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Arts E, De Castro BO, Luteijn E, Elsendoorn B, Vissers CTWM. Interactive virtual reality training to improve socio-emotional functioning in adolescents with developmental language disorders: A feasibility study. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1100-1120. [PMID: 38130070 PMCID: PMC11188569 DOI: 10.1177/13591045231220694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Methods to effectively improve socio-emotional functioning by adolescents with developmental language disorders (DLD) are scarce. Current methods to improve socio-emotional functioning in adolescents with other neurobiological disorders seem less suitable, as these methods are highly language based. This study therefore examined the feasibility of the virtual reality (VR) training for socio-emotional skills: 'InterAction'. The aims of the present study were to (1) examine whether interactive VR is a feasible training method for adolescents with DLD; (2) investigate adolescents' appreciation of the VR training; (3) examine whether the virtual reality training facilitates the participants' sense of presence during social practice situations in an interactive digital world; and (4) explore whether adolescents socio-emotional skills improved during the six-session training. A sample of nine adolescents (13-16 years) with DLD reported on their presence in VR contexts and their appreciation toward the VR training. They also completed weekly self-reports on their socio-emotional functioning. Results indicated that 'InterAction' was a feasible method to practice socio-emotional functioning with adolescents with DLD. Adolescents highly appreciated the VR training. In addition, adolescents rated the sense of presence as high in the VR training. The individual trajectories showed that improvements in the trained skills varied both between and within participants. The results were also not uniform between the specific skills trained. The findings suggest that interactive virtual reality training may be a promising tool for improving socio-emotional functioning in adolescents with DLD. Future studies should examine the positive indications of this study in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Arts
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, The Netherlands
- Kentalis Academy, Royal Kentalis, The Netherlands
| | - Bram O De Castro
- Research institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Luteijn
- Kentalis Academy, Royal Kentalis, The Netherlands
- Secondary School for Special Education for Children and Adolescents with Language and Communication Problems, Royal Kentalis, The Netherlands
| | | | - Constance TWM Vissers
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, The Netherlands
- Kentalis Academy, Royal Kentalis, The Netherlands
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Durrleman S, Chen L, He X. Acquisition of Mandarin long passives by children with developmental language disorder. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2024; 38:260-284. [PMID: 37282550 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2023.2212116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the comprehension and production of long passives (i.e. bei-constructions with an overt agent) in Mandarin-speaking children with developmental language disorder (DLD). Seventeen preschool children with DLD (1 female; mean age: 61 months old) and 23 typically developing (TD) children (6 females; mean age: 62 months old) participated in a sentence-picture matching task (for comprehension) and an elicited production task. Their nonverbal working memory (NVWM) was measured with the fourth edition of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Results showed that children with DLD were less accurate and more likely to choose the picture with reversed thematic roles than their TD peers on passives in the sentence-picture matching task; in the elicited production task, they produced fewer target responses than TD children in passives. For NVWM, although that of the DLD group was lower than that of TD children, most children in the DLD group were within the average range. Furthermore, their performance on passives in the comprehension and production tasks was significantly correlated with their NVWM, which adds to the body of work suggesting links between complex syntax and working memory. However, the fact that NVWM could be preserved in the face of difficulties with passives suggests that this link may be due to NVWM enhancing performance during tasks with a high visual component, while it may not be underlyingly responsible for syntactic impairments in children with DLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Durrleman
- ABCCD - Autism, Bilingualism, Cognitive and Communicative Development Lab, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lijun Chen
- ABCCD - Autism, Bilingualism, Cognitive and Communicative Development Lab, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Faculty of English Language and Culture, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Faculty of English Language and Culture, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China
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Sah WH. The use of referring expressions in Mandarin-speaking children with and without developmental language disorder. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2024; 38:40-63. [PMID: 36594504 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2022.2157751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of referring expressions in Mandarin-speaking children with and without developmental language disorder (DLD). The data consist of narratives elicited from 18 children with DLD and 18 typically-developing (TD) children matched on chronological age. Participants' referring expressions were analysed in terms of referential form, function, and adequacy. The overall results of form - function mappings showed that the two groups of children were quite similar in their referential choices, indicating that both groups were sensitive to function constraints and listener needs. On the other hand, children with DLD were less successful than TD children in producing adequate subsequent mentions, suggesting that referential adequacy would be useful for identifying areas of difficulty children with DLD would have in referencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hui Sah
