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Chen BK, Chan CH, Tsao A, Wang CK. Improvement of Echinacea purpurea and Ganoderma lucidum Extracts with Cell Model on Influenza A/B Infection. Molecules 2024; 29:3609. [PMID: 39125012 PMCID: PMC11314549 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2019, COVID-19 has been raging around the world. Respiratory viral infectious diseases such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection are also prevalent, with influenza having the ability to cause seasonal pandemics. While vaccines and antiviral drugs are available to prevent and treat disease, herbal extracts would be another option. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of extracts of Echinacea purpurea (EP) and Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) and the advanced G. lucidum drink (AG) on influenza A/B viruses. To determine whether EP and G. lucidum extracts enhance cell immunity and thus prevent virus infection or act to directly suppress viruses, cell survival and hemagglutination (HA) assays were used in this study. Cells were treated with samples at different concentrations (each sample concentration was tested from the highest non-cytotoxic concentration) and incubated with influenza A/B for 24 h, with the results showing that both G. lucidum and EP extracts and mixtures exhibited the ability to enhance cell survival against viruses. In the HA assay, AG and EP extract showed good inhibitory effect on influenza A/B viruses. All of the samples demonstrated an improvement of the mitochondrial membrane potential and improved resistance to influenza A/B virus infection. EP and G. lucidum extracts at noncytotoxic concentrations increased cell viability, but only AG and EP extract directly decreased influenza virus titers. In conclusion, results indicate the ability of EP and G. lucidum extract to prevent viruses from entering cells by improving cell viability and mitochondrial dysfunction and EP extract showed direct inhibition on viruses and prevented viral infection at post-infection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kai Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Ho Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Arthur Tsao
- SFG Health Lab, Standard Foods Group, Taoyuan 337402, Taiwan;
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
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Yen CY, Yu CH, Tsai JJ, Tseng HK, Liao EC. Effects of Local Nasal Immunotherapy with FIP-fve Peptide and Denatured Tyrophagus putrescentiae for Storage Mite-Induced Airway Inflammation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2022; 70:6. [PMID: 35099617 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-022-00645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are affecting public health and have increased over the last decade. Sensitization to mite allergens is a considerable trigger for allergy development. Storage mite-Tyrophagus putrescentiae shows great significance of allergenic potential and clinical relevance. The fungal immunomodulatory peptide FIP-fve has been reported to possess immunomodulatory activity. We aimed to determine whether T. putrescentiae-induced sensitization and airway inflammation in mice could be downregulated by FIP-fve in conjunction with denatured T. putrescentiae (FIP-fve and DN-Tp). Immune responses and physiologic variations in immunoglobulins, leukocyte subpopulations, cytokine productions, pulmonary function, lung pathology, cytokines in CD4+ and Treg cells were evaluated after local nasal immunotherapy (LNIT). After the LNIT with FIP-fve and DN-Tp, levels of specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a in the sera and IgA in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were significantly reduced. Infiltrations of inflammatory leukocytes (eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes) in the airway decreased significantly. Production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-5, IL-13, IL-17F and IL-23) and chemokine (IL-8) were significantly reduced, and Th1-cytokine (IL-12) increased in the airway BALF after LNIT. Pulmonary functions of Penh values were significantly decreased after the methacholine challenge, which resulted in a reduction of airway hypersensitivity after LNIT. Bronchus pathology showed a reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration and epithelium damage after LNIT. The IL-4+/CD4+ T cells could be downregulated and the IFN-γ+/CD4+ T cells upregulated. The Treg-related immunity of IL-10 and Foxp3 expressions in CD4+CD25+ cells were both upregulated after LNIT. In conclusion, LNIT with FIP-fve and DN-Tp had an anti-inflammatory effect on mite-induced airway inflammations and possesses potential as an immunomodulatory therapy agent for allergic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yang Yen
- Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, No. 46, Sec.3, Jhong-Jheng Rd. San-Jhih, New Taipei City, 24245, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Ji Tsai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Kuang Tseng
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, No. 46, Sec.3, Jhong-Jheng Rd. San-Jhih, New Taipei City, 24245, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - En-Chih Liao
