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Zhong K, Chen X, Zhang J, Jiang X, Zhang J, Huang M, Bi S, Ju C, Luo Y. Recent Advances in Oral Vaccines for Animals. Vet Sci 2024; 11:353. [PMID: 39195807 PMCID: PMC11360704 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11080353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Compared to traditional injected vaccines, oral vaccines offer significant advantages for the immunization of livestock and wildlife due to their ease of use, high compliance, improved safety, and potential to stimulate mucosal immune responses and induce systemic immunity against pathogens. This review provides an overview of the delivery methods for oral vaccines, and the factors that influence their immunogenicity. We also highlight the global progress and achievements in the development and use of oral vaccines for animals, shedding light on potential future applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaining Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Xinting Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Junhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Junhui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Minyi Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Shuilian Bi
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China;
| | - Chunmei Ju
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
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2
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Akgul A, Kalindamar S, Kordon AO, Abdelhamed H, Ibrahim I, Tekedar HC, Karsi A. The RNA chaperone Hfq has a multifaceted role in Edwardsiella ictaluri. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1394008. [PMID: 39099884 PMCID: PMC11294321 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1394008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium that causes enteric septicemia in catfish (ESC). The RNA chaperone Hfq (host factor for phage Qβ replication) facilitates gene regulation via small RNAs (sRNAs) in various pathogenic bacteria. Despite its significance in other bacterial species, the role of hfq in E. ictaluri remains unexplored. This study aimed to elucidate the role of hfq in E. ictaluri by creating an hfq mutant (EiΔhfq) through in-frame gene deletion and characterization. Our findings revealed that the Hfq protein is highly conserved within the genus Edwardsiella. The deletion of hfq resulted in a significantly reduced growth rate during the late exponential phase. Additionally, EiΔhfq displayed a diminished capacity for biofilm formation and exhibited increased motility. Under acidic and oxidative stress conditions, EiΔhfq demonstrated impaired growth, and we observed elevated hfq expression when subjected to in vitro and in vivo stress conditions. EiΔhfq exhibited reduced survival within catfish peritoneal macrophages, although it had no discernible effect on the adherence and invasion of epithelial cells. The infection model revealed that hfq is needed for bacterial persistence in catfish, and its absence caused significant virulence attenuation in catfish. Finally, the EiΔhfq vaccination completely protected catfish against subsequent EiWT infection. In summary, these results underscore the pivotal role of hfq in E. ictaluri, affecting its growth, motility, biofilm formation, stress response, and virulence in macrophages and within catfish host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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Huang J, Jordan HR, Older CE, Griffin MJ, Allen PJ, Wise DJ, Goodman PM, Reifers JG, Yamamoto FY. Lactococcus lactis MA5 is a potential autochthonous probiotic for nutrient digestibility enhancement and bacterial pathogen inhibition in hybrid catfish (Ictalurus punctatus × I. furcatus). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13997. [PMID: 38973153 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
With the emergence of diseases, the U.S. catfish industry is under challenge. Current trends prefer autochthonous bacteria as potential probiotic candidates owing to their adaptability and capacity to effectively colonize the host's intestine, which can enhance production performance and bolster disease resistance. The objective of this study was to isolate an autochthonous bacterium as probiotic for hybrid catfish. Initially, an analysis of the intestinal microbiota of hybrid catfish reared in earthen ponds was conducted for subsequent probiotic development. Twenty lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the digesta of overperforming catfish, and most of the candidates demonstrated probiotic traits, including proteolytic and lipolytic abilities; antagonistic inhibition of catfish enteric bacterial pathogens, negative haemolytic activity and antibiotic susceptibility. Subsequent to this screening process, an isolate of Lactococcus lactis (MA5) was deemed the most promising probiotic candidate. In silico analyses were conducted, and several potential probiotic functions were predicted, including essential amino acids and vitamin synthesis. Moreover, genes for three bacteriocins, lactococcin A, enterolysin A and sactipeptide BmbF, were identified. Lastly, various protectant media for lyophilization of MA5 were assessed. These findings suggest that Lactococcus lactis MA5 can be an autochthonous probiotic from hybrid catfish, holding promise to be further tested in feeding trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Heather R Jordan
- Department of Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Caitlin E Older
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Peter J Allen
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - David J Wise
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Penelope M Goodman
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - J Grant Reifers
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Fernando Y Yamamoto
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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Wise AL, LaFrentz BR, Kelly AM, Liles MR, Griffin MJ, Beck BH, Bruce TJ. Coinfection of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) with virulent Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium covae exacerbates mortality. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024. [PMID: 38214100 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Flavobacterium covae and virulent Aeromonas hydrophila are prevalent bacterial pathogens within the US catfish industry that can cause high mortality in production ponds. An assessment of in vivo bacterial coinfection with virulent A. hydrophila (ML09-119) and F. covae (ALG-00-530) was conducted in juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Catfish were divided into seven treatments: (1) mock control; (2) and (3) high and low doses of virulent A. hydrophila; (4) and (5) high and low doses of F. covae; (6) and (7) simultaneous challenge with high and low doses of virulent A. hydrophila and F. covae. In addition to the mortality assessment, anterior kidney and spleen were collected to evaluate immune gene expression, as well as quantify bacterial load by qPCR. At 96 h post-challenge (hpc), the high dose of virulent A. hydrophila infection (immersed in 2.3 × 107 CFU mL-1 ) resulted in cumulative percent mortality (CPM) of 28.3 ± 9.5%, while the high dose of F. covae (immersed in 5.2 × 106 CFU mL-1 ) yielded CPM of 23.3 ± 12.9%. When these pathogens were delivered in combination, CPM significantly increased for both the high- (98.3 ± 1.36%) and low-dose combinations (76.7 ± 17.05%) (p < .001). Lysozyme activity was found to be different at 24 and 48 hpc, with the high-dose vAh group demonstrating greater levels than unexposed control fish at each time point. Three proinflammatory cytokines (tnfα, il8, il1b) demonstrated increased expression levels at 48 hpc. These results demonstrate the additive effects on mortality when these two pathogens are combined. The synthesis of these mortality and health metrics advances our understanding of coinfections of these two important catfish pathogens and will aid fish health diagnosticians and channel catfish producers in developing therapeutants and prevention methods to control bacterial coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Wise
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- USDA-ARS Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Anita M Kelly
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark R Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- USDA-ARS Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Timothy J Bruce
