ya
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansong Zhang
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, People's Republic of China
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Opatha SAT, Titapiwatanakun V, Boonpisutiinant K, Chutoprapat R. Preparation, Characterization and Permeation Study of Topical Gel Loaded with Transfersomes Containing Asiatic Acid. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154865. [PMID: 35956816 PMCID: PMC9369753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the in vitro permeation of asiatic acid (AA) in the form of a topical gel after entrapment in transfersomes by Franz diffusion cells. Transfersomes composed of soybean lecithin and three different edge activators including Tween 80 (TW80), Span 80 (SP80) and sodium deoxycholate (SDC) at the ratio of 50:50, 90:10 and 90:10, respectively, together with 0.3% w/w of AA, were prepared by a high-pressure homogenization technique and further incorporated in gels (TW80AATG, SP80AATG and SDCAATG). All transfersomal gels were characterized for their AA contents, dynamic viscosity, pH and homogeneity. Results revealed that the AA content, dynamic viscosity and pH of the prepared transfersomal gels ranged from 0.272 ± 0.006 to 0.280 ± 0.005% w/w, 812.21 ± 20.22 to 1222.76 ± 131.99 Pa.s and 5.94 ± 0.03 to 7.53 ± 0.03, respectively. TW80AATG gave the highest percentage of AA penetration and flux into the Strat-M® membrane at 8 h (8.53 ± 1.42% and 0.024 ± 0.008 mg/cm2/h, respectively) compared to SP80AATG (8.00 ± 1.70% and 0.019 ± 0.010 mg/cm2/h, respectively), SDCAATG (4.80 ± 0.50% and 0.014 ± 0.004 mg/cm2/h, respectively), non-transfersomal gels (0.73 ± 0.44 to 3.13 ± 0.46% and 0.002 ± 0.001 to 0.010 ± 0.002 mg/cm2/h, respectively) and hydroethanolic AA solution in gel (1.18 ± 0.76% and 0.004 ± 0.003 mg/cm2/h, respectively). These findings indicate that the TW80AATG might serve as a lead formulation for further development toward scar prevention and many types of skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakthi Apsara Thejani Opatha
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.A.T.O.); (V.T.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Varin Titapiwatanakun
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.A.T.O.); (V.T.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Korawinwich Boonpisutiinant
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai Wisdoms (INPTW), Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand;
| | - Romchat Chutoprapat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.A.T.O.); (V.T.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Mohammed Y, Holmes A, Kwok PCL, Kumeria T, Namjoshi S, Imran M, Matteucci L, Ali M, Tai W, Benson HA, Roberts MS. Advances and future perspectives in epithelial drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114293. [PMID: 35483435 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces protect exposed tissues in the body against intrusion of foreign materials, including xenobiotics, pollen and microbiota. The relative permeability of the various epithelia reflects their extent of exposure to the external environment and is in the ranking: intestinal≈ nasal ≥ bronchial ≥ tracheal > vaginal ≥ rectal > blood-perilymph barrier (otic), corneal > buccal > skin. Each epithelium also varies in their morphology, biochemistry, physiology, immunology and external fluid in line with their function. Each epithelium is also used as drug delivery sites to treat local conditions and, in some cases, for systemic delivery. The associated delivery systems have had to evolve to enable the delivery of larger drugs and biologicals, such as peptides, proteins, antibodies and biologicals and now include a range of physical, chemical, electrical, light, sound and other enhancement technologies. In addition, the quality-by-design approach to product regulation and the growth of generic products have also fostered advancement in epithelial drug delivery systems.
