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Tomás C, Moreira A. Battles of the Soul: Validation of the Scale of Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) for the Portuguese Population. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024; 63:1623-1641. [PMID: 38055143 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to adapt and validate the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale for the Portuguese population. The sample consisted of 732 participants with various religious affiliations. The exploratory factor analysis showed that it consists of six dimensions, similar to the initial instrument. A KMO of 0.91 was obtained. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the existence of six factors and showed adequate fit indices. Internal consistency and construct reliability were above 0.70. The analysis of the psychometric qualities of this instrument indicates that it can be applied to the Portuguese population and is a valuable instrument for psychotherapeutic practice and studies in the psychology of religion and spirituality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Tomás
- Department of Psychology and Sports, Instituto Superior Manuel Teixeira Gomes, 8500-590, Portimão, Portugal
| | - Ana Moreira
- School of Psychology, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Rua do Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisbon, Portugal.
- APPsyCI-Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities & Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, R. Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Europeia, Quinta do Bom Nome, Estr. da Correia 53, 1500-210, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Bennett MD, McDaniel JT, Albright DL. Chronic disease multimorbidity and substance use among African American men: veteran-non-veteran differences. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2023; 28:1145-1160. [PMID: 37331990 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2023.2224949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to explore the extent to which prior military service may moderate the relationship between chronic disease multimorbidity and substance use among African American men in the United States. DESIGN Data for this cross-sectional study was downloaded from the 2016 -2019 United States (US) National Survey on Drug Use and Health. We estimated three survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression models, where use of each of the following substances served as the dependent variables: illicit drugs, opioids, and tobacco. Differences in these outcomes were examined along two primary independent variables: veteran status and multimorbidity (and an interaction term for these variables). We also controlled for the following covariates: age, education, income, rurality, criminal behavior, and religiosity. RESULTS From the 37,203,237 (weighted N) African American men in the sample, approximately 17% reported prior military service. Veterans with ≥ 2 chronic diseases had higher rates of illicit drug use (aOR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.87; 32% vs. 28%) than non-veterans with ≥ 2 chronic diseases. Non-veterans with one chronic disease had higher rates of tobacco use (aOR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.69, 0.93; 29% vs. 26%) and opioid misuse (aOR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.36, 0.67; 29% vs. 18%) than veterans with one chronic disease. DISCUSSION Chronic disease multi-morbidity appears to be a context in which African American veterans may be at greater risk for certain undesirable health behaviors than African American non-veterans and at lower risk for others. This may be due to exposure to trauma, difficulty accessing care, socio-environmental factors, and co-occurring mental health conditions. These complex interactions may contribute to higher rates of SUDs among African American veterans compared to African American non-veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daniel Bennett
- School of Social Work, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Justin T McDaniel
- School of Human Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - David L Albright
- Department of Political Science, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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Prosek EA, Giordano AL, Burgin EE, Valverde N, Hagedorn WB. Predictors of hazardous drinking and internet gaming severity among a military sample. JOURNAL OF ADDICTIONS & OFFENDER COUNSELING 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jaoc.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Prosek
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education Penn State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Amanda L. Giordano
- Department of Counseling and Human Development Services University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Burgin
- Department of School Psychology & Counselor Education William & Mary Williamsburg Virginia USA
| | - Nancy Valverde
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education Penn State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - W. Bryce Hagedorn
- Department of Counselor Education & School Psychology University of Central Florida Orange County Pennsylvania USA
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Brazilian Adaptation and Validation of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale—Extended and Short Version. RELIGIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rel13040282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies highlight that although the spiritual/religious dimension is commonly used as a resource for coping with stress and suffering, sometimes this dimension can also be a locus of struggles. The Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale, composed of 26 items (extended version), is an instrument that assesses the presence of six types of spiritual struggles, categorized into three major categories: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Supernatural. More recently, studies have presented a leaner version, with 14 items (short version), also suitable for evaluating religious/spiritual struggles. This study aimed to validate the RSS Scale, in its two versions, in the Brazilian cultural context and was able to attest to its quality and reliability, albeit with small variations. The Brazilian extended version presented six components (similar to the original version) explaining 68.48% of variance and 0.907 of KMO. Two items were withdrawn due to low loadings, but the psychometric qualities of both versions in two different samples (one wide sample and one with LGBTQIA+ individuals) were maintained. The reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) for each one of the six components ranged from 0.78 to 0.88 (24 items) and from 0.73 to 0.83 (14 items). The TLI and CFI were, respectively, 0.934 and 0.945 (24 items) and 0.982 and 0.988 for the short version (14 items). Furthermore, convergent validity tests indicated correlations with the Satisfaction with Life Scale. The RSS Scale (the Brazilian versions with 24 and 14 items), demonstrated reliability in the studied sample and can be applied in clinical and research contexts.