- Department of English, National Chengchi University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Everaert E, Boerma T, Selten I, Gerrits E, Houben M, Vorstman J, Wijnen F. Nonverbal Executive Functioning in Relation to Vocabulary and Morphosyntax in Preschool Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:3954-3973. [PMID: 37713541 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Developmental language disorder (DLD) is characterized by persistent and unexplained difficulties in language development. Accumulating evidence shows that children with DLD also present with deficits in other cognitive domains, such as executive functioning (EF). There is an ongoing debate on whether exclusively verbal EF abilities are impaired in children with DLD or whether nonverbal EF is also impaired, and whether these EF impairments are related to their language difficulties. The aims of this study were to (a) compare nonverbal performance of preschoolers with DLD and typically developing (TD) peers, (b) examine how nonverbal EF and language abilities are related, and (c) investigate whether a diagnosis of DLD moderates the relationship between EF and language abilities. METHOD A total of 143 children (nDLD = 65, nTD = 78) participated. All children were between 3 and 6.5 years old and were monolingual Dutch. We assessed nonverbal EF with a visual selective attention task, a visuospatial short-term and working memory task, and a task gauging broad EF abilities. Vocabulary and morphosyntax were each measured with two standardized language tests. We created latent variables for EF, vocabulary, and morphosyntax. RESULTS Analyses showed that children with DLD were outperformed by their TD peers on all nonverbal EF tasks. Nonverbal EF abilities were related to morphosyntactic abilities in both groups, whereas a relationship between vocabulary and EF skills was found in the TD group only. These relationships were not significantly moderated by a diagnosis of DLD. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence for nonverbal EF impairments in preschool children with DLD. Moreover, nonverbal EF and morphosyntactic abilities were significantly related in these children. These findings may have implications for intervention and support the improvement of prognostic accuracy. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24121287.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Everaert
- Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Trans 10, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tessel Boerma
- Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Trans 10, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Iris Selten
- Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Trans 10, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen Gerrits
- Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Trans 10, the Netherlands
- Research Group Speech and Language Therapy: Participation Through Communication, HU University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Houben
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Wijnen
- Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Trans 10, the Netherlands
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Messer D, Henry LA, Danielsson H. The Perfect Match! A Review and Tutorial on Issues Related to Matching Groups in Investigations of Children with Neurodevelopmental Conditions. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1377. [PMID: 37891746 PMCID: PMC10605139 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research concerned with children and young people who have neurodevelopmental disabilities (ND) in relation to early language acquisition usually involves comparisons with matched group(s) of typically developing individuals. In these studies, several important and complex issues need to be addressed. Three major issues are related to: (1) the choice of a variables on which to carry out group matching; (2) recruiting children into the study; and (3) the statistical analysis of the data. To assist future research on this topic, we discuss each of these three issues and provide recommendations about what we believe to be the best course of action. To provide a comprehensive review of the methodological issues, we draw on research beyond the topic of early language acquisition. Our overall aim is to contribute to research that considers questions about delay or differences in development patterns of development and about identifying potentially causal variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Messer
- Childhood and Youth Research Cluster, Faculty of Wellbeing, Education & Language Studies, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
- Department of Language and Communication Science, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK;
| | - Lucy A. Henry
- Department of Language and Communication Science, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK;
| | - Henrik Danielsson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden;