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, No. 46, Sec.3, Jhong-Jheng Rd. San-Jhih, New Taipei City, 24245, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Hu RH, Wu CT, Wu TS, Yu FY, Ko JL, Lue KH, Liu YF. Systematic Characterization of the Group 2 House Dust Mite Allergen in Dermatophagoides microceras. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:793559. [PMID: 35111694 PMCID: PMC8801679 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.793559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAllergic asthma, a chronic airway inflammatory disease, is a critical public health problem. Indoor house dust mites (HDMs) could cause allergic asthma. The prevalence of sensitization to Dermatophagoides microceras (Der m) was approximately 80% and is related to the immunoglobulin E crossing-reactivity of mites belonging to the same genus, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and Dermatophagoides farina (Der f). However, studies on Der m are scant.MethodsWe used integrated OMICs approaches to identify and characterize the group 2 mite allergen-like protein in Der m (Der m 2). We established a Der m 2-induced allergic asthma mouse model and treated the mice with a fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-fve) isolated from Flammulina veluptipes to evaluate the allergenicity of Der m 2 and the immunomodulatory effects of FIP-fve.ResultsBy performing de novo draft genome assembly and comparative genome analysis, we identified the putative 144-amino acid Der m 2 in silico and further confirmed its existence through liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Der m 2 is a lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-binding protein. Thus, we examined the LPS-binding activity of recombinant Der m 2 by performing molecular docking analysis, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), and a pull-down assay. Der m 2 elicited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 in BEAS-2B cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line, and induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Furthermore, in mice sensitized with Der m 2, the administration of FIP-fve in either the earlier stage or the late stage, FIP-fve alleviated allergic asthma by moderating airway inflammation and remodeling.ConclusionsDer m 2 induced inflammatory responses in cell and mouse models. FIP-fve alleviated inflammation in Der m 2-induced asthma in mice by exerting an immunomodulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei-Hsing Hu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ta Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shuan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Huang Lue
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yu-Fan Liu, ; Ko-Huang Lue,
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yu-Fan Liu, ; Ko-Huang Lue,
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Ganoderma lucidum: A potential source to surmount viral infections through β-glucans immunomodulatory and triterpenoids antiviral properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:769-779. [PMID: 34197853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the major bioactive compounds and have been used as traditional medicine for ancient times. Massive demands of G. lucidum have fascinated the researchers towards its application as functional food, nutraceutical and modern medicine owing to wide range of application in various diseases include immunomodulators, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective. G. lucidum polysaccharides exhibit immunomodulatory properties through boosting the action of antigen-presenting cells, mononuclear phagocyte system, along with humoral and cellular immunity. β-Glucans isolated from G. lucidum are anticipated to produce an immune response through pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). β-Glucans after binding with dectin-1 receptor present on different cells include macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells and neutrophils produce signal transduction that lead to trigger the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), T cells and Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) that refer to cytokines production and contributing to immune response. While triterpenoids produce antiviral effects through inhibiting various enzymes like neuraminidase, HIV-protease, DENV2 NS2B-NS3 protease and HSV multiplication. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids adjunct to other drugs exhibit potential action in prevention and treatment of various diseases. Immunomodulators and antiviral properties of this mushroom could be a potential source to overcome this current pandemic outbreak.
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Liu Y, Bastiaan-Net S, Wichers HJ. Current Understanding of the Structure and Function of Fungal Immunomodulatory Proteins. Front Nutr 2020; 7:132. [PMID: 33015115 PMCID: PMC7461872 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are a group of proteins found in fungi, which are extensively studied for their immunomodulatory activity. Currently, more than 38 types of FIPs have been described. Based on their conserved structure and protein identity, FIPs can be classified into five subgroups: Fve-type FIPs (Pfam PF09259), Cerato-type FIPs (Pfam PF07249), PCP-like FIPs, TFP-like FIPs, and unclassified FIPs. Among the five subgroups, Fve-type FIPs are the most studied for their hemagglutinating, immunomodulating, and anti-cancer properties. In general, these small proteins consist of 110–125 amino acids, with a molecular weight of ~13 kDa. The other four subgroups are relatively less studied, but also show a noticeable influence on immune cells. In this review, we summarized the protein modifications, 3-dimensional structures and bioactivities of all types of FIPs. Moreover, structure-function relationship of FIPs has been discussed, including relationship between carbohydrate binding module and hemagglutination, correlation of oligomerization and cytokine induction, relevance of glycosylation and lymphocyte activation. This summary and discussion may help gain comprehensive understanding of FIPs' working mechanisms and scope future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Liu
- Laboratory of Food Enzyme Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China.,Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Harry J Wichers