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Hunt C, Exline JJ, Fletcher TL, Teng EJ. Intolerance of uncertainty prospectively predicts the transdiagnostic severity of emotional psychopathology: Evidence from a Veteran sample. J Anxiety Disord 2022; 86:102530. [PMID: 35033969 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) has been conceptualized as a transdiagnostic vulnerability for emotional psychopathology, but few studies have tested whether it prospectively predicts emotional psychopathology, and none have utilized transdiagnostic and clinician-rated outcomes. To fill this gap, the present study tested whether IU prospectively predicted the clinician-rated severity of transdiagnostic emotional psychopathology six months later in a treatment-seeking Veteran sample. Participants completed the Intolerance of Uncertainty 12-item scale (IUS-12) and the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-5 (SCID-5) at Time 1 and again six-months later (Time 2); assessed emotional disorders included both anxiety-related disorders (i.e., post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, specific phobia) and depressive conditions (i.e., major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder). Linear regression analyses revealed a bidirectional prospective relation between IU and emotional psychopathology, wherein higher Time 1 IUS-12 predicted greater Time 2 emotional disorder severity and greater Time 1 emotional disorder severity predicted higher Time 2 IUS-12. Follow-up analyses revealed that IU prospectively predicted the maintenance (but not the development) of anxiety-related issues, whereas prediction of Time 2 depression was nullified when controlling for Time 1 anxiety pathology. These findings implicate IU as a transdiagnostic vulnerability for emotional psychopathology and suggest the construct can be particularly useful as a treatment target and prognostic indicator for anxiety-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hunt
- Michael E. Debakey Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Julie J Exline
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11220 Bellflower Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Terri L Fletcher
- Michael E. Debakey Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, 2450 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ellen J Teng
- Michael E. Debakey Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, 2450 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Knobloch LK, Owens JL, Gobin RL. Spiritual care for combat trauma: A qualitative evaluation of REBOOT Combat Recovery. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.1962183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K. Knobloch
- Department of Communication, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Robyn L. Gobin
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
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Grimell J, Nilsson S. An advanced perspective on moral challenges and their health-related outcomes through an integration of the moral distress and moral injury theories. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 32:380-388. [PMID: 38536263 PMCID: PMC10013254 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2020.1794478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Both the models of moral distress and of moral injury place an emphasis on various types of moral challenges that may violate the individual's conscience, evoking moral emotions. Yet, there appears to be great conceptual confusion as regards both scholarly perspectives. The purpose of this article is to further elaborate on the qualitative content and conceptual demarcations of the theories of moral injury and moral distress. In the light of this theoretical elaboration, we propose an integrated moral distress and injury scale that provides a more holistic overview of these moral challenges. We suggest that the utility and applicability of the moral injury and moral distress theories may benefit from the integration of these concepts. A practical implication of our theoretical understanding is that processes of recovery, which involve moral dimensions, are complex. In line with this understanding, we advocate a holistic approach to health and well-being among military service members and Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Grimell
- Amsterdam Centre for the Study of Lived Religion, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Nilsson
- Leadership Centre, Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership, Swedish Defence University, Karlstad, Sweden
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Harper KL, Stanley MA, Exline JJ, Pargament KI, Fletcher TL, Teng EJ. The impact of social support and morally injurious events on PTSD symptoms in Veterans. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 32:352-362. [PMID: 38536328 PMCID: PMC10013442 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2020.1760684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs), including committing transgressions (Transgressions-Self) and perceiving betrayals, have been positively associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A proposed mechanism for the association between PMIEs and PTSD symptoms is social disconnection. However, research on PMIEs and social disconnection is limited. Secondary data analysis from a larger study examined the moderating role of different sources of perceived social support (Family, Friends, and Significant Other) on the relation between PMIEs (Transgressions-Self and Betrayal) and PTSD. The interaction of Transgressions-Self and perceived social support subscales did not predict PTSD symptoms. However, the interaction of Betrayals and perceived social support (Significant Other and Family) predicted PTSD symptoms. Results suggest that perceived social support provides a protective effect for low to mean levels of perceived betrayals; however, for Veterans reporting high levels of betrayal, perceived social support did not attenuate PTSD symptom severity. Additional research on perceived betrayals and the association with PTSD is needed, especially for Veterans who experience high levels of perceived betrayals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Harper
- Michael E. DeBakey Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Melinda A Stanley
- Michael E. DeBakey Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Julie J Exline
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kenneth I Pargament
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
| | - Terri L Fletcher
- Michael E. DeBakey Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ellen J Teng
- Michael E. DeBakey Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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