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Flores Camas RA, Leon-Rojas JE. Specific Language Impairment and Executive Functions in School-Age Children: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e43163. [PMID: 37692582 PMCID: PMC10484522 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review examines the relationship between specific language impairment (SLI) and executive functions (EFs) in school-age children. The study investigates the impact of SLI on EF in comparison to children who develop normally. A total of 2,658 articles from three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Virtual Health Library) were assessed for inclusion. Ultimately, 22 articles were selected for analysis, which contained information on both SLI and EF. The findings indicate that children diagnosed with SLI exhibit deficits, low performance, and, in some cases, significant deterioration in the development of EF when compared to typically developing children in 62%-91% of cases as early as three to four years of age; the most commonly found alterations were in working memory (including phonological, auditory, and visual/verbal memory), followed by deficits in attention, processing speed, inhibition, planning, cognitive flexibility, and internalized speech. We also discuss the close relationship and importance between language and EF in SLI children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose E Leon-Rojas
- Department of Medicine, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, ECU
- Health Sciences Research Department, Medignosis, Quito, ECU
- Medical Research Department, NeurALL Research Group, Quito, ECU
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Hafeez H, Yasmin T, Raza MH, Mubarak L, Ashraf K, Samra MM, Basra MAR. Receptive vocabulary, memory span, and speech articulation in Pakistani children with developmental language disorders. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:391-412. [PMID: 35723553 PMCID: PMC11318491 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2087866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to find the association of receptive vocabulary in the development of speech and language among school-going children (4-13 years) with language disorders. On the basis of non-verbal receptive vocabulary and percentage correct consonants (PCC) scores, children from public schools in Punjab, Pakistan with speech and language issues were separated into three groups; Speech sound disordered (SSD, N = 15), Language Impaired (LI) comorbid with SSD (N = 42) and typically developed (TD, N = 15). Urdu version of Peabody picture vocabulary test, fourth edition (U-PPVT-4), Digit memory test (DMT), and Test for assessment of articulation and phonology in Urdu (TAAPU) were used to assess non-verbal receptive vocabulary, Short-term memory (STM), Working memory (WM), and SSD. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to find the association of receptive vocabulary with other measures used. Receptive vocabulary, STM, WM, omission, substitution, and PCC scores were significantly different (p < 0.01) when compared among LI+SSD, SSD, and TD groups. Regression analysis showed that receptive vocabulary was significantly associated with STM and WM in the LI+SSD group. A positive correlation was found between the U-PPVT-4 standard score with STM and WM for LI+SSD and SSD groups. Our findings in Urdu-speaking children suggested that STM and WM were less developed in children with speech and language impairments. Moreover, children with speech and language deficits not only had weaker receptive vocabulary but also attention should be given to improving STM and WM that contribute to LI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Hafeez
- Centre for Clinical & Nutritional Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Yasmin
- Centre for Clinical & Nutritional Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Lubna Mubarak
- Education Department, Government Graduate College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Education, Virtual University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Komal Ashraf
- Centre for Clinical & Nutritional Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Malka M. Samra
- Centre for Clinical & Nutritional Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim Raza Basra
- Centre for Clinical & Nutritional Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Examining the role of parents and teachers in executive function development in early and middle childhood: A systematic review. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2022.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Lee C, Lew-Williams C. Speech and social cues combine at discourse boundaries to promote word learning. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jin WY, Wu LL, Hu LF, Li WH, Song C, Wang YY, Liu XL, Zhu ZW. Intelligence profiles and adaptive behaviors of high-functioning autism spectrum disorder and developmental speech and language disorders. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:972643. [PMID: 36699306 PMCID: PMC9869386 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.972643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed at investigating the intelligence profiles and adaptive behaviors of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) and developmental speech and language disorders (DSLDs). We compared the similarities and differences of cognitive capabilities and adaptive functions and explored their correlations in the HFASD and DSLDs groups. METHODS 128 patients with HFASD, 111 patients with DSLDs and 114 typically developing (TD) children were enrolled into our study. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV) and Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-II (ABAS-II) were respectively applied to evaluate intelligence profiles and adaptive behaviors. