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Li X, Du Y, Chen X, Liu C. Emerging roles of O-glycosylation in regulating protein aggregation, phase separation, and functions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102314. [PMID: 37156204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein O-glycosylation is widely identified in various proteins involved in diverse biological processes. Recent studies have demonstrated that O-glycosylation plays crucial and multifaceted roles in modulating protein amyloid aggregation and liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) under physiological conditions. Dysregulation of these processes is closely associated with human diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and cancers. In this review, we first summarize the distinct roles of O-glycosylation in regulating pathological aggregation of different amyloid proteins related to NDs and elaborate the underlying mechanisms of how O-glycosylation modulates protein aggregation kinetics, induces new aggregated structures, and mediates the pathogenesis of amyloid aggregates under diseased conditions. Furthermore, we introduce recent discoveries on O-GlcNAc-mediated regulation of synaptic LLPS and phase separation potency of low-complexity domain-enriched proteins. Finally, we identify challenges in future research and highlight the potential for developing new therapeutic strategies of NDs by targeting protein O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Kakuo M, Horii T, Tonomura N, Sato R, Ogawa M, Okajima T, Kamemura K. Evidence that only EWS among the FET proteins acquires a low partitioning property for the hyperosmotic stress response by O-GlcNAc glycosylation on its low-complexity domain. Exp Cell Res 2023; 424:113504. [PMID: 36736606 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
FET proteins (FUS, EWS, and TAF15) share a common domain organization, bind RNA/DNA, and perform similarly multifunctional roles in the regulation of gene expression. Of the FET proteins, however, only EWS appears to have a distinct property in the cellular stress response. Therefore, we focused on the relationship between hyperosmotic stress response and post-translational modifications of the FET proteins. We confirmed that the hyperosmotic stress-dependent translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and the cellular granule formation of FET proteins, and that EWS is less likely to partition into cellular granules in the cytoplasm than FUS or TAF15. The domain involved in the less partitioning property of EWS was found to be its low-complexity domain (LCD). Chemoenzymatic labeling analysis of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) residues revealed that O-GlcNAc glycosylation occurs frequently in the LCD of EWS. A correlation was observed between the glycosylation of EWS and the less partitioning property under the hyperosmotic stress. These results suggest that among the FET proteins, only EWS has acquired the unique property through O-GlcNAc glycosylation. The glycosylation may play an essential role in regulating physiological functions of EWS, such as transcriptional activity, in addition to the property in cellular stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Kakuo
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Takeshi Horii
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Naoto Tonomura
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Runa Sato
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okajima
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kamemura
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan.
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Sternburg EL, Gruijs da Silva LA, Dormann D. Post-translational modifications on RNA-binding proteins: accelerators, brakes, or passengers in neurodegeneration? Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 47:6-22. [PMID: 34366183 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are critical players in RNA expression and metabolism, thus, the proper regulation of this class of proteins is critical for cellular health. Regulation of RBPs often occurs through post-translational modifications (PTMs), which allow the cell to quickly and efficiently respond to cellular and environmental stimuli. PTMs have recently emerged as important regulators of RBPs implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, in particular amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here, we summarize how disease-associated PTMs influence the biophysical properties, molecular interactions, subcellular localization, and function of ALS/FTD-linked RBPs, such as FUS and TDP-43. We will discuss how PTMs are believed to play pathological, protective, or ambiguous roles in these neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Sternburg
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität (JGU) Mainz, Faculty of Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lara A Gruijs da Silva
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität (JGU) Mainz, Faculty of Biology, Mainz, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothee Dormann
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität (JGU) Mainz, Faculty of Biology, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany.
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Nosella ML, Tereshchenko M, Pritišanac I, Chong PA, Toretsky JA, Lee HO, Forman-Kay JD. O-Linked- N-Acetylglucosaminylation of the RNA-Binding Protein EWS N-Terminal Low Complexity Region Reduces Phase Separation and Enhances Condensate Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11520-11534. [PMID: 34304571 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many membraneless organelles are thought to be biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can impact protein phase separation behavior, although for many PTMs this aspect of their function is unknown. O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding domains (RBD). O-GlcNAcylation enhances fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) within EWS LCRN condensates and causes the droplets to exhibit more liquid-like relaxation following fusion. Following extended incubation times, EWS LCRN+RBD condensates exhibit diminished FRAP, indicating a loss of fluidity, while condensates containing the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN do not. In HeLa cells, EWS is less O-GlcNAcylated following OGT knockdown, which correlates with its increased accumulation in a filter retardation assay. Relative to the human proteome, O-GlcNAcylated proteins are enriched with regions that are predicted to phase separate, suggesting a general role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulation of biomolecular condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Nosella
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Maria Tereshchenko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Iva Pritišanac
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - P Andrew Chong
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Toretsky
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Hyun O Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Julie D Forman-Kay
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Lorton BM, Shechter D. Cellular consequences of arginine methylation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2933-2956. [PMID: 31101937 PMCID: PMC6642692 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification. Three predominant types of arginine-guanidino methylation occur in Eukarya: mono (Rme1/MMA), symmetric (Rme2s/SDMA), and asymmetric (Rme2a/ADMA). Arginine methylation frequently occurs at sites of protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions, providing specificity for binding partners and stabilization of important biological interactions in diverse cellular processes. Each methylarginine isoform-catalyzed by members of the protein arginine methyltransferase family, Type I (PRMT1-4,6,8) and Type II (PRMT5,9)-has unique downstream consequences. Methylarginines are found in ordered domains, domains of low complexity, and in intrinsically disordered regions of proteins-the latter two of which are intimately connected with biological liquid-liquid phase separation. This review highlights discoveries illuminating how arginine methylation affects genome integrity, gene transcription, mRNA splicing and mRNP biology, protein translation and stability, and phase separation. As more proteins and processes are found to be regulated by arginine methylation, its importance for understanding cellular physiology will continue to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Lorton
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - David Shechter
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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