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Jones EM, Cain KD. An Introduction to Relevant Immunology Principles with Respect to Oral Vaccines in Aquaculture. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2917. [PMID: 38138061 PMCID: PMC10745647 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines continue to play an enormous role in the progression of aquaculture industries worldwide. Though preventable diseases cause massive economic losses, injection-based vaccine delivery is cost-prohibitive or otherwise impractical for many producers. Most oral vaccines, which are much cheaper to administer, do not provide adequate protection relative to traditional injection or even immersion formulas. Research has focused on determining why there appears to be a lack of protection afforded by oral vaccines. Here, we review the basic immunological principles associated with oral vaccination before discussing the recent progress and current status of oral vaccine research. This knowledge is critical for the development and advancement of efficacious oral vaccines for the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth D. Cain
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
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Stilwell JM, Camus AC, Woodyard ET, Ware C, Rosser TG, Gunn MA, López-Porras A, Khoo LH, Wise DJ, Griffin MJ. Species-specific in situ hybridization confirms arrested development of Henneguya ictaluri in hybrid catfish (Channel Catfish × Blue Catfish) under experimental conditions, with notes on mixed-species infections in clinical cases of proliferative gill disease from Mississippi catfish aquaculture. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2023; 35:223-237. [PMID: 37965694 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proliferative gill disease (PGD) in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus and hybrid catfish (Channel Catfish × Blue Catfish I. furcatus) is attributed to the myxozoan Henneguya ictaluri. Despite evidence of decreased H. ictaluri transmission and impaired parasite development in hybrid catfish, PGD still occurs in hybrid production systems. Previous metagenomic assessments of clinical PGD cases revealed numerous myxozoans within affected gill tissues in addition to H. ictaluri. The objective of this study was to investigate the development and pathologic contributions of H. ictaluri and other myxozoans in naturally and experimentally induced PGD. METHODS Henneguya species-specific in situ hybridization (ISH) assays were developed using RNAscope technology. Natural infections were sourced from diagnostic case submissions in 2019. Experimental challenges involved Channel Catfish and hybrid catfish exposed to pond water from an active PGD outbreak, and the fish were sampled at 1, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 weeks postchallenge. RESULT Nine unique ISH probes were designed, targeting a diagnostic variable region of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of select myxozoan taxa identified in clinical PGD cases. Partial validation from pure H. ictaluri, H. adiposa, H. postexilis, and H. exilis infections illustrated species-specific labeling and no cross-reactivity between different myxozoan species or the catfish hosts. After experimental challenge, mature plasmodia of H. ictaluri and H. postexilis formed in Channel Catfish but were not observed in hybrids, suggesting impaired or delayed sporogenesis in the hybridized host. These investigations also confirmed the presence of mixed infections in clinical PGD cases. CONCLUSION Although H. ictaluri appears to be the primary cause of PGD, presporogonic stages of other myxozoans were also present, which may contribute to disease pathology and exacerbate respiratory compromise by further altering normal gill morphology. This work provides molecular confirmation and more resolute developmental timelines of H. ictaluri and H. postexilis in Channel Catfish and supports previous research indicating impaired or precluded H. ictaluri sporogony in hybrid catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Stilwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ethan T Woodyard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Cynthia Ware
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Thomas G Rosser
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mackenzie A Gunn
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Adrián López-Porras
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lester H Khoo
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - David J Wise
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
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Tuttle JT, Bruce TJ, Butts IAE, Roy LA, Abdelrahman HA, Beck BH, Kelly AM. Investigating the Ability of Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium covae to Persist within Commercial Catfish Pond Sediments under Laboratory Conditions. Pathogens 2023; 12:871. [PMID: 37513718 PMCID: PMC10385248 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Two prevalent bacterial diseases in catfish aquaculture are enteric septicemia of catfish and columnaris disease caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium covae, respectively. Chronic and recurring outbreaks of these bacterial pathogens result in significant economic losses for producers annually. Determining if these pathogens can persist within sediments of commercial ponds is paramount. Experimental persistence trials (PT) were conducted to evaluate the persistence of E. ictaluri and F. covae in pond sediments. Twelve test chambers containing 120 g of sterilized sediment from four commercial catfish ponds were inoculated with either E. ictaluri (S97-773) or F. covae (ALG-00-530) and filled with 8 L of disinfected water. At 1, 2, 4-, 6-, 8-, and 15-days post-inoculation, 1 g of sediment was removed, and colony-forming units (CFU) were enumerated on selective media using 6 × 6 drop plate methods. E. ictaluri population peaked on Day 3 at 6.4 ± 0.5 log10 CFU g-1. Correlation analysis revealed no correlation between the sediment physicochemical parameters and E. ictaluri log10 CFU g-1. However, no viable F. covae colonies were recovered after two PT attempts. Future studies to improve understanding of E. ictaluri pathogenesis and persistence, and potential F. covae persistence in pond bottom sediments are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Tuttle
- Alabama Fish Farming Center, Greensboro, AL 36744, USA
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Timothy J Bruce
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ian A E Butts
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Luke A Roy
- Alabama Fish Farming Center, Greensboro, AL 36744, USA
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Hisham A Abdelrahman
- Alabama Fish Farming Center, Greensboro, AL 36744, USA
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | - Anita M Kelly
- Alabama Fish Farming Center, Greensboro, AL 36744, USA
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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The Infection Dynamics of Experimental Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium covae Coinfection in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030462. [PMID: 36986384 PMCID: PMC10051119 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium covae are pervasive bacterial pathogens associated with significant losses in catfish aquaculture. Bacterial coinfections have the potential to increase outbreak severity and can worsen on-farm mortality. A preliminary assessment of in vivo bacterial coinfection with E. ictaluri (S97-773) and F. covae (ALG-00-530) was conducted using juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Catfish were divided into five treatment groups: (1) mock control; (2) E. ictaluri full dose (immersion; 5.4 × 105 CFU mL−1); (3) F. covae full dose (immersion; 3.6 × 106 CFU mL−1); (4) E. ictaluri half dose (immersion; 2.7 × 105 CFU mL−1) followed by half dose F. covae (immersion; 1.8 × 106 CFU mL−1); and (5) F. covae half dose followed by half dose E. ictaluri. In the coinfection challenges, the second inoculum was delivered 48 h after the initial exposure. At 21 days post-challenge (DPC), the single dose E. ictaluri infection yielded a cumulative percent mortality (CPM) of 90.0 ± 4.1%, compared with 13.3 ± 5.9% in the F. covae group. Mortality patterns in coinfection challenges mimicked the single dose E. ictaluri challenge, with CPM of 93.3 ± 5.4% for fish initially challenged with E. ictaluri followed by F. covae, and 93.3 ± 2.7% for fish exposed to F. covae and subsequently challenged with E. ictaluri. Despite similarities in the final CPM within the coinfection groups, the onset of peak mortality was delayed in fish exposed to F. covae first but was congruent with mortality trends in the E. ictaluri challenge. Catfish exposed to E. ictaluri in both the single and coinfected treatments displayed increased serum lysozyme activity at 4-DPC (p < 0.001). Three pro-inflammatory cytokines (il8, tnfα, il1β) were evaluated for gene expression, revealing an increase in expression at 7-DPC in all E. ictaluri exposed treatments (p < 0.05). These data enhance our understanding of the dynamics of E. ictaluri and F. covae coinfections in US farm-raised catfish.
