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Dalpé G, Ngueng Feze I, Salman S, Joly Y, Hagan J, Lévesque E, Dorval V, Blouin-Bougie J, Amara N, Dorval M, Simard J. Breast Cancer Risk Estimation and Personal Insurance: A Qualitative Study Presenting Perspectives from Canadian Patients and Decision Makers. Front Genet 2017; 8:128. [PMID: 28983318 PMCID: PMC5613157 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic stratification approaches in personalized medicine may considerably improve our ability to predict breast cancer risk for women at higher risk of developing breast cancer. Notwithstanding these advantages, concerns have been raised about the use of the genetic information derived in these processes, outside of the research and medical health care settings, by third parties such as insurers. Indeed, insurance applicants are asked to consent to insurers accessing their medical information (implicitly including genetic) to verify or determine their insurability level, or eligibility to certain insurance products. This use of genetic information may result in the differential treatment of individuals based on their genetic information, which could lead to higher premium, exclusionary clauses or even the denial of coverage. This phenomenon has been commonly referred to as "Genetic Discrimination" (GD). In the Canadian context, where federal Bill S-201, An Act to prohibit and prevent genetic discrimination, has recently been enacted but may be subject to constitutional challenges, information about potential risks to insurability may raise issues in the clinical context. We conducted a survey with women in Quebec who have never been diagnosed with breast cancer to document their perspectives. We complemented the research with data from 14 semi-structured interviews with decision-makers in Quebec to discuss institutional issues raised by the use of genetic information by insurers. Our results provide findings on five main issues: (1) the reluctance to undergo genetic screening test due to insurability concerns, (2) insurers' interest in genetic information, (3) the duty to disclose genetic information to insurers, (4) the disclosure of potential impacts on insurability before genetic testing, and (5) the status of genetic information compared to other health data. Overall, both groups of participants (the women surveyed and the decision-makers interviewed) acknowledged having concerns about GD and reported a need for better communication tools discussing insurability risk. Our conclusions regarding concerns about GD and the need for better communication tools in the clinical setting may be transferable to the broader Canadian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gratien Dalpé
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ida Ngueng Feze
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shahad Salman
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yann Joly
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Hagan
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Lévesque
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Dorval
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Quebec, Laval UniversityQuebec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Nabil Amara
- Faculty of Science of Administration, Laval UniversityQuebec, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Dorval
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Quebec, Laval UniversityQuebec, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval UniversityQuebec, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques Simard
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Quebec, Laval UniversityQuebec, QC, Canada
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Takashima K, Takimoto Y, Nakazawa E, Hayashi Y, Tsuchiya A, Fujita M, Akabayashi A. Discovery and informing research participants of incidental findings detected in brain magnetic resonance imaging studies: Review and multi-institutional study. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00676. [PMID: 28523219 PMCID: PMC5434182 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain imaging studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sometimes reveal incidental findings (IFs) that might be relevant to some of the health issues in research participants. Although professional communities have discussed how to manage these IFs, there is no global consensus on the concrete handling procedures including how to inform participants of IFs. METHODS First, this study reviewed previous studies for the number of IFs discovered in brain imaging studies using MEDLINE. Second, a multi-institutional study determined the number of IF discoveries and evaluated the method of informing participants at multiple institutions, which participated in a national brain science project in Japan. RESULTS Both the review and multi-institutional study showed that IFs with a high urgency level were discovered in 0-2.0% of participants, including healthy volunteers, and that the rate of IF discovery in general was higher in studies conducted in elderly population. Moreover, multi-institutional study suggested the criteria used to judge whether or not to inform participants of IFs may differ by institution. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that in order to ensure informing the participants of high urgency IFs, physicians who are capable of interpreting brain images clinically should review all brain images, and the establishment of a support system is required for brain imaging studies at nonmedical institutions. Since the method of informing participants of IFs might affect their understanding and acceptance of IFs, which are related to managing risks of false "clean bill of health" or psychological impacts of informing IFs, further research focusing on communication of IFs is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Takashima
