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Kawatomi K, Morita Y, Katakura Y, Takegawa K, Berepiki A, Higuchi Y. Live cell imaging of β-tubulin mRNA reveals spatiotemporal expression dynamics in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13797. [PMID: 38877139 PMCID: PMC11178776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, microtubules are important for polar growth and morphological maintenance and serve as rails for intracellular trafficking. The molecular mechanisms associated with microtubules have been analyzed. However, little is known about when and where tubulin, a component of microtubules, is biosynthesized in multinuclear and multicellular filamentous fungi. In this study, we visualized microtubules based on the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-labeled α-tubulin and β-tubulin mRNA tagged by the EGFP-mediated MS2 system in living yellow Koji mold Aspergillus oryzae cells in order to understand the spatiotemporal production mechanism of tubulin. We found that mRNA of btuA, encoding for β-tubulin, localized at dot-like structures through the apical, middle and basal regions of the hyphal cells. In addition, some btuA mRNA dots showed microtubule-dependent motor protein-like dynamics in the cells. Furthermore, it was found that btuA mRNA dots were decreased in the cytoplasm just before mitosis but increased immediately after mitosis, followed by a gradual decrease. In summary, the localization and abundance of β-tubulin mRNA is spatiotemporally regulated in living A. oryzae hyphal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishu Kawatomi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuki Morita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Katakura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takegawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | | | - Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Morita Y, Takegawa K, Collins BM, Higuchi Y. Polarity-dependent expression and localization of secretory glucoamylase mRNA in filamentous fungal cells. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127653. [PMID: 38422859 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In multinuclear and multicellular filamentous fungi little is known about how mRNAs encoding secreted enzymes are transcribed and localized spatiotemporally. To better understand this process we analyzed mRNA encoding GlaA, a glucoamylase secreted in large amounts by the industrial filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, by the MS2 system, in which mRNA can be visualized in living cells. We found that glaA mRNA was significantly transcribed and localized near the hyphal tip and septum, which are the sites of protein secretion, in polarity-dependent expression and localization manners. We also revealed that glaA mRNA exhibits long-range dynamics in the vicinity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a manner that is dependent on the microtubule motor proteins kinesin-1 and kinesin-3, but independent of early endosomes. Moreover, we elucidated that although glaA mRNA localized to stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) under high temperature, glaA mRNA was not seen under ER stress, suggesting that there are different regulatory mechanisms of glaA mRNA by SG and PB under high temperature and ER stress. Collectively, this study uncovers a dynamic regulatory mechanism of mRNA encoding a secretory enzyme in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Morita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takegawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Brett M Collins
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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3
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Kim DM, Sakamoto I, Arioka M. Class VI G protein-coupled receptors in Aspergillus oryzae regulate sclerotia formation through GTPase-activating activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:141. [PMID: 38231240 PMCID: PMC10794492 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of transmembrane receptors in eukaryotes that sense and transduce extracellular signals into cells. In Aspergillus oryzae, 16 canonical GPCR genes are identified and classified into nine classes based on the sequence similarity and proposed functions. Class VI GPCRs (AoGprK-1, AoGprK-2, and AoGprR in A. oryzae), unlike other GPCRs, feature a unique hybrid structure containing both the seven transmembrane (7-TM) and regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) domains, which is not found in animal GPCRs. We report here that the mutants with double or triple deletion of class VI GPCR genes produced significantly increased number of sclerotia compared to the control strain when grown on agar plates. Interestingly, complementation analysis demonstrated that the expression of the RGS domain without the 7-TM domain is sufficient to restore the phenotype. In line with this, among the three Gα subunits in A. oryzae, AoGpaA, AoGpaB, and AoGanA, forced expression of GTPase-deficient mutants of either AoGpaA or AoGpaB caused an increase in the number of sclerotia formed, suggesting that RGS domains of class VI GPCRs are the negative regulators of these two GTPases. Finally, we measured the expression of velvet complex genes and sclerotia formation-related genes and found that the expression of velB was significantly increased in the multiple gene deletion mutants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that class VI GPCRs negatively regulate sclerotia formation through their GTPase-activating activity in the RGS domains. KEY POINTS: • Class VI GPCRs in A. oryzae regulate sclerotia formation in A. oryzae • RGS function of class VI GPCRs is responsible for regulation of sclerotia formation • Loss of class VI GPCRs resulted in increased expression of sclerotia-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Min Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Itsuki Sakamoto
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Manabu Arioka
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology (CRIIM), The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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Yang H, Song C, Liu C, Wang P. Synthetic Biology Tools for Engineering Aspergillus oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:34. [PMID: 38248944 PMCID: PMC10817548 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
For more than a thousand years, Aspergillus oryzae has been used in traditional culinary industries, including for food fermentation, brewing, and flavoring. In recent years, A. oryzae has been extensively used in deciphering the pathways of natural product synthesis and value-added compound bioproduction. Moreover, it is increasingly being used in modern biotechnology industries, such as for the production of enzymes and recombinant proteins. The investigation of A. oryzae has been significantly accelerated through the successive application of a diverse array of synthetic biology techniques and methodologies. In this review, the advancements in biological tools for the synthesis of A. oryzae, including DNA assembly technologies, gene expression regulatory elements, and genome editing systems, are discussed. Additionally, the challenges associated with the heterologous expression of A. oryzae are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- School of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chaonan Song
- School of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- School of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Pengchao Wang
- School of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Zhang L, Kang L, Xu Y. Phenotypic, Genomic, and Transcriptomic Comparison of Industrial Aspergillus oryzae Used in Chinese and Japanese Soy Sauce: Analysis of Key Proteolytic Enzymes Produced by Koji Molds. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0083622. [PMID: 36744888 PMCID: PMC10100866 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00836-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae, which generates numerous enzymes for the breakdown of raw materials, is an essential koji mold in soy sauce production. For better soy sauce productivity and flavor quality, China and Japan have developed their own industrial A. oryzae strains at distinct evolutionary branches for use in soy sauce production for decades. However, systematic comparison between the two national industrial strains has been poorly conducted, and thus we have not been able to generate adequate knowledge, especially regarding what are the key hydrolytic enzymes produced by A. oryzae during koji production. This study sequenced and assembled three high-quality genome sequences of industrial A. oryzae originating from China and Japan. Based on the genome sequences, a phylogenetic tree analysis was performed and revealed the evolutional distances between the two national industrial koji molds. Meanwhile, a comparative phenotypic analysis revealed that the two national industrial strains differed in growth and catalytic characteristics, particularly in proteolytic enzyme activities. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the phenotypic difference, we conducted systematic comparative genome and transcriptome investigations. We found minor differences in the quantity and diversity of proteolytic enzyme genes between Chinese and Japanese koji molds, while the protease secretion ratio and transcriptional level were dissimilar. We identified 58 potential important enzymes associated with high protein breakdown efficiency during industrial koji fermentation by combining comparative phenotypic and transcriptome data. More research is required to confirm the function of these putative key hydrolytic enzymes. IMPORTANCE Aspergillus oryzae is widely used as an industrial koji mold for soy sauce brewing due to its powerful raw material decomposition capability. Although various proteases in A. oryzae have been identified, it remains a challenge to find essential enzymes involved in soy sauce production. Generally, the industrial A. oryzae used in soy sauce brewing has excellent proteolytic activity. Based on this, we analyzed key proteolytic enzymes according to a comparison of the genome and transcriptome between three industrial strains. This study found little difference in gene numbers and mutations of proteolytic enzymes between three industrial A. oryzae strains. However, variations in protease secretion ratio and transcriptome were discovered between industrial strains. Based on that, we generated 58 candidate key proteolytic enzymes. This work comprehensively analyzed three industrial koji molds, revealing genome development under separate artificial domestication and helping in the study of key proteolytic enzymes during soy sauce production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhang