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Armwood AR, Griffin MJ, Richardson BM, Wise DJ, Ware C, Camus AC. Pathology and virulence of Edwardsiella tarda, Edwardsiella piscicida, and Edwardsiella anguillarum in channel (Ictalurus punctatus), blue (Ictalurus furcatus), and channel × blue hybrid catfish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1683-1698. [PMID: 35880718 PMCID: PMC9796362 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the mid-2010s, Edwardsiella tarda was reaffiliated into three discrete taxa (E. anguillarum, E. piscicida, and E. tarda), obscuring previous descriptions of E. tarda-induced pathology in fish. To clarify ambiguity regarding the pathology of E. tarda, E. piscicida, and E. anguillarum infections in US farm-raised catfish, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), blue catfish (I. furcatus), and channel × blue catfish hybrids were challenged with comparable doses of each bacterium. The most severe pathology and mortality occurred in fish challenged with E. piscicida, supporting previous reports of increased pathogenicity in commercially important ictalurids, while E. anguillarum and E. tarda warrant only minimal concern. Acute pathologic lesions among bacterial species were predominantly necrotizing and characteristic of gram-negative sepsis but became progressively granulomatous over time. After 100 days, survivors were exposed to the approximate median lethal doses of E. piscicida and E. ictaluri, revealing some cross-protective effects among E. piscicida, E. anguillarum, and E. ictaluri. In contrast, no fish that survived E. tarda challenge demonstrated any protection against E. piscicida or E. ictaluri. This work supports reports of increased susceptibility of channel, blue, and hybrid catfish to E. piscicida, while highlighting potential cross-protective affects among fish associated Edwardsiella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Armwood
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Matt J. Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi State UniversityStonevilleMississippiUSA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension CenterMississippi State UniversityStonevilleMississippiUSA
| | - Bradley M. Richardson
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research UnitAgricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureStonevilleMississippiUSA
| | - David J. Wise
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension CenterMississippi State UniversityStonevilleMississippiUSA
- Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, College of Forest ResourcesMississippi State UniversityStonevilleMississippiUSA
| | - Cynthia Ware
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension CenterMississippi State UniversityStonevilleMississippiUSA
| | - Alvin C. Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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Ibrahim I, Abdelhamed H, Baumgartner W, Wills RW, Awadin W, Elbegawy M, Lawrence ML, Karsi A. Pathological and Ultrastructural Characterization of an Edwardsiella ictaluri Triple hemR Mutant. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2022; 34:116-133. [PMID: 35590426 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enteric septicemia of catfish, which is caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri, is detrimental to farmed Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The hemin receptor HemR is involved in binding and uptake of heme into bacteria. Here, we explored pathological and ultrastructural changes in catfish fry that were immunized with a triple hemR mutant of E. ictaluri and challenged with wild-type E. ictaluri (EiWT) 28 d after immunization. Following immunization, pathological changes in the triple hemR-immunized fry were less severe compared to the EiWT-exposed control fry. Widely disseminated bacteria and severe necrosis in most organs, especially the kidney and spleen, were detected in both groups at days 4, 5, and 6. Multifocal granulomatous encephalitis with bacteria was seen in hemR-immunized fry at days 21 and 28 and in EiWT-exposed control fry at day 14. Phagocytic cells in the kidney and spleen of EiWT-exposed control fry contained more replicating bacteria compared to hemR-immunized fry. During the EiWT challenge of immunized fry, a robust immune response was observed in the triple hemR-immunized fry compared to the sham-vaccinated group. Many activated phagocytic cells were detected in the kidney and spleen with fragmented or no bacteria in the triple hemR-immunized fry. Our data suggested that virulence of triple hemR was lower and the onset of the lesions was delayed compared to EiWT. Additionally, triple hemR-immunized fry could mount an immune response and had milder lesions compared to the sham control after EiWT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Ibrahim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA
| | - Wes Baumgartner
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert W Wills
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA
| | - Walaa Awadin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elbegawy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benisuef University, Benisuef, Egypt
| | - Mark L Lawrence
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA
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11
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de Alexandre Sebastião F, Hansen JD, Soto E. Evaluation of Francisella orientalis ΔpdpA as a Live Attenuated Vaccine against Piscine Francisellosis in Nile Tilapia. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2022; 34:134-139. [PMID: 35997232 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Francisella orientalis is an important bacterial pathogen of marine and freshwater fish with worldwide distribution. Fish francisellosis is a severe subacute to chronic granulomatous disease, with high mortalities and high infectivity rates in cultured and wild fish. To date, there is no approved vaccine for this disease. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a defined F. orientalis pathogenicity determinant protein A (pdpA) mutant (ΔpdpA) as a live attenuated immersion vaccine against subsequent immersion challenge with the wild-type organism. Immunized Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were protected (45% relative percent survival) from the lethal challenges and presented significantly lower mortality than nonvaccinated and challenged treatments. Although serum IgM was significantly higher in immunized fish, similar bacterial loads were detected in vaccinated and nonvaccinated survivors. In conclusion, although the F. orientalis ΔpdpA is attenuated and effectively stimulated an adaptive immune response, the low relative percent survival and high bacterial persistence in survivors of immunized and challenged treatments indicates low suitability of ΔpdpA as a mucosal vaccine for tilapia under conditions used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Alexandre Sebastião
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - John D Hansen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98115, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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12
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López-Porras A, Griffin MJ, Ware C, Richardson BM, Greenway TE, Graham Rosser T, Aarattuthodiyi S, Wise DJ. Cross-protective efficacy of a live-attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine against heterologous Edwardsiella piscicida isolates in channel and channel × blue catfish hybrids. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1001-1010. [PMID: 35467773 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella piscicida is a growing problem for catfish aquaculture in the southeastern United States, particularly in channel (Ictalurus punctatus) x blue (I. furcatus) catfish hybrids. Research has shown E. piscicida isolates recovered from farmed catfish in Mississippi form at least five discrete phyletic groups, with no apparent differences in virulence in channel and hybrid catfish. Laboratory trials have shown a live-attenuated E. ictaluri vaccine (340X2) cross-protects against at least one E. piscicida isolate (S11-285) in channel and hybrid catfish, although it is unknown if this protection exists for other E. piscicida variants. To this end, channel and hybrid catfish were immunized by immersion with E. ictaluri 340X2. Thirty days later, fish were challenged by intracoelomic injection with representative E. piscicida variants from each phyletic group. Relative percent survival (RPS) for hybrids ranged from 54.7% to 77.8%, while RPS in channels ranged from 80.5% to 100%. A second study investigated whether channel and hybrid catfish exposed to heterologous E. piscicida isolates were similarly protected against wild-type E. ictaluri. Fish were exposed by bath immersion to representative E. piscicida isolates from each phyletic group. Thirty days post-immunization, fish were challenged by immersion with wild-type E. ictaluri isolate S97-773. Regardless of variant, previous exposure to heterologous E. piscicida isolates significantly improved survival following E. ictaluri challenge. These findings suggest the presence of shared and conserved antigens among E. piscicida and E. ictaluri that could be exploited by application of polyvalent or cross-protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián López-Porras