- Department of Public Policy Institute of Medical Science the University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takimoto
- Department of Biomedical Ethics Graduate School of Medicine the University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Eisuke Nakazawa
- Department of Biomedical Ethics Graduate School of Medicine the University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Philosophy College of Letters Ritsumeikan University Kyoto Japan
| | - Atsushi Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Misao Fujita
- Uehiro Research Division for iPS Cell Ethics Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA) Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Akira Akabayashi
- Department of Biomedical Ethics Graduate School of Medicine the University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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Salman S, Ngueng Feze I, Joly Y. Disclosure of insurability risks in research and clinical consent forms. Glob Bioeth 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11287462.2016.1183442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shahad Salman
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ida Ngueng Feze
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yann Joly
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Jaitovich Groisman I, Godard B. Impact of Next Generation Sequencing on the Organization and Funding of Returning Research Results: Survey of Canadian Research Ethics Boards Members. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154965. [PMID: 27167380 PMCID: PMC4868059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Research Ethics Boards (REBs) are expected to evaluate protocols planning the use of Next Generation Sequencing technologies (NGS), assuring that any genomic finding will be properly managed. As Canadian REBs play a central role in the disclosure of such results, we deemed it important to examine the views and experience of REB members on the return of aggregated research results, individual research results (IRRs) and incidental findings (IFs) in current genomic research. With this intent, we carried out a web-based survey, which showed that 59.7% of respondents viewed the change from traditional sequencing to NGS as more than a technical substitution, and that 77% of respondents agreed on the importance of returning aggregated research results, the most compelling reasons being the recognition of participants' contribution and increasing the awareness of scientific progress. As for IRRs specifically, 50% of respondents were in favour of conveying such information, even when they only indicated the probability that a condition may develop. Current regulations and risk to participants were considered equally important, and much more than financial costs, when considering the return of IRRs and IFs. Respondents indicated that the financial aspect of offering genetic counseling was the least important matter when assessing it as a requisite. Granting agencies were named as mainly responsible for funding, while the organizing and returning of IRRs and IFs belonged to researchers. However, views in these matters differ according to respondents' experience. Our results draw attention to the need for improved guidance when considering the organizational and financial aspects of returning genetic research results, so as to better fulfill the ethical and moral principles that are to guide such undertakings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Jaitovich Groisman
- Groupe de recherche Omics-Ethics, Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Beatrice Godard
- Groupe de recherche Omics-Ethics, Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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ANDERSON JAMESA, EIJKHOLT MARLEEN, ILLES JUDY. Neuroethical issues in clinical neuroscience research. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 118:335-43. [PMID: 24182390 PMCID: PMC10460147 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53501-6.00028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we use the special features of neuroimaging to illustrate research ethics issues for the clinical neurologic sciences, and focus on one particularly compelling case: studies involving first-episode schizophrenic treatment-naïve individuals (FESTNIs) (Eijkholt et al., 2012). FESTNIs are scanned prior to the administration of medication in order to control for the confounding effects of treatment. By concentrating on this program of research, we capture the distinctive ethical challenges associated with neuroimaging research overall, and foreground the issues particular to neuroimaging research involving FESTNIs that have yet to receive sufficient attention in the literature. We highlight assessment of risks and burdens, including risks associated with treatment delays and incidental findings; assessment of benefit, including direct benefit, social value, and scientific quality; subject selection; justice questions related to responsiveness and poststudy access; and, finally, issues related to consent and capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - MARLEEN EIJKHOLT
- National Core for Neuroethics, Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - JUDY ILLES
- National Core for Neuroethics, Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Downie J, Baylis F. Transnational trade in human eggs: law, policy, and (in)action in Canada. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2013; 41:224-239. [PMID: 23581667 DOI: 10.1111/jlme.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we provide as accurate a picture as possible of transnational trade in human eggs involving Canadians. We explain the legal status in Canada, and call for reform in the regulation, of such trade.