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13
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Yang Z, Wang Z, Li J, Long J, Peng C, Yan D. Network pharmacology-based dissection of the underlying mechanisms of dyspnoea induced by zedoary turmeric oil. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 130:606-617. [PMID: 35318816 PMCID: PMC9313566 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zedoary turmeric oil (ZTO) has been widely used in clinic. However, the unpleasant induced dyspnoea inevitably impedes its clinical application. Thus, it is urgent to elucidate the mechanism underlying the ZTO-induced dyspnoea. In this study, network pharmacology was firstly performed to search the clue of ZTO-induced dyspnoea. The key target genes of ZTO-induced dyspnoea were analysed using GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis. GO analysis suggested that haem binding could be a key molecular function involved in ZTO-induced dyspnoea. Hence, the haemoglobin (Hb) was focused for its oxygen-carrying capacity with haem as its critical component binding to the oxygen. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum indicated that the ZTO injection (ZTOI) perturbed the Soret band of Hb, suggesting an interaction between ZTO and Hb. GC-MS analysis revealed that β-elemene, germacrone, curdione and furanodiene were main components of ZTOI. Molecular docking was used to illustrate the high affinity between representative sesquiterpenes and Hb, which was finally confirmed by surface plasmon resonance, suggesting their potential roles in dyspnoea by ZTO. Following a network pharmacology-driven strategy, our study revealed an intervened Hb-based mechanism underlying the ZTO-induced dyspnoea, providing a reference for elucidating mechanism underlying adverse drug reactions of herbal medicines in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Yang
- Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangling Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianglan Long
- Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Anti-Psoriasis Effect of Diclofenac and Celecoxib Using the Tail Model for Psoriasis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040885. [PMID: 35456720 PMCID: PMC9025614 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) showed effects in some hyperproliferative dermatologic pathologies. The aim of the study is the assessment of anti-psoriasis effect of diclofenac and celecoxib using a mice tail model. The topical application of substances on the proximal mice tails was performed for two weeks. The effects on the epidermal granular layer and mean epidermal thickness (excluding the stratum corneum) were evaluated using hematoxylin–eosin staining. Orthokeratosis degree and percentual drug activity were calculated. A positive control group treated with tretinoin and two negative controls (white soft paraffin and untreated mice) were used. Orthokeratosis degree significantly increased in all the NSAIDs groups (celecoxib 1%, 2% and diclofenac 1%, 2%) and in the tretinoin 0.05% group, versus negative controls. Celecoxib 1% and 2%, tretinoin 0.05% and white soft paraffin significantly increased mean epidermal thickness, versus untreated mice. The values obtained in the case of celecoxib 2% ointment regarding the orthokeratosis degree and percentual drug activity are providing premises for further investigations regarding this effect and the mechanisms of action involved. Celecoxib 2% had the greatest percentual drug activity and is a promising substance for the anti-psoriasis topical treatment. Along with the COX-2 inhibition, celecoxib might have an anti-psoriasis effect by other independent mechanisms.
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Katari O, Jain S. Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carrier-based nanotherapeutics for the treatment of psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1857-1872. [PMID: 34823429 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.2011857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is an auto-immune inflammatory skin disease affecting people worldwide. Its topical therapy via different nanoformulations prevents the long-term side-effects of conventional formulations. Nanocarriers, especially solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), pose extra benefits in topical drug delivery due to their lipid constituents. Although both natural and synthetic anti-psoriatic drugs have been successfully incorporated in these nanoformulations, yet further studies including dual drug-loadings are being carried out for assessing their efficacy. AREAS COVERED This review aims at describing the different aspects of SLNs and NLCs in psoriasis, including their skin permeation behavior and the various drug molecules incorporated. The recent studies with single- and dual drug-loaded SLNs and NLCs have also been discussed in the review. EXPERT OPINION SLNs and NLCs have been very effective in mitigating psoriasis when compared to commercial formulations. They have also shown promising results when loaded with two drugs, thus overcoming drawbacks of traditional combination therapy. Therefore, various drug/antibody/siRNA combinations can be selected in the upcoming research works to evaluate their synergistic performance against psoriasis. However, the conclusions drawn so far are only based on the pre-clinical studies and hence further investigations are required to obtain their clinical trial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oly Katari
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, India
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16