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
- Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Cynthia Ware
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
- Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Bradley M Richardson
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Terrence E Greenway
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Thomas Graham Rosser
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Suja Aarattuthodiyi
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - David J Wise
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
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13
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Mocho JP, Collymore C, Farmer SC, Leguay E, Murray KN, Pereira N. FELASA-AALAS Recommendations for Monitoring and Reporting of Laboratory Fish Diseases and Health Status, with an Emphasis on Zebrafish ( Danio Rerio). Comp Med 2022; 72:127-148. [PMID: 35513000 PMCID: PMC9334007 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The exchange of fish for research may expose an aquatic laboratory to pathogen contamination as incoming fish can introduce bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses capable of affecting both experimental results and fish and personnel health and welfare. To develop risk mitigation strategies, FELASA and AALAS established a joint working group to recommend good practices for health monitoring of laboratory fish. The recommendations address all fish species used for research, with a particular focus on zebrafish (Danio rerio). First, the background of the working group and key definitions are provided. Next, fish diseases of high impact are described. Third, recommendations are made for health monitoring of laboratory fishes. The recommendations emphasize the importance of daily observation of the fish and strategies to determine fish colony health status. Finally, report templates are proposed for historical screening data and aquatic facility description to facilitate biohazard risk assessment when exchanging fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chereen Collymore
- Veterinary Care and Services, Charles River Laboratories, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Susan C Farmer
- Zebrafish Research Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Katrina N Murray
- Zebrafish International Resource Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Nuno Pereira
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Nova Medical School, Lisbon; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal; Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Oeiras. Portugal; ISPA - University Institute of Psychological, Social and Life Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal; Lisbon Oceanarium, Lisbon, Portugal
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14
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Heckman TI, Shahin K, Henderson EE, Griffin MJ, Soto E. Development and efficacy of Streptococcus iniae live-attenuated vaccines in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:152-162. [PMID: 34965443 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a re-emerging bacterial pathogen in freshwater and marine aquaculture worldwide. There are no commercial vaccines available for S. iniae in the United States, and autogenous vaccines are restricted to inactivated whole-cell preparations with limited protection against heterogenous strains. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) represent an advantageous alternative to these bacterins, as they induce robust cellular and humoral immunity, and may provide longer lasting protection through less stressful routes of administration. We investigated whether accumulation of mutations in S. iniae by serial passage in the presence of rifampin can generate immunogenic LAV conferring protection against challenge with heterologous wild-type (WT) S. iniae strains in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three lineages of rifampin-resistant S. iniae strains were generated from three genetically distinct parent strains (n = 9) by multiple passages in increments of Rifamycin SV sodium salt. Growth in liquid media, extent of capsulation, antimicrobial susceptibility, survival in Nile tilapia whole blood, and cytotoxicity in an O. mossambicus endothelial cell line were compared between the passaged and WT strains. Nile tilapia challenges were used to assess strain virulence, generation of anti-S. iniae IgM, and the protection conferred by LAV candidates against virulent S. iniae. Rifampin-resistant strains demonstrated changes in growth rate and cytotoxicity in endothelial cells, as well as significant reductions in whole blood survival (p < 0.05). Selected strains also showed attenuated virulence in the Nile tilapia challenge model, and anti-S. iniae IgM generated against these strains demonstrated cross-reactivity against heterologous bacteria. Immunization by intracoelomic injection induced protection against a virulent WT strain of S. iniae, with relative percent survival up to 95.05%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor I Heckman
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Aquatic Animals Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, P.O. Box 43511, Suez, Egypt
| | - Eileen E Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 92408, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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15
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Wise AL, LaFrentz BR, Kelly AM, Khoo LH, Xu T, Liles MR, Bruce TJ. A Review of Bacterial Co-Infections in Farmed Catfish: Components, Diagnostics, and Treatment Directions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113240. [PMID: 34827972 PMCID: PMC8614398 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Catfish aquaculture is a prominent agricultural sector for foodfish production in the Southern United States. Catfish producers often experience high-level mortality events due to bacterial pathogens. In many instances, co-infections caused by multiple bacterial fish pathogens are isolated during diagnostic cases. These bacterial–bacterial interactions may alter the infection dynamics, and many of these mechanisms and interactions remain unclear. Furthermore, these co-infections may complicate disease management plans and treatment strategies. The current review provides an overview of the prevalent bacterial pathogens in catfish culture and previously reported instances of co-infections in catfish and other production fish species. Abstract Catfish production is a major aquaculture industry in the United States and is the largest sector of food fish production. As producers aim to optimize production yields, diseases caused by bacterial pathogens are responsible for high pond mortality rates and economic losses. The major bacterial pathogens responsible are Edwardsiella ictaluri, Aeromonas spp., and Flavobacterium columnare. Given the outdoor pond culture environments and ubiquitous nature of these aquatic pathogens, there have been many reports of co-infective bacterial infections within this aquaculture sector. Co-infections may be responsible for altering disease infection mechanics, increasing mortality rates, and creating difficulties for disease management plans. Furthermore, proper diagnoses of primary and secondary pathogens are essential in ensuring the correct treatment approaches for antimicrobials and chemical applications. A thorough understanding of the interactions and infectivity dynamics for these warm water bacterial pathogens will allow for the adoption of new prevention and control methods, particularly in vaccine development. This review aims to provide an overview of co-infective pathogens in catfish culture and present diagnostic case data from Mississippi and Alabama to define prevalence for these multiple-species infections better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Wise
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36829, USA; (A.L.W.); (A.M.K.)