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Le Kang
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Kadooka C, Tanaka Y, Hira D, Maruyama JI, Goto M, Oka T. Identification of galactofuranose antigens such as galactomannoproteins and fungal-type galactomannan from the yellow koji fungus ( Aspergillus oryzae). Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1110996. [PMID: 36814571 PMCID: PMC9939772 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus are known to possess galactomannan in their cell walls. Galactomannan is highly antigenic to humans and has been reported to be involved in the pathogenicity of pathogenic filamentous fungi, such as A. fumigatus, and in immune responses. In this study, we aimed to confirm the presence of D-galactofuranose-containing glycans and to clarify the biosynthesis of D-galactofuranose-containing glycans in Aspergillus oryzae, a yellow koji fungus. We found that the galactofuranose antigen is also present in A. oryzae. Deletion of ugmA, which encodes UDP-galactopyranose mutase in A. oryzae, suppressed mycelial elongation, suggesting that D-galactofuranose-containing glycans play an important role in cell wall integrity in A. oryzae. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry revealed that the galactofuranose-containing sugar chain was deficient and that core mannan backbone structures were present in ΔugmA A. oryzae, indicating the presence of fungal-type galactomannan in the cell wall fraction of A. oryzae. The findings of this study provide new insights into the cell wall structure of A. oryzae, which is essential for the production of fermented foods in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kadooka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tanaka
- Division of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hira
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Maruyama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Goto
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Takuji Oka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan,*Correspondence: Takuji Oka,
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7
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Lee HY, Chen CC, Pi CC, Chen CJ. Aspergillus oryzae Fermentation Extract Alleviates Inflammation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031127. [PMID: 36770796 PMCID: PMC9920650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, also known as koji mold, has been used for centuries in the production of fermented foods in East Asia. A. oryzae fermentation can produce enzymes and metabolites with various bioactivities. In this study, we investigated whether A. oryzae fermentation extract (AOFE) has any effect on Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) pneumonia. We performed solid-state fermentation of A. oryzae and obtained the ethanol extract. AOFE was analyzed by HPLC, and the major component was identified to be kojic acid. In vitro, AOFE suppressed Mp growth and invasion into A549 lung epithelial cells as determined by the gentamicin protection assay. AOFE treatment also suppressed Mp-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 at mRNA and protein levels in murine MH-S alveolar macrophages. In a mouse model of Mp pneumonia, Mp infection induced a marked pulmonary infiltration of neutrophils, which was significantly reduced in mice pre-treated orally with AOFE. AOFE administration also suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the lungs. Collectively, our results show that AOFE has the potential to be developed into a preventive/therapeutic agent for Mp pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Lee
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Chia-Chen Pi
- King’s Ground Biotech Co., Ltd., Pintung 91252, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Jiang C, Ge J, He B, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Li Y, Zeng B. Transcriptomic analysis reveals Aspergillus oryzae responds to temperature stress by regulating sugar metabolism and lipid metabolism. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274394. [PMID: 36094945 PMCID: PMC9467314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae is widely used in industrial applications, which always encounter changes within multiple environmental conditions during fermentation, such as temperature stress. However, the molecular mechanisms by which A. oryzae protects against temperature stress have not been elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the fermentative behavior, transcriptomic profiles, and metabolic changes of A. oryzae in response to temperature stress. Both low and high temperatures inhibited mycelial growth and conidial formation of A. oryzae. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in sugar metabolism and lipid metabolism under temperature stress. Specifically, the DEGs in trehalose synthesis and starch metabolism were upregulated under low-temperature stress, while high temperatures inhibited the expression of genes involved in fructose, galactose, and glucose metabolism. Quantitative analysis of intracellular sugar further revealed that low temperature increased trehalose accumulation, while high temperature increased the contents of intracellular trehalose, galactose, and glucose, consistent with transcriptome analysis. In addition, most DEGs involved in lipid metabolism were significantly downregulated under low-temperature stress. Furthermore, the metabolomic analysis revealed that linoleic acid, triacylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphoribosyl were significantly decreased in response to low-temperature stress. These results increase our understanding of the coping mechanisms of A. oryzae in response to temperature stress, which lays the foundation for future improvements through genetic modification to enhance A. oryzae against extreme temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Jiang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
- * E-mail: (CJ); (BZ)
| | - Jinxin Ge
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin He
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yongkai Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (CJ); (BZ)
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9
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Ge J, Zhang Z, Li Y, Hu Z, He B, Li Y, Zeng B, Jiang C. Inhibition of AoAur1 increases mycelial growth, hyphal fusion and improves physiological adaptation to high-temperature stress in Aspergillus oryzae. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:477. [PMID: 35829968 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) participates in hyphal growth and serves as a signaling molecule that enables fungi to adapt to diverse environments. Here, a gene, encodes IPC synthase, was identified from the Aspergillus oryzae 3.042 genome and designated AoAur1. The characteristics, phylogenetic evolution, and resistance to aureobasidin A of AoAur1 were analyzed. The expression pattern of AoAur1 was markedly downregulated under temperature stress. Additionally, an RNAi-AoAur1 strain in which the AoAur1 expression was inhibited had mycelial that grew more quickly, had a higher frequency of hyphal fusion, and was more resistant to high-temperature stress than the control. Gene expression profiles showed that the genes related to IPC biosynthesis were obviously downregulated, while AoCerS, which participates in dihydroceramide biosynthesis, increased in the RNAi-AoAur1 strain at the three temperature treatments. A metabolomic analysis revealed that the intracellular IPC content decreased, and the accumulation of dihydroceramide and galactosylceramide increased significantly in the RNAi-AoAur1 strain. Thus, the inhibition of AoAur1 reduced IPC level followed by an increase in the contents of dihydroceramide and galactosylceramide that promote mycelial growth and the formation of spores in the RNAi-AoAur1 strain. Interestingly, the inhibition of AoAur1 also induced the expression of hyphal fusion-related genes, which promote hyphal fusion, thus, contributing to the transduction of stress signal to enhance the ability of cells to adapt to temperature stress. Our results demonstrated that the downregulation of AoAur1 and a decrease in the accumulation of IPC is one of the mechanisms that enables A. oryzae to adapt low- and high-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Ge
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Bin He
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Yongkai Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China. .,College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Chunmiao Jiang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing and Its Application in Aspergillus Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050467. [PMID: 35628723 PMCID: PMC9143064 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus, a genus of filamentous fungi, is extensively distributed in nature and plays crucial roles in the decomposition of organic materials as an important environmental microorganism as well as in the traditional fermentation and food processing industries. Furthermore, due to their strong potential to secrete a large variety of hydrolytic enzymes and other natural products by manipulating gene expression and/or introducing new biosynthetic pathways, several Aspergillus species have been widely exploited as microbial cell factories. In recent years, with the development of next-generation genome sequencing technology and genetic engineering methods, the production and utilization of various homo-/heterologous-proteins and natural products in Aspergillus species have been well studied. As a newly developed genome editing technology, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has been used to edit and modify genes in Aspergilli. So far, the CRISPR/Cas9-based approach has been widely employed to improve the efficiency of gene modification in the strain type Aspergillus nidulans and other industrially important and pathogenic Aspergillus species, including Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus fumigatus. This review highlights the current development of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing technology and its application in basic research and the production of recombination proteins and natural products in the Aspergillus species.