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores and adaptive functioning scores among the HFASD, DSLDs and TD groups were compared through one-way ANOVA. Pearson correlation coefficient was applied to examine the relationships between WISC indices and ABAS domains. RESULTS Outcomes showed significantly poorer intelligence profiles and adaptive behaviors in HFASD and DSLDs groups. Both children with HFASD and DSLDs demonstrated impairments in verbal comprehension and executive functions. Processing speed and working memory were the predominant defects of children with HFASD and DSLDs in the field of executive functions, respectively. Whereas perceptual reasoning was a relative strength for them. Children with DSLDs had balanced scores of all the domains in ABAS-II; nevertheless, HFASD individuals demonstrated striking impairments in Social domain. Correlation analysis showed IQs of children with HFASD were positively correlated with all the domains and General Adaptive Composite (GAC) of ABAS-II. Additionally, IQs were positively correlated with Conceptual domain and GAC for children with DSLDs. Compared with DSLDs group, intelligence displayed stronger correlations with adaptive behaviors in HFASD group. CONCLUSION Our study expanded insights regarding intelligence profiles and adaptive behaviors of children with HFASD and DSLDs. Moreover, this study made breakthroughs in discovering positive correlations between IQs and adaptive functions in the two neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Jin
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Ling Wu
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Fei Hu
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wang
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Liu
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhu
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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Ralli AM, Chrysochoou E, Roussos P, Diakogiorgi K, Dimitropoulou P, Filippatou D. Executive Function, Working Memory, and Verbal Fluency in Relation to Non-Verbal Intelligence in Greek-Speaking School-Age Children with Developmental Language Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050604. [PMID: 34066872 PMCID: PMC8151609 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is often associated with impairments in working memory (WM), executive functions (EF), and verbal fluency. Moreover, increasing evidence shows poorer performance of children with DLD on non-verbal intelligence tests relative to their typically developing (TD) peers. Yet, the degree and generality of relevant difficulties remain unclear. The present study aimed at investigating WM capacity, key EFs and verbal fluency in relation to non-verbal intelligence in Greek-speaking school-age children with DLD, compared to TD peers (8–9 years). To our knowledge, the present study is the first to attempt a systematic relevant assessment with Greek-speaking school-age children, complementing previous studies mostly involving English-speaking participants. The results showed that children with DLD scored lower than TD peers on the non-verbal intelligence measure. Groups did not differ in the inhibition measures obtained (tapping resistance to either distractor or proactive interference), but children with DLD were outperformed by TD peers in the WM capacity, updating, monitoring (mixing cost), and verbal fluency (phonological and semantic) measures. The effects showed limited (in the case of backward digit recall) or no dependence on non-verbal intelligence. Findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications as well as in relation to future lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina M. Ralli
- Department of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (P.R.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-7277945
| | - Elisavet Chrysochoou
- School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Petros Roussos
- Department of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (P.R.); (D.F.)
| | | | | | - Diamanto Filippatou
- Department of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (P.R.); (D.F.)
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Aljahlan Y, Spaulding TJ. Attentional shifting in children with developmental language disorder: A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2021; 91:106105. [PMID: 34029884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A meta-analysis investigating attentional shifting in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) was conducted. Task type, participant age, and dependent variable metric were examined as significant moderators. METHOD A systematic literature review identified 20 studies that met the following inclusionary criteria:(a) were published between 1994-2018; (b) included children with DLD aged 3;00 to 17;11 years; and (c) used behavioral performance-based measures of attentional shifting. RESULTS Children with DLD performed poorer than age-matched peers with typically developing language (TL) by 0.42 SD across attentional shifting studies. Moderator analyses showed an effect of task type, as children with DLD performed comparatively poorer on set-shifting (g = -.52) but not alternating tasks (g = -.18). Neither age nor dependent variable used to measure attentional shifting were significant moderators. DISCUSSION Children with DLD exhibit deficits in attentional shifting relative to same-age peers. Results of moderator analyses reveal that deficits were found on set-shifting but not alternating tasks and that these deficits remained consistent whether researchers measure accuracy or response time switch costs to ascertain attentional shifting ability. In addition, moderator analysis results suggest that attentional shifting deficits are consistent in preschool-age and school-age children with DLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Aljahlan
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, 2 Alethia Drive, Storrs, CT, 06269.