| | - Benjamin R. LaFrentz
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, AL 36832, USA;
| | - Anita M. Kelly
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36829, USA; (A.L.W.); (A.M.K.)
| | - Lester H. Khoo
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;
| | - Tingbi Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (T.X.); (M.R.L.)
| | - Mark R. Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (T.X.); (M.R.L.)
| | - Timothy J. Bruce
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36829, USA; (A.L.W.); (A.M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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López-Porras A, Griffin MJ, Armwood AR, Camus AC, Waldbieser GC, Ware C, Richardson B, Greenway TE, Rosser TG, Aarattuthodiyil S, Wise DJ. Genetic variability of Edwardsiella piscicida isolates from Mississippi catfish aquaculture with an assessment of virulence in channel and channel × blue hybrid catfish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1725-1751. [PMID: 34251059 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Edwardsiella piscicida causes significant losses in global aquaculture, particularly channel (Ictalurus punctatus) × blue (I. furcatus) hybrid catfish cultured in the south-eastern United States. Emergence of E. piscicida in hybrid catfish is worrisome given current industry trends towards increased hybrid production. The project objectives were to assess intraspecific genetic variability of E. piscicida isolates recovered from diseased channel and hybrid catfish in Mississippi; and determine virulence associations among genetic variants. Repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) using ERIC I and II primers was used to screen 158 E. piscicida diagnostic case isolates. A subsample of 39 E. piscicida isolates, representing predominant rep-PCR profiles, was further characterized using BOX and (GTG)5 rep-PCR primers, virulence gene assessment and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) targeting housekeeping genes gyrb, pgi and phoU. The MLSA provided greater resolution than rep-PCR, revealing 5 discrete phylogroups that correlated similarly with virulence gene profiles. Virulence assessments using E. piscicida representatives from each MLSA group resulted in 14-day cumulative mortality ranging from 22% to 54% and 63 to 72% in channel and hybrid fingerlings, respectively. Across all phylogroups, mortality was higher in hybrid catfish (p < .05), supporting previous work indicating E. piscicida is an emerging threat to hybrid catfish aquaculture in the south-eastern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián López-Porras
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
- Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Abigail R Armwood
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Waldbieser
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Cynthia Ware
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
- Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Bradley Richardson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Terrence E Greenway
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Thomas Graham Rosser
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Suja Aarattuthodiyil
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - David J Wise
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
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17
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Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Protection of Teleost Fish against Infectious Diseases through Oral Administration of Vaccines: Update 2021. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10932. [PMID: 34681594 PMCID: PMC8535532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immersion and intraperitoneal injection are the two most common methods used for the vaccination of fish. Because both methods require that fish are handled and thereby stressed, oral administration of vaccines as feed supplements is desirable. In addition, in terms of revaccination (boosting) of adult fish held in net pens, oral administration of vaccines is probably the only feasible method to obtain proper protection against diseases over long periods of time. Oral vaccination is considered a suitable method for mass immunization of large and stress-sensitive fish populations. Moreover, oral vaccines may preferably induce mucosal immunity, which is especially important to fish. Experimental oral vaccine formulations include both non-encapsulated and encapsulated antigens, viruses and bacteria. To develop an effective oral vaccine, the desired antigens must be protected against the harsh environments in the stomach and gut so they can remain intact when they reach the lower gut/intestine where they normally are absorbed and transported to immune cells. The most commonly used encapsulation method is the use of alginate microspheres that can effectively deliver vaccines to the intestine without degradation. Other encapsulation methods include chitosan encapsulation, poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid and liposome encapsulation. Only a few commercial oral vaccines are available on the market, including those against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Spring viremia carp virus (SVCV), infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) and Piscirickettsia salmonis. This review highlights recent developments of oral vaccination in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy A. Dalmo
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Muninbakken 21, N-9019 Tromsø, Norway;
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18
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Venugopalan A, Griffin MJ, Wise DJ, White D, Ford L, López-Porras A, Camus AC, Hanson LA. Virulence and immunogenicity of blue catfish alloherpesvirus in channel, blue and blue × channel hybrid catfish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1399-1409. [PMID: 34028055 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Blue catfish alloherpesvirus (BCAHV) is a novel virus isolated from the blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus). To date, the ultrastructure, virulence and immunogenicity of BCAHV have not been reported. Given the importance of blue catfish in producing channel ♀ (I. punctatus) × ♂ blue (I. furcatus) catfish hybrids and the increasing demand for hybrid catfish in the US catfish industry, the susceptibility of blue, channel and hybrid catfish to BCAHV was assessed. Further, the cross-protective potential of BCAHV against Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (IcHV1) was investigated in channel and hybrid catfish that survive BCAHV exposure. Neutralization assays revealed BCAHV is refractive (neutralization index [NI] = 0) to anti-IcHV1 monoclonal antibody Mab 95, compared to IcHV1 (NI = 1.8). Exposure of blue catfish fingerling to 1.3 × 105 TCID50 /L BCAHV produced cumulative mortality of 51.67 ± 0.70% and pathologic changes similar to those of channel catfish virus disease. No mortality was observed in channel or hybrid catfish. Twenty-eight days post-challenge, surviving channel and hybrid catfish were exposed to 9.4 × 104 TCID50 /L IcHV1 (LC50 dose), resulting in 100% relative per cent survival compared to naïve cohorts. These data provide baseline information for BCAHV and lay the groundwork for future studies. Data also identify BCAHV as a potential vaccine candidate against IcHV1. Based on host range and immunogenicity evaluations, in addition to genome sequence data from previous studies, BCAHV should be given consideration as a new species of Ictalurivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Venugopalan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - David J Wise
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Danielle' White
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Lorelei Ford
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Adrián López-Porras
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Larry A Hanson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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19
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Sun FJ, Crim MJ, Leblanc M. Edwardsiella ictaluri in a Colony of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Used in a Teaching Laboratory. Comp Med 2021; 71:318-322. [PMID: 34187617 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A small colony of zebrafish (Danio rerio) experienced 30% acute mortality within a few days after receipt from a commercial source. A few fish presented with small areas of raised scales or tissue necrosis, primarily near the caudal peduncle. Edwardsiella ictaluri (E. ictaluri) was identified by real-time PCR of pooled zebrafish and swabs of the pre-filter and fine filter pads, with subsequent sequence analysis. E. ictaluri is most commonly associated with an enteric septicemia in catfish species and can have significant economic impact on commercial catfish fisheries. However, several references report naturally occurring E. ictaluri infection of nonictalurid fishes, including zebrafish. Ours is the first report demonstrating the use of environmental sampling to identify E. ictaluri in a zebrafish colony by real-time PCR. Moreover, our report indicates that E. ictaluri is a relevant disease for institutions using zebrafish as research species and emphasizes the importance of carefully considering importation and quarantine practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Sun
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina;,
| | | | - Mathias Leblanc
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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20
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Bikezina T, Dong X, Istomin E, Petrov Y, Shilin M. Ensuring Sustainable Development of Aquaculture by Enhancing the Natural Immunity of Fish. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213607015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main tasks in the coming years will be the development and introduction of vaccines for the development of immunity against intracellular bacterial and viral pathogens. DNA vaccines will play an important role in such cases. With the emergence of intensive industrial fish farms, there were also problems associated with infectious diseases of cultivated objects. These diseases cause significant harm to fisheries and the aquaculture sector of the global economy as a whole. The article shows the way of the development of the environmentally safe and sustainable marine and freshwater aquaculture with using Pisces vaccination, and reveals the role of Pisces aquaculture as an integral part of the world economy, in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressure on aquatic ecosystems and of distribution of new dangerous Pisces infections. Perspective types of Pisces vaccines are presented and discussed. The effectiveness of different types of elaborated vaccines is discussed.
