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Yasmin F, Sutradhar S, Das P, Mukherjee S. Gut melatonin: A potent candidate in the diversified journey of melatonin research. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 303:113693. [PMID: 33309697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
After being discovered from the bovine pineal gland by Aaron Lerner and co-workers in the year 1958, various distinguished researchers have reported melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyl-tryptamine) from several extra-pineal sources, including the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In the year 1974, Raikhlin and Kvetnoy first detected this molecule in the gastrointestinal tissue. Later, within the last 45 years, many renowned investigators found that the GIT is a rich source of melatonin, in addition to the pineal gland. In the carp gut, the estimation of Arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) mRNA/protein levels, which is the rate-determining enzyme for melatonin biosynthesis in the pineal gland, confirmed the endogenous synthesis of melatonin. The remarkable feature of the pineal gland melatonin is its rhythmic synthesis with a peak at dark-phase and lowest at light-phase in synchronization with seasonal environmental light-dark (LD) cycle. Recent studies on carp demonstrated that the melatonin concentrations and the AANAT protein intensities in different gut segments underwent significant daily fluctuations. However, compared to the melatonin rhythm in the pineal gland, the melatonin profiles in gut tissue displayed daily rhythm in parallel with the feeding cycle of the carp, irrespective of LD conditions of the environment. Notably, in carp, the temporal pattern of the gut melatoninergic system found to vary with the environmental non-photic signal(s), such as food entrainment factors (viz. availability of food, timing of food supply, number(s) of feed per day, quality of food) those act as the most dependable synchronizer(s) in daily rhythm characteristics of gut melatonin and AANAT. Thereby in this review, it appears meaningful to highlight the existing data on the mode of synthesis of melatonin in cells of the digestive tract, and most importantly, the regulation of its synthesis. Finally, in comparison with the dynamic actions of melatonin derived from the pineal gland, this review will lead to underline the role of gut-derived melatonin in a variety of physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farha Yasmin
- Fish Biology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling-734013, India
| | - Sona Sutradhar
- Fish Biology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling-734013, India
| | - Poulami Das
- Fish Biology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling-734013, India
| | - Sourav Mukherjee
- Fish Biology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling-734013, India.
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V. Yurchenko V, A. Morozov A. Intra-annual variability of hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in freshwater bream Abramis brama. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1484871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V. Yurchenko
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Aquatic Animals, Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Morozov
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Aquatic Animals, Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
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Moniruzzaman M, Mukherjee J, Das D, Chakraborty SB. Impact of physical aquatic parameters on the annual rhythmicity of sex steroid and cortisol and their interrelationship in two distantly related fish population. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1275399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joyita Mukherjee
- Ecological Modelling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | - Debjit Das
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Maitra SK, Pal PK. Melatonin rhythms in the pineal and non-pineal tissues and their physiological implications in subtropical fish. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1345453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Palash Kumar Pal
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
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Cowan M, Azpeleta C, López-Olmeda JF. Rhythms in the endocrine system of fish: a review. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:1057-1089. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Influences of exogenous melatonin on the oocyte growth and oxidative status of ovary during different reproductive phases of an annual cycle in carp Catla catla. Theriogenology 2017; 87:349-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hasan KN, Pal PK, Maitra SK. Diurnal and seasonal profiles of melatonin in the liver and their correlates of ovarian functions under natural photo-thermal conditions in adult carp Catla catla. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1212535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Nurul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | - Palash Kumar Pal
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
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Pal PK, Hasan KN, Maitra SK. Gut melatonin response to microbial infection in carp Catla catla. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:579-592. [PMID: 26563281 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to demonstrate the response of gut melatoninergic system to Aeromonas hydrophila infection for 3 or 6 days and search for its correlation with the activity of different antioxidative and digestive enzymes to focus their interplay under pathophysiological conditions in carp (Catla catla). Microscopic study of gut in infected fish revealed degenerative changes in the tunica mucosa and lamina propria layers with sloughed off epithelial cells in the lumen. The activity of each digestive enzyme was reduced, but the levels of melatonin, arylalkylamine-N-acetyl transferase protein, the key regulator of melatonin biosynthesis, and different enzymatic antioxidants in gut were gradually and significantly increased with the progress of infection. Gut melatonin concentrations in A. hydrophila challenged carp by showing a positive correlation with the activity of each antioxidative enzyme, and a negative correlation with different digestive enzymes argued in favor of their functional relation, at least, during pathological stress. Moreover, parallel changes in the gut and serum melatonin titers indicated possible contribution of gut to circulating melatonin. Collectively, present carp study provided the first data to suggest that endogenous gut melatonin may be implicated to the mechanism of response to microbial infections in any fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palash Kumar Pal
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Kazi Nurul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Saumen Kumar Maitra
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731235, India.