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11
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Identification of Six Thiolases and their Effects on Fatty Acid and Ergosterol Biosynthesis in Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0237221. [PMID: 35138925 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02372-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiolase plays important roles in lipid metabolism. It can be divided into degradative thiolases (Thioase I) and biosynthetic thiolases (thiolases II), which are involved in fatty acid β-oxidation and acetoacetyl-CoA biosynthesis, respectively. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) genome harbors only one gene each for thioase I and thiolase II, namely, Pot1 and Erg10, respectively. In this study, six thiolases (named AoErg10A-AoErg10F) were identified in Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae) genome using bioinformatics analysis. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated that the expression of these six thiolases varied at different growth time and under different forms of abiotic stress. Subcellular localization analysis showed that AoErg10A was located in the cytoplasm, AoErg10B and AoErg10C in the mitochondria, and AoErg10D-AoErg10F in the peroxisome. Yeast heterologous complementation assays revealed that AoErg10A, AoErg10D, AoErg10E, AoErg10F and cytoplasmic AoErg10B (AoErg10BΔMTS) recovered the phenotypes of S. cerevisiae erg10 weak and lethal mutants, and that only AoErg10D-F recovered the phenotype of the pot1 mutant that cannot use oleic acid as the carbon source. Overexpression of AoErg10s either affected the growth speed or sporulation of the transgenic strains. In addition, the fatty acid and ergosterol content changed in all the AoErg10-overexpressing strains. This study revealed the function of six thiolases in A. oryzae and their effect on growth, and fatty acid and ergosterol biosynthesis, which may lay the foundation for genetic engineering for lipid metabolism in A. oryzae or other fungi. Importance Thiolase including thioase I and thiolase II, plays important roles in lipid metabolism. A. oryzae, one of the most industrially important filamentous fungi, has been widely used for manufacturing oriental fermented food such as sauce, miso, and sake for a long time. Besides, A. oryzae has a high capability in production of high lipid content and has been used for lipid production. Thus, it is very important to investigate the function of thiolases in A. oryzae. In this study, six thiolase (named AoErg10A-AoErg10F) were identified by bioinformatics analysis. Unlike other reported thiolases in fungi, three of the six thiolases showed dual function of thioase I and thiolase II in S. cerevisiae, indicating the lipid metabolism is more complex in A. oryzae. The reveal of function of these thiolases in A. oryzae can lay the foundation for genetic engineering for lipid metabolism in A. oryzae or other fungi.
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Morita Y, Katakura Y, Takegawa K, Higuchi Y. Correlative Localization Analysis Between mRNA and Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein-Fused Protein by a Single-Molecule Fluorescence in situ Hybridization Using an egfp Probe in Aspergillus oryzae. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:721398. [PMID: 37744096 PMCID: PMC10512357 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.721398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Although subcellular localization analysis of proteins fused with enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) has been widely conducted in filamentous fungi, little is known about the localization of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding the EGFP-fused proteins. In this study, we performed single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) using an egfp probe to simultaneously visualize EGFP-fused proteins and their mRNAs in the hyphal cells of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. We investigated the subcellular localization of mRNAs encoding cytoplasmic EGFP, an actin marker protein Lifeact tagged with EGFP, and several EGFP-fused proteins AoSec22, AoSnc1, AoVam3, and AoUapC that localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the apical vesicle cluster Spitzenkörper, vacuolar membrane, and plasma membrane, respectively. Visualization of these mRNAs by smFISH demonstrated that each mRNA exhibited distinct localization patterns likely depending on the mRNA sequence. In particular, we revealed that mRNAs encoding Lifeact-EGFP, EGFP-AoSec22, EGFP-AoVam3, and AoUapC-EGFP, but not cytoplasmic EGFP and EGFP-AoSnc1, were preferentially localized at the apical cell, suggesting certain mechanisms to regulate the existence of these transcripts among hyphal regions. Our findings provide the distinct localization information of each mRNA in the hyphal cells of A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Williams T, Parker D, Taubman B. Characterization of Unmalted Barley Treated with Aspergillus oryzae. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2021.1978045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Williams
- A.R. Smith Department of Chemistry and Fermentation Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, U.S.A
| | - Daniel Parker
- A.R. Smith Department of Chemistry and Fermentation Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, U.S.A
| | - Brett Taubman
- A.R. Smith Department of Chemistry and Fermentation Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, U.S.A
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14
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Kadotani H, Asai K, Miyamoto A, Iwasaki K, Kawai T, Nishimura M, Tohda M, Okamoto A, Sato K, Yamada K, Ijiri N, Watanabe T, Kawaguchi T. The Fermented Soy Product ImmuBalance TM Suppresses Airway Inflammation in a Murine Model of Asthma. Nutrients 2021; 13:3380. [PMID: 34684380 PMCID: PMC8537480 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fermented soy product ImmuBalance contains many active ingredients and its beneficial effects on some allergic diseases have been reported. We hypothesized that ImmuBalance could have potential effects on airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin developed airway inflammation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was assessed for inflammatory cell counts and levels of cytokines. Lung tissues were examined for cell infiltration and mucus hypersecretion. Oral administration of ImmuBalance significantly inhibited ovalbumin-induced eosinophilic inflammation and decreased Th2 cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (p < 0.05). In addition, lung histological analysis showed that ImmuBalance inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration and airway mucus production. Our findings suggest that supplementation with ImmuBalance may provide a novel strategy for the prevention or treatment of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhisa Asai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (H.K.); (A.M.); (K.I.); (T.K.); (M.N.); (M.T.); (A.O.); (K.S.); (K.Y.); (N.I.); (T.W.); (T.K.)
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15
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Higuchi Y. Membrane traffic related to endosome dynamics and protein secretion in filamentous fungi. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1038-1045. [PMID: 33686391 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, membrane-surrounded organelles are orchestrally organized spatiotemporally under environmental situations. Among such organelles, vesicular transports and membrane contacts occur to communicate each other, so-called membrane traffic. Filamentous fungal cells are highly polarized and thus membrane traffic is developed to have versatile functions. Early endosome (EE) is an endocytic organelle that dynamically exhibits constant long-range motility through the hyphal cell, which is proven to have physiological roles, such as other organelle distribution and signal transduction. Since filamentous fungal cells are also considered as cell factories, to produce valuable proteins extracellularly, molecular mechanisms of secretory pathway including protein glycosylation have been well investigated. In this review, molecular and physiological aspects of membrane traffic especially related to EE dynamics and protein secretion in filamentous fungi are summarized, and perspectives for application are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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16
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Sassi S, Wan‐Mohtar WAAQI, Jamaludin NS, Ilham Z. Recent progress and advances in soy sauce production technologies: A review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Sassi
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory Institute of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Biomass Energy Laboratory Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan‐Mohtar
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory Institute of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Bioresources and Bioprocessing Research Group Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | | | - Zul Ilham
- Biomass Energy Laboratory Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Bioresources and Bioprocessing Research Group Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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17
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Higuchi Y. Membrane Traffic in Aspergillus oryzae and Related Filamentous Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070534. [PMID: 34356913 PMCID: PMC8303533 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrially important filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, known as the yellow Koji mold and also designated the Japanese National fungus, has been investigated for understanding the intracellular membrane trafficking machinery due to the great ability of valuable enzyme production. The underlying molecular mechanisms of the secretory pathway delineate the main secretion route from the hyphal tip via the vesicle cluster Spitzenkörper, but also there is a growing body of evidence that septum-directed and unconventional secretion occurs in A. oryzae hyphal cells. Moreover, not only the secretory pathway but also the endocytic pathway is crucial for protein secretion, especially having a role in apical endocytic recycling. As a hallmark of multicellular filamentous fungal cells, endocytic organelles early endosome and vacuole are quite dynamic: the former exhibits constant long-range motility through the hyphal cells and the latter displays pleiomorphic structures in each hyphal region. These characteristics are thought to have physiological roles, such as supporting protein secretion and transporting nutrients. This review summarizes molecular and physiological mechanisms of membrane traffic, i.e., secretory and endocytic pathways, in A. oryzae and related filamentous fungi and describes the further potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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18
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Daba GM, Mostafa FA, Elkhateeb WA. The ancient koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae) as a modern biotechnological tool. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:52. [PMID: 38650252 PMCID: PMC10992763 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae) is a filamentous micro-fungus that is used from centuries in fermentation of different foods in many countries all over the world. This valuable fungus is also a rich source of many bioactive secondary metabolites. Moreover, A. oryzae has a prestigious secretory system that allows it to secrete high concentrations of proteins into its culturing medium, which support its use as biotechnological tool in veterinary, food, pharmaceutical, and industrial fields. This review aims to highlight the significance of this valuable fungus in food industry, showing its generosity in production of nutritional and bioactive metabolites that enrich food fermented by it. Also, using A. oryzae as a biotechnological tool in the field of enzymes production was described. Furthermore, domestication, functional genomics, and contributions of A. oryzae in functional production of human pharmaceutical proteins were presented. Finally, future prospects in order to get more benefits from A. oryzae were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghoson M Daba
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt.