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21
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Kordon AO, Kalindamar S, Majors K, Abdelhamed H, Tan W, Karsi A, Pinchuk LM. Live attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccines enhance the protective innate immune responses of channel catfish B cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 109:103711. [PMID: 32311387 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia of catfish. Our group developed two E. ictaluri live attenuated vaccines (LAVs). However, their effects on the innate functions of catfish B cells are still unexplored. We evaluated phagocytosis and killing of wild-type (WT) E. ictaluri opsonized with sera from vaccinated fish and the survival of B cells exposed to E. ictaluri strains. We assessed phagocytosis of the opsonized WT at 30 °C and 4 °C. B cells killed the internalized E. ictaluri opsonized with sera from vaccinated fish with LAVs more efficiently than other groups at 30 °C. However, catfish B cells were unable to destroy E. ictaluri at 4 °C. Furthermore, E. ictaluri opsonized with serum from fish exposed to WT induce apoptosis and decreased live B cells numbers. Results indicate that opsonization of E. ictaluri with sera from vaccinated fish enhanced phagocytosis and killing activity in B cells and inhibited apoptotic changes in the infected B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adef O Kordon
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Safak Kalindamar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Ordu University, 52200, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Kara Majors
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Lesya M Pinchuk
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
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Kayansamruaj P, Areechon N, Unajak S. Development of fish vaccine in Southeast Asia: A challenge for the sustainability of SE Asia aquaculture. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:73-87. [PMID: 32335313 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Southeast (SE) Asia plays an important role in global food security as this region has been regarded as one of the major producers of aquaculture product and, to date, freshwater fish accounted for one-third of the total aquaculture in SE Asia. The intensification of freshwater farming corresponding to increase of consumer demands has inevitably led to the emergence and re-emergence of diseases causing tremendous economic loss in the region. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), the major freshwater fish species of SE Asia, have been reported susceptible to several bacterial pathogens, e.g. Streptococcus agalactiae, Edwardsiella ictalurid and Flavobacterium columnare. Since only a limited number of vaccines being registered and marketed, these pathogenic organisms still represent a severe threat to aquaculture industry in SE Asia. However, there is profound advancement in the understanding of disease epidemiology, pathogenic mechanisms, teleost mucosal immunity and vaccine delivery system over the last few years. This review aimed to summarize those recent findings which hopefully can provide novel insight into the future development of suitable vaccine and vaccination regime against bacterial infection in SE Asia region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 10900, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Nontawith Areechon
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 10900, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasimanas Unajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 10900, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Blackmon LE, Quiniou SMA, Wilson M, Bengtén E. Catfish lymphocytes expressing CC41-reactive leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) proliferate in response to Edwardsiella ictaluri infection in vitro. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103610. [PMID: 31926174 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) CC34 and CC41 recognize overlapping subsets of leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs). The mAb CC34 was raised against the clonal TS32.15 cytotoxic T cell line and the mAb CC41 was raised against the clonal NK cell line TS10.1. In this study, an in vitro model was developed to monitor CC34- and CC41-reactive cells in response to Edwardsiella ictaluri infection. Briefly, head kidney leukocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were isolated from individual catfish and labeled with CellTrace Violet and CellTrace FarRed dye, respectively. Head kidney-derived macrophages were infected with E. ictaluri and then cocultured with autologous PBL. The combined cell cultures were then analyzed using flow cytometry. A significant increase in CC41 staining was observed in the PBL population at 2, 5 and 7 days after culture, which suggest that LITRs are involved in cell-mediated immunity to E. ictaluri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Blackmon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Sylvie M A Quiniou
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, 127 Experiment Station Rd, P. O. Box 38, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA.