| | - Tammie J Spaulding
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, 2 Alethia Drive, Storrs, CT, 06269
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Oesterlen E, Seitz-Stein K. Tapping versus Saying: Effects of Age, Recoding, and Visual Search on Phonological Span. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/07342829211009114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to traditional word spans with verbal recall, recently developed automated tasks employ a visuospatial response format (RF). This RF involves additional cognitive processes such as recoding and visual search, which develop across childhood. The aim of the present study was to extend previous findings on age-dependent RF effects, examining the role of recoding and visual search as underlying mechanisms. Groups of primary school children, secondary school children, and adults performed analogous word spans with visuospatial and verbal RF. Additionally, two tasks assessing recoding and visual search skills were conducted. Results show that primary school children performed poorer under visuospatial than verbal RF, whereas secondary school children and adults showed no performance differences. The analyses further suggest that search skills contribute to age-differential RF effects. Recoding seems less decisive, but its role could not be conclusively clarified. Developmental mechanisms and the necessity to disentangle the role of recoding from search are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Oesterlen
- Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany
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14
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Syntactic Gender Agreement Processing on Direct-Object Clitics by Spanish-Speaking Children with Developmental Language Disorder: Evidence from ERP. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8030175. [PMID: 33668812 PMCID: PMC7996207 DOI: 10.3390/children8030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) have a psycholinguistic profile evincing multiple syntactic processing impairments. Spanish-speaking children with DLD struggle with gender agreement on clitics; however, the existing evidence comes from offline, elicitation tasks. In the current study, we sought to determine whether converging evidence of this deficit can be found. In particular, we use the real-time processing technique of event-related brain potentials (ERP) with direct-object clitic pronouns in Spanish-speaking children with DLD. Our participants include 15 six-year-old Mexican Spanish-speaking children with DLD and 19 typically developing, age-matched (TD) children. Auditory sentences that matched or did not match the gender features of antecedents represented in pictures were employed as stimuli in a visual–auditory gender agreement task. Gender-agreement violations were associated with an enhanced anterior negativity between 250 and 500 ms post-target onset in the TD children group. In contrast, children with DLD showed no such effect. This absence of the left anterior negativity (LAN) effect suggests weaker lexical representation of morphosyntactic gender features and/or non-adult-like morphosyntactic gender feature checking for the DLD children. We discuss the relevance of these findings for theoretical accounts of DLD. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of syntactic agreement processing and language disorders.
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Vernucci S, Canet-Juric L, Zamora EV, Richard’s MM. The structure of working memory during childhood: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2021.1887199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Vernucci
- Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología (IPSIBAT), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Lorena Canet-Juric
- Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología (IPSIBAT), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Eliana V. Zamora
- Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología (IPSIBAT), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - María M. Richard’s
- Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología (IPSIBAT), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Jackson E, Leitão S, Claessen M, Boyes M. Working, Declarative, and Procedural Memory in Children With Developmental Language Disorder. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:4162-4178. [PMID: 33237847 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Previous research into the working, declarative, and procedural memory systems in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) has yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of this research was to profile these memory systems in children with DLD and their typically developing peers. Method One hundred four 5- to 8-year-old children participated in the study. Fifty had DLD, and 54 were typically developing. Aspects of the working memory system (verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, and visual-spatial short-term memory) were assessed using a nonword repetition test and subtests from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children. Verbal and visual-spatial declarative memory were measured using the Children's Memory Scale, and an audiovisual serial reaction time task was used to evaluate procedural memory. Results The children with DLD demonstrated significant impairments in verbal short-term and working memory, visual-spatial short-term memory, verbal declarative memory, and procedural memory. However, verbal declarative memory and procedural memory were no longer impaired after controlling for working memory and nonverbal IQ. Declarative memory for visual-spatial information was unimpaired. Conclusions These findings indicate that children with DLD have deficits in the working memory system. While verbal declarative memory and procedural memory also appear to be impaired, these deficits could largely be accounted for by working memory skills. The results have implications for our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying language impairment in the DLD population; however, further investigation of the relationships between the memory systems is required using tasks that measure learning over long-term intervals. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13250180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jackson
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Suze Leitão
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mary Claessen
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Boyes