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Groisman IJ, Mathieu G, Godard B. Use of next generation sequencing technologies in research and beyond: are participants with mental health disorders fully protected? BMC Med Ethics 2012; 13:36. [PMID: 23256847 PMCID: PMC3537639 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6939-13-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is expected to help find the elusive, causative genetic defects associated with Bipolar Disorder (BD). This article identifies the importance of NGS and further analyses the social and ethical implications of this approach when used in research projects studying BD, as well as other psychiatric ailments, with a view to ensuring the protection of research participants. Methods We performed a systematic review of studies through PubMed, followed by a manual search through the titles and abstracts of original articles, including the reviews, commentaries and letters published in the last five years and dealing with the ethical and social issues raised by NGS technologies and genomics studies of mental disorders, especially BD. A total of 217 studies contributed to identify the themes discussed herein. Results The amount of information generated by NGS renders individuals suffering from BD particularly vulnerable, and increases the need for educational support throughout the consent process, and, subsequently, of genetic counselling, when communicating individual research results and incidental findings to them. Our results highlight the importance and difficulty of respecting participants’ autonomy while avoiding any therapeutic misconception. We also analysed the need for specific regulations on the use and communication of incidental findings, as well as the increasing influence of NGS in health care. Conclusions Shared efforts on the part of researchers and their institutions, Research Ethics Boards as well as participants’ representatives are needed to delineate a tailored consent process so as to better protect research participants. However, health care professionals involved in BD care and treatment need to first determine the scientific validity and clinical utility of NGS-generated findings, and thereafter their prevention and treatment significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Jaitovich Groisman
- Groupe de recherche Omics-Ethics, Programmes de bioéthique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Anderson J, Mizgalewicz A, Illes J. Reviews of functional MRI: the ethical dimensions of methodological critique. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42836. [PMID: 22952615 PMCID: PMC3429464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies involving human subjects raise a range of ethics issues. Many of these issues are heightened in the context of neuroimaging research involving persons with mental health disorders. There has been growing interest in these issues among legal scholars, philosophers, social scientists, and as well as neuroimagers over the last decade. Less clear, however, is the extent to which members of the neuroimaging community are engaged with these issues when they undertake their research and report results. In this study, we analyze the peer-reviewed review literature involving fMRI as applied to the study of mental health disorders. Our hypothesis is that, due to the critical orientation of reviews, and the vulnerability of mental health population, the penetrance of neuroethics will be higher in the review literature in this area than it is in the primary fMRI research literature more generally. We find that while authors of reviews do focus a great deal of attention on the methodological limitations of the studies they discussed, contrary to our hypothesis, they do not frame concerns in ethical terms despite their ethical significance. We argue that an ethics lens on such discussion would increase the knowledge-value of this scholarly work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judy Illes
- National Core for Neuroethics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Simon CM, Williams JK, Shinkunas L, Brandt D, Daack-Hirsch S, Driessnack M. Informed consent and genomic incidental findings: IRB chair perspectives. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2012; 6:53-67. [PMID: 22228060 DOI: 10.1525/jer.2011.6.4.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear how genomic incidental finding (GIF) prospects should be addressed in informed consent processes. An exploratory study on this topic was conducted with 34 purposively sampled Chairs of institutional review boards (IRBs) at centers conducting genome-wide association studies. Most Chairs (96%) reported no knowledge of local IRB requirements regarding GIFs and informed consent. Chairs suggested consent processes should address the prospect of, and study disclosure policy on, GIFs; GIF management and follow-up; potential clinical significance of GIFs; potential risks of GIF disclosure; an opportunity for participants to opt out of GIF disclosure; and duration of the researcher's duty to disclose GIFs. Chairs were concerned about participant disclosure preferences changing over time; inherent limitations in determining the scope and accuracy of claims about GIFs; and making consent processes longer and more complex. IRB Chair and other stakeholder perspectives can help advance informed consent efforts to accommodate GIF prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Simon
- Program in Bioethics and Humanities, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1190, USA.
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