| | - Faten A Mostafa
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt.
| | - Waill A Elkhateeb
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt
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20
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Jiang C, Lv G, Ge J, He B, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Zeng B. Genome-wide identification of the GATA transcription factor family and their expression patterns under temperature and salt stress in Aspergillus oryzae. AMB Express 2021; 11:56. [PMID: 33876331 PMCID: PMC8055810 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the regulation of growth processes and various environmental stresses. Although GATA TFs involved in abiotic stress in plants and some fungi have been analyzed, information regarding GATA TFs in Aspergillusoryzae is extremely poor. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized seven GATA proteins from A.oryzae 3.042 genome, including a novel AoSnf5 GATA TF with 20-residue between the Cys-X2-Cys motifs which was found in Aspergillus GATA TFs for the first time. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these seven A. oryzae GATA TFs could be classified into six subgroups. Analysis of conserved motifs demonstrated that Aspergillus GATA TFs with similar motif compositions clustered in one subgroup, suggesting that they might possess similar genetic functions, further confirming the accuracy of the phylogenetic relationship. Furthermore, the expression patterns of seven A.oryzae GATA TFs under temperature and salt stresses indicated that A. oryzae GATA TFs were mainly responsive to high temperature and high salt stress. The protein–protein interaction network of A.oryzae GATA TFs revealed certain potentially interacting proteins. The comprehensive analysis of A. oryzae GATA TFs will be beneficial for understanding their biological function and evolutionary features and provide an important starting point to further understand the role of GATA TFs in the regulation of distinct environmental conditions in A.oryzae.
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21
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Jin FJ, Hu S, Wang BT, Jin L. Advances in Genetic Engineering Technology and Its Application in the Industrial Fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:644404. [PMID: 33708187 PMCID: PMC7940364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.644404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae is an important strain in the traditional fermentation and food processing industries and is often used in the production of soy sauce, soybean paste, and liquor-making. In addition, A. oryzae has a strong capacity to secrete large amounts of hydrolytic enzymes; therefore, it has also been used in the enzyme industry as a cell factory for the production of numerous native and heterologous enzymes. However, the production and secretion of foreign proteins by A. oryzae are often limited by numerous bottlenecks that occur during transcription, translation, protein folding, translocation, degradation, transport, secretion, etc. The existence of these problems makes it difficult to achieve the desired target in the production of foreign proteins by A. oryzae. In recent years, with the decipherment of the whole genome sequence, basic research and genetic engineering technologies related to the production and utilization of A. oryzae have been well developed, such as the improvement of homologous recombination efficiency, application of selectable marker genes, development of large chromosome deletion technology, utilization of hyphal fusion techniques, and application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing systems. The development and establishment of these genetic engineering technologies provided a great deal of technical support for the industrial production and application of A. oryzae. This paper reviews the advances in basic research and genetic engineering technologies of the fermentation strain A. oryzae mentioned above to open up more effective ways and research space for the breeding of A. oryzae production strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jie Jin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bao-Teng Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Jin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Assessment of the potential allergenicity and toxicity of Pichia proteins in a novel leghemoglobin preparation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 119:104817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Influence of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet on Extracellular Activity of α-Amylase in Aspergillus oryzae. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found that plasma can enhance spore germination and α-amylase secretion in A. oryzae, a beneficial fungus used in fermentation. To confirm this, in the current study, we investigated the effects of plasma on development and α-amylase secretion using an enlarged sample size and a different plasma source: a plasma jet. There was a ~10% (p < 0.01) increase in spore germination upon non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet (NTAPPJ) treatment for 5 min and 10 min, as compared with the control (no plasma treatment). The activity of α-amylase detected in potato dextrose broth (PDB) media during incubation was significantly elevated in plasma-treated samples, with a more obvious increase upon 10 min and 15 min treatments and 24–96 h incubation periods. The levels of the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and NOX (nitrogen oxide species) were higher in the plasma-treated samples than in the control samples, suggesting that these two variables could serve as standard indicators for enhancing α-amylase activity after plasma treatment. Genome sequencing analysis showed approximately 0.0016–0.0017% variations (changes in 596–655 base pairs out of a total of 37,912,014 base pairs) in the genomic DNA sequence of A. oryzae after plasma treatment. Our results suggest that NATPPJ can enhance the spore germination and extracellular activity of α-amylase, probably by increasing the levels of ORP and NOX to an optimum level.