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Hou FH, Chia MY, Liao JW, Chung HP, Lee WC. Efficacy of fungal immunomodulatory protein to promote swine immune responses against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 224:110056. [PMID: 32380309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP) is one of the bioactive compounds of edible mushrooms, which has been shown to trigger type 1 T helper (Th1) pathway activation in research with mice. This study was designated to assess immunomodulatory effects of recombinant FIP-Flammulina velutipes (rFIP-fve) on swine and the protective efficacy against PRRSV infection. In the in vitro evaluations, rFIP-fve significantly triggered up-regulation of IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNA in porcine PBMCs and stimulated natural killer cytotoxicity. Porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) treated with rFIP-fve showed prolonged life times, up-regulation of both MHC I and II molecules and enhanced abilities to present antigen. In the in vivo trial, two doses of 2 mg rFIP-fve significantly reduced drops in the CD4/CD8 ratio after PRRSV challenge, and the cytokine mRNA profile of PBMC revealed a tendency of IFN-γ up-regulation and a decrease in IL-10 in the rFIP-treated group. Moreover, administration of rFIP-fve also decreased the PRRSV viremia with 1 log10 in titer (p = 0.07) and alleviated the severity of clinical signs after PRRSV challenge. Conclusively, these results illustrate the in vitro and in vivo immunological changes of rFIP-fve administered to pigs and reveal its potential to be used as an immunomodulatory therapeutic against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Hsiang Hou
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Yuan Chia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Han-Ping Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Cheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
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Jana P, Acharya K. Mushroom: A New Resource for Anti-Angiogenic Therapeutics. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1721529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Jana
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
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Chen WY, Chang CY, Li JR, Wang JD, Wu CC, Kuan YH, Liao SL, Wang WY, Chen CJ. Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein Involving Microglial Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113678. [PMID: 30469316 PMCID: PMC6274830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia polarization of classical activation state is crucial to the induction of neuroinflammation, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Fungal immunomodulatory proteins are emerging health-promoting natural substances with multiple pharmacological activities, including immunomodulation. Herein, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential of fungal immunomodulatory protein extracted from Ganoderma microsporum (GMI) in an in vitro rodent model of primary cultures. Using primary neuron/glia cultures consisting of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, a GMI showed an alleviating effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced inflammatory mediator production and neuronal cell death. The events of neuroprotection caused by GMI were accompanied by the suppression of Nitric Oxide (NO), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, along with the inhibition of microglia activation. Mechanistic studies showed that the suppression of microglia pro-inflammatory polarization by GMI was accompanied by the resolution of oxidative stress, the preservation of protein tyrosine phosphatase and serine/threonine phosphatase activity, and the reduction of NF-κB, AP-1, cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), along with signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat1) transcriptional activities and associated upstream activators. These findings suggest that GMI may have considerable potential towards the treatment of neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Jiaan-Der Wang
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health Care, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
- Department of Financial Engineering, Providence University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
- Department of Data Science and Big Data Analytics, Providence University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Yi Wang
- Department of Nursing, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Molecular cloning, codon-optimized gene expression, and bioactivity assessment of two novel fungal immunomodulatory proteins from Ganoderma applanatum in Pichia. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5483-5494. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Tang C, Hoo PCX, Tan LTH, Pusparajah P, Khan TM, Lee LH, Goh BH, Chan KG. Golden Needle Mushroom: A Culinary Medicine with Evidenced-Based Biological Activities and Health Promoting Properties. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:474. [PMID: 28003804 PMCID: PMC5141589 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flammulina velutipes (enoki, velvet shank, golden needle mushroom or winter mushroom), one of the main edible mushrooms on the market, has long been recognized for its nutritional value and delicious taste. In recent decades, research has expanded beyond detailing its nutritional composition and delved into the biological activities and potential health benefits of its constituents. Many bioactive constituents from a range of families have been isolated from different parts of the mushroom, including carbohydrates, protein, lipids, glycoproteins, phenols, and sesquiterpenes. These compounds have been demonstrated to exhibit various biological activities, such as antitumour and anticancer activities, anti-atherosclerotic and thrombosis inhibition activity, antihypertensive and cholesterol lowering effects, anti-aging and antioxidant properties, ability to aid with restoring memory and overcoming learning deficits, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, ribosome inactivation and melanosis inhibition. This review aims to consolidate the information concerning the phytochemistry and biological activities of various compounds isolated from F. velutipes to demonstrate that this mushroom is not only a great source of nutrients but also possesses tremendous potential in pharmaceutical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calyn Tang
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Pearl Ching-Xin Hoo
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University PeshawarPeshawar, Pakistan
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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