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Zhao Z, Liu T, Zhu S, Pi J, Guo P, Qi D, Liu Z, Li N. Natural medicine combined with nanobased topical delivery systems: a new strategy to treat psoriasis. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1326-1338. [PMID: 34287767 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis, an autoimmune inflammatory skin disorder, is one of the commonest immune-mediated disease conditions affecting individuals globally. At the moment, the conventional methods applied against psoriasis treatment have various drawbacks involving limited efficacy, skin irritation, immunosuppression, etc. Therefore, it is important for scientists to find a more potent and alternative drug approach towards psoriasis therapeutics. Natural medicine still remains an important source for new drug discovery due to its therapeutical significance in various drug administration routes. However, the traditional formulation of topical therapies for psoriasis is limited in efficacy, which limits the use of natural medicine. Based on the aforementioned limitations, the use of nanocarriers in preparation of these topical herbal products could be tremendously beneficial in enhancing the efficacy of topical medications. Growing pieces of evidence have proposed that the utilization of nanocarriers in transdermal preparation as a prospective technique, with regards to better potency, directs drug absorption to site of action, and minimum toxicity effect respectively. In the course of this review, we emphasized the pathological mechanism of psoriasis, natural medicine formula, active components of natural medicine, and nanopreparations used in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Component Natural Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin, 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Natural Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Natural Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jiaxin Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Component Natural Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin, 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Pan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component Natural Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin, 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Dongli Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Component Natural Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin, 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Natural Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin, 301617, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component Natural Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin, 301617, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Biswasroy P, Pradhan D, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G. Recent Advancement in Topical Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Psoriasis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:164. [PMID: 34041632 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a life-threatening autoimmune inflammatory skin disease, triggered by T lymphocyte. Recently, the drugs most commonly used for the treatment of psoriasis include methotrexate (MTX), cyclosporine (CsA), acitretin, dexamethasone, and salicylic acid. However, conventional formulations due to poor absorptive capacity, inconsistent drug release characteristics, poor capability of selective targeting, poor retention of drug molecules in target tissue, and unintended skin reactions restrict the clinical efficacy of drugs. Advances in topical nanocarriers allow the development of prominent drug delivery platforms can be employed to address the critical issues associated with conventional formulations. Advances in nanocarriers design, nano-dimensional configuration, and surface functionalization allow formulation scientists to develop formulations for a more effective treatment of psoriasis. Moreover, interventions in the size distribution, shape, agglomeration/aggregation potential, and surface chemistry are the significant aspects need to be critically evaluated for better therapeutic results. This review attempted to explore the opportunities and challenges of current revelations in the nano carrier-based topical drug delivery approach used for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Yadav K, Singh D, Singh MR, Pradhan M. Multifaceted targeting of cationic liposomes via co-delivery of anti-IL-17 siRNA and corticosteroid for topical treatment of psoriasis. Med Hypotheses 2020; 145:110322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Wang W, Shu GF, Lu KJ, Xu XL, Sun MC, Qi J, Huang QL, Tan WQ, Du YZ. Flexible liposomal gel dual-loaded with all-trans retinoic acid and betamethasone for enhanced therapeutic efficiency of psoriasis. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:80. [PMID: 32448273 PMCID: PMC7245867 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease without effective treatment. The utilization of all trans-retinoic acid (TRA) and betamethasone (BT) for the treatment of psoriasis is still facing difficulties, due to their relatively poor stability, limited skin permeation, and systemic side effects. Flexible liposomes are excellent in deeper skin permeation and reducing the side effects of drugs, which is promising for effective treatment of skin disorders. This work aimed to establish dual-loaded flexible liposomal gel for enhanced therapeutic efficiency of psoriasis based on TRA and BT. Results Flexible liposomes co-loaded with TRA and BT were successfully prepared in our study. The characterization examination revealed that flexible liposomes featured nano-sized particles (around 70 nm), high drug encapsulation efficiency (> 98%) and sustained drug release behaviors. Flexible liposomes remarkably increased the drug skin permeation and retention as compared with free drugs. Results on HaCaT cells suggested that flexible liposomes were nontoxic, and its cellular uptake has a time-dependent manner. In vivo studies suggested the topical application of TRA and BT dual-loaded liposomal gel had the best ability to reduce the thickness of epidermal and the level of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), largely alleviating the symptoms of psoriasis. Conclusions Flexible liposomal gel dual-loaded with TRA and BT exerted a synergistic effect, which is a promising topical therapeutic for the treatment of psoriasis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, 38 West Lake Avenue, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Gao-Feng Shu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kong-Jun Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Min-Cheng Sun
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiao-Ling Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, 38 West Lake Avenue, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Wei-Qiang Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Yong-Zhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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