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Veerana M, Mitra S, Ki S, Kim S, Choi E, Lee T, Park G. Plasma-mediated enhancement of enzyme secretion in Aspergillus oryzae. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:262-276. [PMID: 33151631 PMCID: PMC7888467 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Technical bottlenecks in protein production and secretion often limit the efficient and robust industrial use of microbial enzymes. The potential of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma to overcome these technical barriers was examined. Spores of the fermenting fungus Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae) were submerged in potato dextrose broth (PDB) (5 × 106 per ml) and treated with micro dielectric barrier discharge plasma at an input voltage of 1.2 kV and current of 50 to 63 mA using nitrogen as the feed gas. The specific activity of α-amylase in the broth was increased by 7.4 to 9.3% after 24 and 48 h of plasma treatment. Long-lived species, such as NO2 - and NO3 - , generated in PDB after plasma treatment may have contributed to the elevated secretion of α-amylase. Observations after 24 h of plasma treatment also included increased accumulation of vesicles at the hyphal tip, hyphal membrane depolarization and higher intracellular Ca2+ levels. These results suggest that long-lived nitrogen species generated in PDB after plasma treatment can enhance the secretion of α-amylase from fungal hyphae by depolarizing the cell membrane and activating Ca2+ influx into hyphal cells, eventually leading to the accumulation of secretory vesicles near the hyphal tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayura Veerana
- Department of Plasma Bioscience and DisplayKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897Korea
| | - Sarmistha Mitra
- Department of Plasma Bioscience and DisplayKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897Korea
| | - Se‐Hoon Ki
- Department of Electrical and Biological PhysicsKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897Korea
| | - Soo‐Min Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897Korea
| | - Eun‐Ha Choi
- Department of Plasma Bioscience and DisplayKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897Korea
- Department of Electrical and Biological PhysicsKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897Korea
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897Korea
| | - Gyungsoon Park
- Department of Plasma Bioscience and DisplayKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897Korea
- Department of Electrical and Biological PhysicsKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897Korea
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25
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Son YE, Park HS. Genetic Manipulation and Transformation Methods for Aspergillus spp. MYCOBIOLOGY 2020; 49:95-104. [PMID: 37970179 PMCID: PMC10635212 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1838115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Species of the genus Aspergillus have a variety of effects on humans and have been considered industrial cell factories due to their prominent ability for manufacturing several products such as heterologous proteins, secondary metabolites, and organic acids. Scientists are trying to improve fungal strains and re-design metabolic processes through advanced genetic manipulation techniques and gene delivery systems to enhance their industrial efficiency and utility. In this review, we describe the current status of the genetic manipulation techniques and transformation methods for species of the genus Aspergillus. The host strains, selective markers, and experimental materials required for the genetic manipulation and fungal transformation are described in detail. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Eun Son
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Park
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Takeshita N. Fungal research in Japan: tradition and future. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:14. [PMID: 32974037 PMCID: PMC7507618 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Takeshita
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
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Higuchi Y, Takegawa K. Single-Molecule FISH Reveals Subcellular Localization of α-Amylase and Actin mRNAs in the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:578862. [PMID: 33072046 PMCID: PMC7536267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.578862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The machinery for mRNA localization is one of crucial molecular structures allowing cellular spatiotemporal organization of protein synthesis. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying mRNA localization have been thoroughly investigated in unicellular organisms, little is known about multicellular and multinuclear filamentous fungi. Here, we conducted single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) to first visualize the mRNA molecules of α-amylase, which are encoded by amyB, and which are thought to be abundantly secreted from the hyphal tips of the industrially important fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Consistent with previous biochemical studies, fluorescein amidite (FAM) fluorescence derived from amyB expression was observed in A. oryzae hyphae cultured in a minimal medium containing maltose instead of glucose as the sole carbon source. Moreover, after more than 1 h incubation with fresh maltose-containing medium, the fluorescence of amyB mRNAs was observed throughout the cells, suggesting α-amylase secretion potentially from each cell, instead of the hyphal tip only. Furthermore, in cultures with complete medium containing maltose, amyB mRNAs were excluded from the tip regions, where no nuclei exist. In contrast, mRNAs of actin, encoded by actA, were localized mainly to the tip, where actin proteins also preferentially reside. Collectively, our smFISH analyses revealed distinct localization patterns of α-amylase and actin mRNAs in A. oryzae hyphal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takegawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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28
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Morita Y, Kikumatsu F, Higuchi Y, Katakura Y, Takegawa K. Characterization and functional analysis of ERAD-related AAA+ ATPase Cdc48 in Aspergillus oryzae. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:801-813. [PMID: 32883430 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae can secrete large amounts of enzymes. However, the production of abundant secretory proteins triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and it is not clear how ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) contributes to bulk protein production in A. oryzae. Here we identified AoCdc48, the sole A. oryzae ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae AAA+ ATPase Cdc48, a component of the ERAD machinery. We found that AoCdc48 localizes in both nuclei and cytoplasm. Generation of an Aocdc48 conditional mutant showed that Aocdc48 repression leads to reduced cell growth and aberrant hyphal morphology. When Aocdc48-repressed cells were cultured on starch-containing plates, the α-amylase-encoding gene amyB was about 1.3-fold higher expressed. Indeed, a halo produced by secreted amylase was seen on potato starch-containing plates even when there was almost no growth under Aocdc48 repression. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that although AmyB seemed to be secreted, various organelle distributions were aberrant in Aocdc48-repressed cells. We found that D1 AAA domain is crucial for cell viability. Finally, we show that Aocdc48-overexpression also causes defects of cell growth, colonial morphology and conidial formation. Collectively, our results suggest that AoCdc48 is essential for growth and organelle distribution but dispensable for amylase secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Morita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Futa Kikumatsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Katakura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takegawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Shu L, Si X, Yang X, Ma W, Sun J, Zhang J, Xue X, Wang D, Gao Q. Enhancement of Acid Protease Activity of Aspergillus oryzae Using Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1418. [PMID: 32670249 PMCID: PMC7332548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) system is a novel and efficient mutagenesis protocol for microbial breeding. In this study, ARTP was employed to treat spores of Aspergillus oryzae strain 3.042 for selection of high acid protease producers. With an irradiation time of 150 s at the lethal rate of 90%, 19 mutants with higher acid protease activity were initially selected based on different mutant colony morphology and ratio of the clarification halo of protease activity to the colony diameter. Measurements of the acid protease activity revealed that mutant strain B-2 is characterized by a steady hereditary stability with increased acid protease, neutral protease and total protease activities of 54.7, 17.3, and 8.5%, respectively, and decreased alkaline protease activity of 8.1%. In summary, the identified mutant strain B-2 exhibits great potential for the enhancement of the insufficient acid protease activity during the middle and later stages of soy sauce fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoguang Si
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinda Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinglan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
| | - Depei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
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30
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Zhang L, Bao Y, Chen H, Huang J, Xu Y. Functional Microbiota for Polypeptide Degradation during Hypertonic Moromi-Fermentation of Pixian Broad Bean Paste. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070930. [PMID: 32674449 PMCID: PMC7404569 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional fermented bean pastes are indispensable seasonings in many East Asian countries. They are produced via hypertonic solutions by spontaneous fermentation. Functional, unknown microbiota carry great risks for food safety and stable quality. Thus, analysis and subsequent utilization of functional microbiota will be a good strategy to resolve these problems. During bean fermentation, the microbial functions were divided into two stages, including first stage-raw material (polypeptide) degradation and second stage-amino acid catabolism. In this study, we aimed to analyze the functional microbiota of first stage. Omics-studies, including high-throughput sequencing, correlation analysis and extracellular proteome, were used to generate candidate functional microbes for polypeptide degradation in this study. Then, we cultured the candidate functional microbes. After the batch fermentation and enzymatic analysis, we found three strains secreted peptidase and resulted amino acid accumulation, involving Aspergillus niger, Candida zeylanoides and Bacillus licheniformis. Thus, A. niger, C. zeylanoides and B. licheniformis conducted the functional microbiota for polypeptide degrading during hypertonic moromi fermentation. This study supplies a strategy for functional microbiota analysis. In addition, this is the first report that C. zeylanoides can secrete proteome and produce amino acids from polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214100, China; (L.Z.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yida Bao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214100, China; (L.Z.); (Y.B.)