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Eva Bengtén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Kordon AO, Kalindamar S, Majors K, Abdelhamed H, Tan W, Karsi A, Pinchuk LM. Effects of Live Attenuated Vaccine and Wild Type Strains of Edwardsiella ictaluri on Phagocytosis, Bacterial Killing, and Survival of Catfish B Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2383. [PMID: 31649682 PMCID: PMC6794446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri, a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen, is the causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). The innate functions of B cells have been demonstrated in several teleost fish, including zebrafish, rainbow trout, and channel catfish. Recently, our group has developed several protective E. ictaluri live attenuated vaccines (LAVs). However, the innate role of catfish B cells to phagocytose and destroy E. ictaluri wild-type (WT) and live attenuated vaccine (LAV) strains has not been evaluated. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of E. ictaluri WT and two LAVs on phagocytosis, microbial killing, and survival of catfish anterior kidney (AK) B cells. Initially, we documented active uptake of E. ictaluri WT and two LAVs in B cells by flow cytometry and light microscopy. Then, we observed the E. ictaluri strains-induced phagosome and/or phagolysosome formation in the cytoplasm of catfish magnetically sorted IgM+ B cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AK B cells were able to destroy the internalized E. ictaluri WT and LAV strains efficiently. Finally, we documented early and late apoptotic/necrotic manifestations induced by E. ictaluri in catfish AK B cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that both LAVs and WT strain initiate similar innate immune responses such as active phagocytic uptake, induced bactericidal activity as well as promote early and late apoptotic changes in catfish B cells. Our data suggest that phagocytic and microbicidal B cells may serve as professional APCs in initiation of protective adaptive immune responses against ESC in channel catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adef O. Kordon
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Safak Kalindamar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Kara Majors
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Lesya M. Pinchuk
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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Kordon AO, Abdelhamed H, Ahmed H, Baumgartner W, Karsi A, Pinchuk LM. Assessment of the Live Attenuated and Wild-Type Edwardsiella ictaluri-Induced Immune Gene Expression and Langerhans-Like Cell Profiles in the Immune-Related Organs of Catfish. Front Immunol 2019; 10:392. [PMID: 30894864 PMCID: PMC6414466 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). Successful vaccination against intracellular pathogens requires T cell priming by antigen presenting cells (APCs) that bridge innate and adaptive immunity. However, the evidence on immunological mechanisms that underscore E. ictaluri pathogenesis and the protective role of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) is scarce. We assessed the expression of immune genes related to antigen presentation by real-time PCR and the distribution patterns of Langerhans-like (L/CD207+) cells by immunohistochemistry in the immune-related tissues of channel catfish challenged with two novel E. ictaluri LAVs, EiΔevpB, and ESC-NDKL1 and wild type (WT) strain. Our results indicated significantly elevated expression of IFN-γ gene in the anterior kidney (AK) and spleen of vaccinated catfish at the early stages of exposure, which correlated with increased numbers of L/CD207+ cells. In general, the ESC-NDKL1-induced IFN-γ gene expression patterns in the AK resembled that of the patterns induced by EiΔevpB. However the MHCII gene expression patterns differed between the strains with significant increases at 6 h post-challenge (pc) with the EiΔevpB and at 7 d pc with the ESC-NDKL1 strains, respectively. Significant increases in activity of T helper type polarization genes such as IFN-γ and T cell co-receptors after exposure to ESC-NDKL1, in combination with elevated numbers of L/CD207+ cells at 7 d pc with both LAVs compared to uninfected and the WT-exposed counterparts, were documented in the spleen. The dominant pro-inflammatory environment with dramatically overexpressed inflammatory genes in the AK and 7 d pc in the spleen in response to E. ictaluri was found in exposed catfish. In general, the pro-inflammatory gene expression profiles in the ESC-NDKL1 pc showed more similarities to the WT strain-induced gene profiles compared to the EiΔevpB counterpart. In addition, E. ictaluri WT significantly decreased the numbers of Langerhans-like L/CD207+ cells in the AK and spleen at 3 and 7 days pc. In conclusion, we report the differential framework of initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses between E. ictaluri strains with both LAVs having a potential of satisfying the stringent requirements for successful vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adef O Kordon
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Hamada Ahmed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Wes Baumgartner
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Lesya M Pinchuk
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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Shoemaker CA, Mohammed HH, Bader TJ, Peatman E, Beck BH. Immersion vaccination with an inactivated virulent Aeromonas hydrophila bacterin protects hybrid catfish (Ictalurus punctatus X Ictalurus furcatus) from motile Aeromonas septicemia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:239-242. [PMID: 30130658 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Shoemaker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Haitham H Mohammed
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA; Department of Aquatic Animals Medicine and Management, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Troy J Bader
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA.
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27
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Zhou T, Yuan Z, Tan S, Jin Y, Yang Y, Shi H, Wang W, Niu D, Gao L, Jiang W, Gao D, Liu Z. A Review of Molecular Responses of Catfish to Bacterial Diseases and Abiotic Stresses. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1113. [PMID: 30210354 PMCID: PMC6119772 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Catfish is one of the major aquaculture species in the United States. However, the catfish industry is threatened by several bacterial diseases such as enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), columnaris disease and Aeromonas disease, as well as by abiotic stresses such as high temperature and low oxygen. Research has been conducted for several decades to understand the host responses to these diseases and abiotic stresses. With the development of sequencing technologies, and the application of genome-wide association studies in aquaculture species, significant progress has been made. This review article summarizes recent progress in understanding the molecular responses of catfish after bacterial infection and stress challenges, and in understanding of genomic and genetic basis for disease resistance and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Zihao Yuan
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Suxu Tan
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yulin Jin
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yujia Yang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Huitong Shi
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Wenwen Wang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Donghong Niu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Lei Gao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Wansheng Jiang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Dongya Gao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Art and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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28
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Abdelhamed H, Lawrence ML, Karsi A. Development and Characterization of a Novel Live Attenuated Vaccine Against Enteric Septicemia of Catfish. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1819. [PMID: 30131791 PMCID: PMC6090022 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen causing enteric septicemia of channel catfish (ESC). Type six secretion system (T6SS) is a sophisticated nanomachine that delivers effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells as well as other bacteria. In the current work, we in-frame deleted the E. ictalurievpB gene located in the T6SS operon by allelic exchange. The safety and efficacy of EiΔevpB as well as Aquavac-ESC, a commercial vaccine manufactured by Intervet/Merck Animal Health, were evaluated in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings and fry by immersion exposure. Our results showed that the EiΔevpB strain was avirulent and fully protective in catfish fingerlings. The EiΔevpB strain was also safe in catfish fry, and immersion vaccination with EiΔevpB at doses 106 and 107 CFU/ml in water resulted in 34.24 and 80.34% survival after wild-type immersion challenge compared to sham-vaccinated fry (1.79% survival). Catfish fry vaccinated with EiΔevpB at doses 106, 107, and 108 CFU/ml in water exhibited dose-dependent protection. When compared with Aquavac-ESC, EiΔevpB provided significantly higher protection in catfish fingerlings and fry (p < 0.05). Results indicate that the EiΔevpB strain is safe and can be used to protect catfish fingerlings and fry against E. ictaluri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Mark L Lawrence