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Moniruzzaman M, Hasan KN, Maitra SK. Melatonin actions on ovaprim (synthetic GnRH and domperidone)-induced oocyte maturation in carp. Reproduction 2016; 151:285-96. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The major objective of the present study was to demonstrate the actions of exogenous melatonin on ovaprim (synthetic GnRH and domperidone)-induced final oocyte maturation focusing on the oxidative status of pre-ovulatory follicles in the carpCatla catla. Accordingly, gravid carp during the early spawning phase of the reproductive cycle were injected with melatonin and/or ovaprim at different time intervals or luzindole (a pharmacological blocker of melatonin receptors) before their administration. We studied their effects on the latency period, the rate of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD; a visual marker of final oocyte maturation) in oocytes, and the levels of maturation-promoting factor (MPF), as well as oxidative stress, different antioxidants, melatonin and MT1 melatonin receptor protein in the extracts of pre-ovulatory follicles. Notably, melatonin treatment 2 h before the injection of ovaprim resulted in the shortest latency period as well as the highest rate of GVBD and MPF formation. Exogenous melatonin, irrespective of the injection schedule, caused a significant reduction in intra-follicular oxidative stress and an increase in the levels of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, melatonin and its receptor protein. Concentrations of ovarian melatonin in each fish exhibited a significant negative correlation with the level of oxidative stress, but a positive correlation with the rate of GVBD and the activity/level of different antioxidants. However, no significant effects of melatonin and/or ovaprim were detected in luzindole-pretreated carp. Collectively, the present study provides the first evidence that melatonin pretreatment in carp ameliorates ovaprim actions on the process of final oocyte maturation by the formation of MPF and alleviates oxidative stress in pre-ovulatory follicles by stimulating different antioxidants.
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Maitra SK, Hasan KN. The Role of Melatonin as a Hormone and an Antioxidant in the Control of Fish Reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:38. [PMID: 27199895 PMCID: PMC4854901 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction in most fish is seasonal or periodic, and the spawning occurs in an appropriate season to ensure maximum survival of the offspring. The sequence of reproductive events in an annual cycle is largely under the control of a species-specific endogenous timing system, which essentially relies on a well-equipped physiological response mechanism to changing environmental cues. The duration of solar light or photoperiod is one of the most predictable environmental signals used by a large number of animals including fish to coordinate their seasonal breeding. In vertebrates, the pineal gland is the major photoneuroendocrine part of the brain that rhythmically synthesizes and releases melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) into the circulation in synchronization with the environmental light-dark cycle. Past few decades witnessed an enormous progress in understanding the mechanisms by which melatonin regulates seasonal reproduction in fish and in other vertebrates. Most studies emphasized hormonal actions of melatonin through its high-affinity, pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein (guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptors on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis of fish. However, the discovery that melatonin due to its lipophilic nature can easily cross the plasma membrane of all cells and may act as a potent scavenger of free radicals and stimulant of different antioxidants added a new dimension to the idea explaining mechanisms of melatonin actions in the regulation of ovarian functions. The basic concept on the actions of melatonin as an antioxidant emerged from mammalian studies. Recently, however, some new studies clearly suggested that melatonin, apart from playing the role of a hormone, may also be associated with the reduction in oxidative stress to augment ovarian functions during spawning. This review thus aims to bring together the current knowledge on the role of melatonin as a hormone as well as an antioxidant in the control of fish reproduction and shape the current working hypotheses supported by recent findings obtained in carp or based on knowledge gathered in mammalian and avian species. In essence, this review highlights potential actions of melatonin as a hormone in determining temporal pattern of spawning and as an antioxidant in regulating oocyte maturation at the downstream of HPG axis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumen Kumar Maitra
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
- *Correspondence: Saumen Kumar Maitra,
| | - Kazi Nurul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