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Sichuan Pixian Douban Company Limited, Chengdu 611730, China; (H.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- Sichuan Pixian Douban Company Limited, Chengdu 611730, China; (H.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214100, China; (L.Z.); (Y.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-510-8591-8201
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31
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Kilaru S, Schuster M, Cannon S, Steinberg G. Optimised red- and green-fluorescent proteins for live cell imaging in the industrial enzyme-producing fungus Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 138:103366. [PMID: 32173466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is a major source of cellulolytic enzymes in biofuel production. Despite its economic relevance, our understanding of its secretory pathways is fragmentary. A major challenge is to visualise the dynamic behaviour of secretory vesicles in living cells. To this end, we establish a location juxtaposing the succinate dehydrogenase locus as a "soft-landing" site for controlled expression of 4 green-fluorescent and 5 red-fluorescent protein-encoding genes (GFPs, RFPs). Quantitative and comparative analysis of their fluorescent signals in living cells demonstrates that codon-optimised monomeric superfolder GFP (TrmsGFP) and codon-optimised mCherry (TrmCherry) combine highest signal intensity with significantly improved signal-to-noise ratios. Finally, we show that integration of plasmid near the sdi1 locus does not affect secretion of cellulase activity in RUT-C30. The molecular and live cell imaging tools generated in this study will help our understanding the secretory pathway in the industrial fungus T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Kilaru
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Schuster
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Cannon
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gero Steinberg
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD Exeter, United Kingdom.
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32
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Wang BT, Hu S, Yu XY, Jin L, Zhu YJ, Jin FJ. Studies of Cellulose and Starch Utilization and the Regulatory Mechanisms of Related Enzymes in Fungi. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030530. [PMID: 32121667 PMCID: PMC7182937 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are biopolymers made up of a large number of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides are widely distributed in nature: Some, such as peptidoglycan and cellulose, are the components that make up the cell walls of bacteria and plants, and some, such as starch and glycogen, are used as carbohydrate storage in plants and animals. Fungi exist in a variety of natural environments and can exploit a wide range of carbon sources. They play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle because of their ability to break down plant biomass, which is composed primarily of cell wall polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Fungi produce a variety of enzymes that in combination degrade cell wall polysaccharides into different monosaccharides. Starch, the main component of grain, is also a polysaccharide that can be broken down into monosaccharides by fungi. These monosaccharides can be used for energy or as precursors for the biosynthesis of biomolecules through a series of enzymatic reactions. Industrial fermentation by microbes has been widely used to produce traditional foods, beverages, and biofuels from starch and to a lesser extent plant biomass. This review focuses on the degradation and utilization of plant homopolysaccharides, cellulose and starch; summarizes the activities of the enzymes involved and the regulation of the induction of the enzymes in well-studied filamentous fungi.
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33
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Wang BT, Yu XY, Zhu YJ, Zhuang M, Zhang ZM, Jin L, Jin FJ. Research progress on the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors of Aspergillus species. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 109:31-59. [PMID: 31677646 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins belong to a superfamily of transcription factors, and they are widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms. Members of the bHLH protein family can form homodimers or heterodimers with themselves or other family members, and they often play bifunctional roles as activators and repressors to uniquely regulate the transcription of downstream target genes. The bHLH transcription factors are usually involved in developmental processes, including cellular proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, these transcription factors often play crucial roles in regulating growth, development, and differentiation in eukaryotes. Aspergillus species fungi are widely distributed in the environment, and they play important roles not only in the decomposition of organic matter as an important environmental microorganism but also in the fermentation and the food processing industry. Furthermore, some pathogenic fungi, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus, affect the environment and human health in important ways. Recent research has shown that some Aspergillus bHLH proteins are significantly involved in the regulation of asexual and sexual reproduction, secondary metabolite production, carbohydrate metabolism, conidial and sclerotial production, among other processes. Here, we review the regulatory mechanisms and biological functions of the bHLH transcription factors of the Aspergillus genus to provide a theoretical reference for further study on the growth and development of Aspergillus and the functions of bHLHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Teng Wang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Ye Yu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Jia Zhu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao Zhuang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Jin
- College of Biology and the Environment, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng-Jie Jin
- College of Biology and the Environment, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
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34
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Tsutsumi S, Mochizuki M, Sakai K, Ieda A, Ohara R, Mitsui S, Ito A, Hirano T, Shimizu M, Kato M. Ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MC87-46 to assimilate isomaltose and its effects on sake taste. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13908. [PMID: 31558734 PMCID: PMC6763438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, wild strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from a variety of natural resources have been used to make bread, beer, wine, and sake. In the current study, we isolated wild S. cerevisiae MC strain from the carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L) flower and produced sake using its cerulenin-resistant mutant strain MC87-46. Then, we characterized the components, including ethanol, amino acids, organic acids, and sugars, in the fermented sake. Sake brewed with MC87-46 is sweet owing to the high content of isomaltose, which was at a concentration of 44.3 mM. The low sake meter value of -19.6 is most likely due to this high isomaltose concentration. The genomic DNA of MC87-46 encodes for isomaltases IMA1, IMA2, IMA3, IMA4 and IMA5, as well as the isomaltose transporter gene, AGT1. However, these genes were not induced in MC87-46 by isomaltose, and the strain did not possess isomaltase activity. These results show that MC87-46 cannot utilize isomaltose, resulting in its accumulation in the fermented sake. Isomaltose concentrations in sake brewed with MC87-46 were 24.6-fold more than in commercial sake. These findings suggest that MC87-46 may be useful for commercial application in Japanese sake production because of its unique flavour and nutrient profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seitaro Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Mai Mochizuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Kiyota Sakai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Akane Ieda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Reiji Ohara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Shun Mitsui
- Food Research Centre, Aichi Centre for Industry and Science Technology, 2-1-1 Shimpukuji-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 451-0083, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Ito
- Food Research Centre, Aichi Centre for Industry and Science Technology, 2-1-1 Shimpukuji-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 451-0083, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hirano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Shimizu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Masashi Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan.
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Veerana M, Lim JS, Choi EH, Park G. Aspergillus oryzae spore germination is enhanced by non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11184. [PMID: 31371801 PMCID: PMC6673704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor and unstable culture growth following isolation presents a technical barrier to the efficient application of beneficial microorganisms in the food industry. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma is an effective tool that could overcome this barrier. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of plasma to enhance spore germination, the initial step in fungal colonization, using Aspergillus oryzae, a beneficial filamentous fungus used in the fermentation industry. Treating fungal spores in background solutions of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and potato dextrose broth (PDB) with micro dielectric barrier discharge plasma using nitrogen gas for 2 and 5 min, respectively, significantly increased the germination percentage. Spore swelling, the first step in germination, was accelerated following plasma treatment, indicating that plasma may be involved in loosening the spore surface. Plasma treatment depolarized spore membranes, elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels, and activated mpkA, a MAP kinase, and the transcription of several germination-associated genes. Our results suggest that plasma enhances fungal spore germination by stimulating spore swelling, depolarizing the cell membrane, and activating calcium and MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayura Veerana
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea.,Department of Plasma Bioscience and Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Jun-Sup Lim
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea.,Department of Plasma Bioscience and Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea.,Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Gyungsoon Park
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea. .,Department of Plasma Bioscience and Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea. .,Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea.