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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29
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Assefa A, Abunna F. Maintenance of Fish Health in Aquaculture: Review of Epidemiological Approaches for Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Fish. Vet Med Int 2018; 2018:5432497. [PMID: 29682272 PMCID: PMC5846361 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5432497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is rapidly growing part of agriculture worldwide. It makes up around 44 percent of total fish production globally. This increased growth of production is achieved despite facing many challenges in the aquaculture environment. Among production limiting challenges, the infectious disease takes the lion share by causing multibillion-dollar loss annually. To reduce the impact of the fish disease, it is necessary to address health constraints based on scientifically proven and recommended ways. This review aims at pointing out some of the best approaches to prevention and control of infectious disease in aquaculture. Among the effective prevention and control strategies, vaccination is one of the key practices. Types of vaccines for use in fish include killed vaccines, attenuated vaccines, DNA vaccines, recombinant technology vaccines, and synthetic peptide vaccines. Administration techniques of vaccines in fish include oral, injection, or immersion methods. Antibiotics are also in use in aquaculture despite their side effects in the development of drug resistance by microorganisms. Biological and chemical disease control strategies such as using probiotics, prebiotics, and medicinal plants are widely in use. Biosecurity measures in aquaculture can keep the safety of a facility from certain disease-causing agents that are absent in particular system. Farm-level biosecurity measures include strict quarantine measures, egg disinfection, traffic control, water treatments, clean feed, and disposal of mortalities. In conclusion, rather than trying to treat every disease case, it advisable to follow a preventive approach before the event of any disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Assefa
- Sekota Dryland Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 62, Sekota, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Abunna
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Nho SW, Abdelhamed H, Karsi A, Lawrence ML. Improving safety of a live attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine against enteric septicemia of catfish and evaluation of efficacy. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Greenway TE, Byars TS, Elliot RB, Jin X, Griffin MJ, Wise DJ. Validation of Fermentation and Processing Procedures for the Commercial-Scale Production of a Live, Attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri Vaccine for Use in Channel Catfish Aquaculture. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2017; 29:83-88. [PMID: 28376313 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2017.1290710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mortality associated with Edwardsiella ictaluri infection is a serious impediment to the commercial production of fingerling Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus. A patented, live, attenuated, orally delivered vaccine has been developed that offers exceptional protection against E. ictaluri infection in both laboratory and small-scale pond trials. Further vaccine development is contingent on the successful completion of large-scale field trials that accurately reflect industry conditions. This current work focuses on the validation of fermentation protocols and the optimization of downstream processing procedures to produce sufficient quantities of vaccine to conduct commercial-scale field trials. Eight vaccine serials were produced from a master seed stock (S97-773-340X2) in a 50-L floor model fermenter over two consecutive years. Following fermentation, cells were harvested, concentrated 10-fold, and cryogenically stored (-74°C). To assess processing protocols and determine shelf life of cryogenically stored vaccine, serials were tested for cell viability and vaccine potency at various intervals over 24 months. There were no significant differences in cell viability between the fresh vaccine and the stored frozen product. All serials provided a high level of protection (77-100% relative percent survival) against E. ictaluri infection in juvenile Channel Catfish and exhibited excellent poststorage viability. This data demonstrates that the live, attenuated, orally delivered vaccine can be stored at -74°C for at least 2 years with no reduction in cell viability or vaccine potency. Received May 17, 2016; accepted January 19, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence E Greenway
- a Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University , Post Office Box 197, Stoneville , Mississippi 38776 , USA
| | - Todd S Byars
- a Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University , Post Office Box 197, Stoneville , Mississippi 38776 , USA
| | - Robert B Elliot
- b U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Mid-South Area , Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, National Biological Control Laboratory , Post Office Box 67, Stoneville , Mississippi 38776 , USA
| | - Xixuan Jin
- b U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Mid-South Area , Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, National Biological Control Laboratory , Post Office Box 67, Stoneville , Mississippi 38776 , USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- c Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University , Post Office Box 197, Stoneville , Mississippi 38776 , USA
| | - David J Wise
- a Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University , Post Office Box 197, Stoneville , Mississippi 38776 , USA
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32
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GWAS analysis of QTL for enteric septicemia of catfish and their involved genes suggest evolutionary conservation of a molecular mechanism of disease resistance. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 292:231-242. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Embregts CWE, Forlenza M. Oral vaccination of fish: Lessons from humans and veterinary species. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:118-37. [PMID: 27018298 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The limited number of oral vaccines currently approved for use in humans and veterinary species clearly illustrates that development of efficacious and safe oral vaccines has been a challenge not only for fish immunologists. The insufficient efficacy of oral vaccines is partly due to antigen breakdown in the harsh gastric environment, but also to the high tolerogenic gut environment and to inadequate vaccine design. In this review we discuss current approaches used to develop oral vaccines for mass vaccination of farmed fish species. Furthermore, using various examples from the human and veterinary vaccine development, we propose additional approaches to fish vaccine design also considering recent advances in fish mucosal immunology and novel molecular tools. Finally, we discuss the pros and cons of using the zebrafish as a pre-screening animal model to potentially speed up vaccine design and testing for aquaculture fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen W E Embregts
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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34
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Yang Q, Pan YL, Wang KY, Wang J, He Y, Wang EL, Liu T, Yi Geng, Chen DF, Huang XL. OmpN, outer membrane proteins of Edwardsiella ictaluri are potential vaccine candidates for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Mol Immunol 2016; 78:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Peatman E, Lange M, Zhao H, Beck BH. Physiology and immunology of mucosal barriers in catfish (Ictalurus spp.). Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1068907. [PMID: 26716071 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1068907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal barriers of catfish (Ictalurus spp) constitute the first line of defense against pathogen invasion while simultaneously carrying out a diverse array of other critical physiological processes, including nutrient adsorption, osmoregulation, waste excretion, and environmental sensing. Catfish depend more heavily on mucosal barriers than their terrestrial counterparts as they are continuously interacting with the aquatic microbiota. Our understanding of these barriers, while growing, is still limited relative to that of mammalian model systems. Nevertheless, a combination of molecular and cellular studies in catfish over the last few decades, and particularly within the last few years, has helped to elucidate many of the primary actors and pathways critical to their mucosal health. Here we describe aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses in the primary mucosal tissues (skin, gill, and intestine) of catfish, focusing on mucus-driven responses, pathogen recognition, soluble mediators, and immunoglobulin and T-cell derived immunity. Modulation of mucosal barriers will be critical moving forward for crafting better diets, improving vaccine delivery, enhancing water quality, and ensuring sustainable production practices in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences; Auburn University ; Auburn, AL USA
| | - Miles Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center ; Stuttgart, AR USA
| | - Honggang Zhao
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences; Auburn University ; Auburn, AL USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center ; Stuttgart, AR USA
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