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Mukherjee S, Maitra SK. Effects of starvation, re-feeding and timing of food supply on daily rhythm features of gut melatonin in carp (Catla catla). Chronobiol Int 2015; 32:1264-77. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1087020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hasan KN, Moniruzzaman M, Maitra SK. Melatonin concentrations in relation to oxidative status and oocyte dynamics in the ovary during different reproductive phases of an annual cycle in carp Catla catla. Theriogenology 2014; 82:1173-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Singh R, Singh AK, Tripathi M. Melatonin Induced Changes in Specific Growth Rate, Gonadal Maturity, Lipid and Protein Production in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758). ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:37-43. [PMID: 25049476 PMCID: PMC4092923 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of melatonin (MLT) on specific growth rate (SGR% day(-1)), condition factor (k), gonado-somatic-index (GSI), histological structures of gonads, serum as well as gonadal protein and lipid in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. MLT treatment in the dose of 25 μg/L for three weeks reduced SGR% day(-1) (0.9±0.04) as compared to control (1.23±0.026). The GSI value was significantly (p<0.05) reduced to 1.77±0.253 from control where it was 2.56±0.25. Serum protein level increased from 9.33±2.90 mg/ml (control) to 11.67±1.45 mg/ml after MLT treatment while there was depressed serum triglycerides (86.16±1.078 mg/dl) and cholesterol (126.66±0.88 mg/dl) as compared to control values where these were 123.0±1.23 mg/dl and 132.0±1.65 mg/dl respectively. Histological structure of ovary showed small eggs of early perinucleolus stage after MLT treatment while testicular structure of control and MLT treated fish was more or less similar. It is concluded that exogenous melatonin suppressed SGR% day(-1), GSI, ovarian cellular activity, protein and lipid biosynthesis, in tilapia suggesting that melatonin is useful in manipulating the gonadal maturity in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226010, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A K Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226010, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226010, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mukherjee S, Moniruzzaman M, Maitra SK. Daily and seasonal profiles of gut melatonin and their temporal relationship with pineal and serum melatonin in carpCatla catlaunder natural photo-thermal conditions. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2013.817139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Maitra SK, Chattoraj A, Mukherjee S, Moniruzzaman M. Melatonin: a potent candidate in the regulation of fish oocyte growth and maturation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 181:215-22. [PMID: 23046602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on several fish species, especially carp, implicated pineal hormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) as a potent candidate in the regulatory mechanism of seasonal reproduction. Under natural conditions, the temporal pattern of serum melatonin varied with daily light-dark cycle and the reproductive status of the fish as well. Carefully controlled study revealed that exogenous administration of melatonin may result in stimulation or inhibition or no influences at all on the gonadal functions depending on the reproductive status of fish. Cross-talk between the melatonin and ovarian steroid has been evident from in vitro study, in which melatonin accelerated the action of 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one or maturation inducing hormone (MIH) on meiotic cell cycle resumption in carp oocytes by formation of maturation promoting factor (MPF) - a complex of two proteins, cyclin B and cyclin dependant kinase Cdk1. While several lines of evidence suggest melatonin effects on hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis, localization and dynamics of a 37-kDa melatonin receptor protein in carp oocytes argued in favor of extra-hypothalamic direct action of melatonin on fish reproduction. A recent study in carp indicated that influences of an identical regimen of photoperiods in different parts of annual cycle on ovarian functions vary in relation to the profiles of serum melatonin, but not to any rhythm parameters of MT1 or MT2 receptors on the gonad or brain. The purpose of this short review is to bring together the current knowledge on the biological effects of melatonin on fish reproduction mainly focusing the recent findings on carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumen Kumar Maitra
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731 235, India.
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Photoreceptor proteins and melatonin rhythm generating AANAT in the carp pineal: Temporal organization and correlation with natural photo-thermal cues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 99:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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