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36
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Gomi K. Regulatory mechanisms for amylolytic gene expression in the koji mold Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1385-1401. [PMID: 31159661 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1625265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The koji mold Aspergillus oryzae has been used in traditional Japanese food and beverage fermentation for over a thousand years. Amylolytic enzymes are important in sake fermentation, wherein production is induced by starch or malto-oligosaccharides. This inducible production requires at least two transcription activators, AmyR and MalR. Among amylolytic enzymes, glucoamylase GlaB is produced exclusively in solid-state culture and plays a critical role in sake fermentation owing to its contribution to glucose generation from starch. A recent study demonstrated that glaB gene expression is regulated by a novel transcription factor, FlbC, in addition to AmyR in solid-state culture. Amylolytic enzyme production is generally repressed by glucose due to carbon catabolite repression (CCR), which is mediated by the transcription factor CreA. Modifying CCR machinery, including CreA, can improve amylolytic enzyme production. This review focuses on the role of transcription factors in regulating A. oryzae amylolytic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Gomi
- a Laboratory of Fermentation Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
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37
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Wakai S, Nakashima N, Ogino C, Tsutsumi H, Hata Y, Kondo A. Modified expression of multi-cellulases in a filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 276:146-153. [PMID: 30623869 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae, a filamentous fungus, can secrete large amounts of enzymes extracellularly. We constructed a genetically engineered A. oryzae that simultaneously produced cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, and β-glucosidase by integrating multiple copies of the genes encoding these cellulases into fungal chromosomes. The resulting strain possessed 5-16 copies of each cellulase gene within the chromosome and showed approximately 10-fold higher activity versus single integration strains. Copy number polymorphisms were attributed to differences in flanking region sequence for the integrated gene fragments. Furthermore, we found that the P-sodM/T-glaB set demonstrated the strongest transcription levels per gene copy number. We therefore modified promoter/terminator set and cellulase gene combinations based on this polymorphism and transcription level data, with the resulting transformant showing 40-fold higher cellulolytic activity versus the single integration strain. This designed expression method could be useful for the overexpression of multiple enzymes and pathway flux control-mediated metabolic engineering in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Wakai
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nanami Nakashima
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsutsumi
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 612-8385, Japan
| | - Yoji Hata
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 612-8385, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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Sugihara Y, Ikushima S, Miyake M, Kirisako T, Yada Y, Fujiwara D. Improvement of skin conditions by ingestion of Aspergillus kawachii (Koji) extract containing 14-dehydroergosterol in a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018; 11:115-124. [PMID: 29563825 PMCID: PMC5849931 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s152979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The present study examined the effect of ingestion of Koji extract containing 14-dehydroergosterol (14-DHE), prepared from Aspergillus kawachii NBRC4308, on improvement of skin conditions among healthy volunteers. Subjects and methods In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, 70 healthy adult women who felt that their skin was dry ingested either a placebo dietary supplement or Koji extract (200 mg/day) supplement containing 0.1% 14-DHE for 12 weeks. Throughout the treatment period and for 4 weeks afterward, objective indicators - including moisture content of the stratum corneum, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), and skin wrinkles - were evaluated; in addition, the subjects answered a questionnaire on their skin conditions with ratings on a visual analog scale. Statistical analysis was conducted on the basis of differences from baseline scores. Results Compared with the placebo group, the Koji extract group showed significantly increased forearm moisture at 4, 8, and 16 weeks (p < 0.05 on unpaired t-test). The questionnaire survey showed a marked improvement in skin conditions, particularly crow's feet, in the Koji extract group versus the placebo group at 8 weeks (p < 0.05 by unpaired t-test). Furthermore, the Koji extract group showed a trend (p < 0.10) toward improvement in skin moisture (at 4 weeks), dryness around the eyes/mouth (at 4 weeks), and overall skin condition (at 8 weeks) versus the placebo group. Conclusion Ingestion of Koji extract containing 14-DHE was demonstrated to have positive effects toward improving skin conditions - in particular, on increasing skin moisture in the stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mika Miyake
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies
| | - Takayoshi Kirisako
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Research and Development Division, Kirin Company, Limited, Yokohama
| | - Yukihiro Yada
- Doctorate Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujiwara
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Research and Development Division, Kirin Company, Limited, Yokohama
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39
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Transcriptome analysis of different growth stages of Aspergillus oryzae reveals dynamic changes of distinct classes of genes during growth. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:12. [PMID: 29444636 PMCID: PMC5813417 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gene expression profile and metabolic pathways of Aspergillus oryzae underlying the anatomical and morphological differentiation across different growth stages have not been fully characterized. The rapid development of next-generation sequencing technologies provides advanced knowledge of the genomic organization of A. oryzae. Results In this study, we characterized the growth and development of A. oryzae at different growth stages, including the adaptive phase, logarithmic phase, and stationary phase. Our results revealed that A. oryzae undergoes physiological and morphological differentiation across the different stages. RNA-seq was employed to analyze the three stages of A. oryzae, which generated more than 27 million high-quality reads per sample. The analysis of differential gene expression showed more genes expressed differentially upon transition from the adaptive phase to the logarithmic and stationary phases, while relatively steady trend was observed during the transition from the logarithmic phase to the stationary phase. GO classification of the differentially expressed genes among different growth stages revealed that most of these genes were enriched for single-organism process, metabolic process, and catalytic activity. These genes were then subjected to a clustering analysis. The results showed that the cluster with the majority of genes with increased expression upon transition from the adaptive phase to the logarithmic phase, and steady expression from the logarithmic phase to the stationary phase was mainly involved in the carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Conclusion Our results provide a foundation for identifying developmentally important genes and understanding the biological processes across various growth stages. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1158-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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He B, Tu Y, Hu Z, Ma L, Dai J, Cheng X, Li H, Liu L, Zeng B. Genome-wide identification and expression profile analysis of the HOG gene family in Aspergillus oryzae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:35. [PMID: 29427255 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The High osmolarity glycerol (HOG) gene family plays crucial roles in various developmental and physiological processes in fungi, such as the permeability of cell membrane, chlamydospore formation and stress signaling. Although the function of HOG genes has been investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some filamentous fungi, a comprehensive analysis of HOG gene family has not been performed in Aspergillus oryzae, a fungi mainly used for the production of soy sauce. In this study, we identified and corrected a total of 90 HOG genes from the A. oryzae genome. According to the phylogenetic relationship, they were divided into four discrete groups (Group A-D) comprising of 16, 24, 30 and 20 proteins, respectively. Six conserved motifs and exon-intron structures were examined among all HOG proteins to reveal the diversity of AoHOG genes. Based on transcriptome technology, the expression patterns of AoHOG genes across all developmental stages was identified, suggesting that the AoHOG gene family mainly functions in the logarithmic phase of development. The expression profiles of AoHOG genes under different concentrations of salt stress indicated that AoHOG genes are extensively involved in salt stress response, with possibly different mechanisms. The genome-wide identification, evolutionary, gene structures and expression analyses of AoHOG genes provide a comprehensive overview of this gene family as well as their potential involvements in development and stress responses. Our results will facilitate further research on HOG gene family regarding their physiological and biochemical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Yayi Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Long Ma
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Xiaojie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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Jin Y, He X, Andoh‐Kumi K, Fraser RZ, Lu M, Goodman RE. Evaluating Potential Risks of Food Allergy and Toxicity of Soy Leghemoglobin Expressed in Pichia pastoris. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:1700297. [PMID: 28921896 PMCID: PMC5813221 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The Soybean (Glycine max) leghemoglobin c2 (LegHb) gene was introduced into Pichia pastoris yeast for sustainable production of a heme-carrying protein, for organoleptic use in plant-based meat. The potential allergenicity and toxicity of LegHb and 17 Pichia host-proteins each representing ≥1% of total protein in production batches are evaluated by literature review, bioinformatics sequence comparisons to known allergens or toxins, and in vitro pepsin digestion. METHODS AND RESULTS Literature searches found no evidence of allergenicity or toxicity for these proteins. There are no significant sequence matches of LegHb to known allergens or toxins. Eleven Pichia proteins have modest identity matches to minor environmental allergens and 13 Pichia proteins have significant matches to proteins from toxic sources. Yet the matched allergens and toxins have similar matches to proteins from the commonly consumed yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, without evidence of food allergy or toxicity. The demonstrated history of safe use indicates additional tests for allergenicity and toxicity are not needed. The LegHb and Pichia sp. proteins were rapidly digested by pepsin at pH 2. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that foods containing recombinant soy LegHb produced in Pichia sp. are unlikely to present an unacceptable risk of allergenicity or toxicity to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jin
- Food Allergy Research and Resource ProgramDept. of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Xiaoyun He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Kwame Andoh‐Kumi
- Food Allergy Research and Resource ProgramDept. of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | | | - Mei Lu
- Food Allergy Research and Resource ProgramDept. of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Richard E. Goodman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource ProgramDept. of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
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Early endosome motility mediates α-amylase production and cell differentiation in Aspergillus oryzae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15757. [PMID: 29150640 PMCID: PMC5693997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research in filamentous fungi has revealed that the motility of an endocytic organelle early endosome (EE) has a versatile role in many physiological functions. Here, to further examine the motility of EEs in the industrially important fungus Aspergillus oryzae, we visualized these organelles via the Rab5 homolog AoRab5 and identified AoHok1, a putative linker protein between an EE and a motor protein. The Aohok1 disruptant showed retarded mycelial growth and no EE motility, in addition to an apical accumulation of EEs and peroxisomes. We further demonstrated that the Aohok1 disruptant exhibited less sensitivity to osmotic and cell wall stresses. Analyses on the protein secretory pathway in ΔAohok1 cells showed that, although distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi was not affected, formation of the apical secretory vesicle cluster Spitzenkörper was impaired, probably resulting in the observed reduction of the A. oryzae major secretory protein α-amylase. Moreover, we revealed that the transcript level of α-amylase-encoding gene amyB was significantly reduced in the Aohok1 disruptant. Furthermore, we observed perturbed conidial and sclerotial formations, indicating a defect in cell differentiation, in the Aohok1 disruptant. Collectively, our results suggest that EE motility is crucial for α-amylase production and cell differentiation in A. oryzae.
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Identification of 14-dehydroergosterol as a novel anti-inflammatory compound inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13903. [PMID: 29066789 PMCID: PMC5654777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) have the ability to induce regulatory T cells and play an important role in preventing chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We have identified a novel compound, 14-dehydroergosterol, from Koji, a Japanese traditional food material fermented with fungi. 14-dehydroergosterol is an ergosterol analogue with a conjugated double bond, but the activity of 14-dehydroergosterol is much higher than that of ergosterol. 14-dehydroergosterol induces the conversion of murine bone marrow (BM)-derived DCs and differentiated DCs into tolerogenic DCs, in which the production of IL-12 is suppressed and that of IL-10 is increased. In a co-culture experiment, DCs treated with 14-dehydroergosterol induced the conversion of naïve CD4-positive T cells into regulatory T cells. In a murine model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalopathy, 14-dehydroergosterol suppressed the clinical score and inflammatory responses of myeloid DCs and T cells to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. 14-dehydroergosterol-treated human DCs induced from PBMCs also showed a tolerogenic phenotype. This is the first report to identify a novel compound, 14-dehydroergosterol, that induces DCs to convert to a tolerogenic type. 14-dehydroergosterol is contained in various fermented foods based on Koji, so 14-dehydroergosterol might be a helpful aid to prevent chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Zhu Y, Liang X, Zhang H, Feng W, Liu Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. A comparative secretome analysis of industrial Aspergillus oryzae and its spontaneous mutant ZJGS-LZ-21. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 248:1-9. [PMID: 28237882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae koji plays a crucial role in fermented food products due to the hydrolytic activities of secreted enzymes. In the present study, we performed a comparative secretome analysis of the industrial strain of Aspergillus oryzae 3.042 and its spontaneous mutantZJGS-LZ-21. One hundred and fifty two (152) differential protein spots were excised (p<0.05), and 25 proteins were identified. Of the identified proteins, 91.3% belonged to hydrolytic enzymes acting on carbohydrates or proteins. Consistent with their enzyme activities, the expression of 14 proteins involved in the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, starch and proteins, increased in the ZJGS-LZ-21isolate. In particular, increased levels of acid protease (Pep) may favor the degradation of soy proteins in acidic environments and promote the cleavage of allergenic soybean proteins in fermentation, resulting in improvements of product safety and quality. The ZJGS-LZ-21 isolate showed higher protein secretion and increased hydrolytic activities than did strain 3.042, indicating its promising application in soybean paste fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310025, China
| | - Xinle Liang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310025, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310025, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Zhejiang Wuweihe Food Co. Ltd, Huzhou 313213, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Zhejiang Wuweihe Food Co. Ltd, Huzhou 313213, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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A new and efficient approach for construction of uridine/uracil auxotrophic mutants in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:107. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Park HS, Jun SC, Han KH, Hong SB, Yu JH. Diversity, Application, and Synthetic Biology of Industrially Important Aspergillus Fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 100:161-202. [PMID: 28732553 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungal genus Aspergillus consists of over 340 officially recognized species. A handful of these Aspergillus fungi are predominantly used for food fermentation and large-scale production of enzymes, organic acids, and bioactive compounds. These industrially important Aspergilli primarily belong to the two major Aspergillus sections, Nigri and Flavi. Aspergillus oryzae (section Flavi) is the most commonly used mold for the fermentation of soybeans, rice, grains, and potatoes. Aspergillus niger (section Nigri) is used in the industrial production of various enzymes and organic acids, including 99% (1.4 million tons per year) of citric acid produced worldwide. Better understanding of the genomes and the signaling mechanisms of key Aspergillus species can help identify novel approaches to enhance these commercially significant strains. This review summarizes the diversity, current applications, key products, and synthetic biology of Aspergillus fungi commonly used in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Soo Park
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Kawaguchi K, Kikuma T, Higuchi Y, Takegawa K, Kitamoto K. Subcellular localization of acyl-CoA binding protein in Aspergillus oryzae is regulated by autophagy machinery. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:8-12. [PMID: 27725156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) is important for cellular activities, such as in lipid metabolism. In the industrially important fungus Aspergillus oryzae, the ACBP, known as AoACBP, has been biochemically characterized, but its physiological function is not known. In the present study, although we could not find any phenotype of AoACBP disruptants in the normal growth conditions, we examined the subcellular localization of AoACBP to understand its physiological function. Using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged AoACBP construct we showed that AoACBP localized to punctate structures in the cytoplasm, some of which moved inside the cells in a microtubule-dependent manner. Further microscopic analyses showed that AoACBP-EGFP co-localized with the autophagy marker protein AoAtg8 tagged with red fluorescent protein (mDsRed). Expression of AoACBP-EGFP in disruptants of autophagy-related genes revealed aggregation of AoACBP-EGFP fluorescence in the cytoplasm of Aoatg1, Aoatg4 and Aoatg8 disruptant cells. However, in cells harboring disruption of Aoatg15, which encodes a lipase for autophagic body, puncta of AoACBP-EGFP fluorescence accumulated in vacuoles, indicating that AoACBP is transported to vacuoles via the autophagy machinery. Collectively, these results suggest the existence of a regulatory mechanism between AoACBP localization and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Kawaguchi
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuma
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Takegawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kitamoto
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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The construction and use of versatile binary vectors carrying pyrG auxotrophic marker and fluorescent reporter genes for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Aspergillus oryzae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:204. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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New insight into microbial diversity and functions in traditional Vietnamese alcoholic fermentation. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 232:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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