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Heyman N. Identifying features of apps to support using evidence-based language intervention with children. Assist Technol 2020; 32:306-316. [PMID: 30570449 DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2018.1553078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the features of apps that speech-language pathologists (SLPs) deem to be beneficial for language intervention with children. The study employed an explanatory, sequential mixed-method approach. A self-developed online survey was distributed to SLPs (n = 338) who use apps. This was followed by a semi-structured interview with some participants (n = 16) in order to obtain further insights from the survey. The findings indicated that SLPs view apps as an engaging and motivating tool for therapy to facilitate their intervention goals. Specific content and design features of apps may support effective language intervention. However, these features need to be carefully evaluated in terms of the underlying principles of language intervention, multimedia learning, and learning. In addition, features of apps that may impede effective intervention must also be considered. The findings from the study highlight the need for SLPs to engage more deeply with the theory underlying multimedia learning and identify the active ingredients used in treatment. This information can be used to contribute to evidence-based practice when using apps for intervention. A feature-matching checklist was developed in order to guide SLPs in selecting apps based on the features of the app to facilitate language intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Heyman
- Faculty of Humanities, Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa
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18
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Ambiado-Lillo MM, Navarro JJ, Ibáñez-Alfonso JA. Funciones Ejecutivas en Estudiantes con Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje al Comienzo de la Escolarización Básica. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGÍA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/rcp.v29n2.79390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Las funciones ejecutivas (FE) constituyen un conjunto de habilidades implicadas en el control y regulación del funcionamiento cognitivo. La relación entre FE y desarrollo del lenguaje es especialmente relevante en la conceptualización de los trastornos lingüísticos. El objetivo del estudio consistía en explorar el uso diferencial de FE en dos grupos: Desarrollo Lingüístico Típico (DLT) y Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje (TEL). Participaron 44 estudiantes (56,82% niños), 22 DLT y 22 TEL, con edades entre 6,00–6,92 años (M=6.17, DT=.19). El factor diagnóstico previo mostró efectos significativos en atención ejecutiva (p<.001, η2 parcial =.77), memoria de trabajo (p<.001, η2 parcial =.67), flexibilidad cognitiva (p<.01, η2 parcial =.15), y planificación (p<.001, η2 parcial =.63). En todos los casos, salvo en flexibilidad cognitiva, el tamaño del efecto fue fuerte. Los resultados avalarían la tesis de no especificidad en TEL y la posible presencia de disfunciones cognitivas generales que subyacen al trastorno
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19
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Kapa LL, Erikson JA. The Relationship Between Word Learning and Executive Function in Preschoolers With and Without Developmental Language Disorder. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:2293-2307. [PMID: 32546080 PMCID: PMC7838834 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between executive functioning and word learning among preschoolers with and without developmental language disorder (DLD). Method Forty-one preschool-age children with DLD were matched to typically developing children on age and sex. Participants were exposed to 10 novel pseudowords, half of which referred to familiar objects and half of which referred to unfamiliar objects. Their ability to produce, recognize, and comprehend the novel words was tested, and they completed executive function tasks measuring sustained selective attention, short-term memory, working memory, inhibition, and shifting. Results Preschoolers with DLD performed worse compared to typically developing peers on all measures of executive function and novel word learning. Both groups showed a relative weakness in producing pseudowords that corresponded with familiar objects versus pseudowords for unknown objects. Executive function accounted for statistically significant variance in word learning beyond group membership, with inhibition as a significant predictor of all word learning outcomes and short-term memory as a significant predictor of novel word comprehension. Executive function explained significant variance in novel word production and recognition even after accounting for variance explained by group differences in IQ and receptive vocabulary. Conclusion Findings replicate previous research reporting deficits in word learning and executive function in children with DLD, indicate that preschoolers are disadvantaged in learning new words for familiar objects, and support a relationship between executive function and word learning for children with and without DLD. Future research should examine the directionality of the relationship between these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah L. Kapa
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Jessie A. Erikson
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson
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20
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Larson C, Kaplan D, Kaushanskaya M, Weismer SE. Language and Inhibition: Predictive Relationships in Children With Language Impairment Relative to Typically Developing Peers. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:1115-1127. [PMID: 32209012 PMCID: PMC7242992 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Background This study examined predictive relationships between two indices of language-receptive vocabulary and morphological comprehension-and inhibition in children with specific language impairment (SLI) and typically developing (TD) children. Methods Participants included 30 children with SLI and 41 TD age-matched peers (8-12 years). At two time points separated by 1 year, we assessed receptive vocabulary and morphological comprehension via standardized language measures and inhibition via a Flanker task. We used Bayesian model averaging and Bayesian regression analytical techniques. Results Findings indicated predictive relationships between language indices and inhibition reaction time (RT), but not between language indices and inhibition accuracy. For the SLI group, Year 1 inhibition RT predicted Year 2 morphological comprehension. For the TD group, Year 1 morphological comprehension predicted Year 2 inhibition RT. Conclusions This study provides preliminary evidence of a predictive relationship between language and inhibition, but this relationship differed between children with SLI and those with typical development. Findings suggest that inhibition RT played a larger predictive role in later morphological comprehension in children with SLI relative to the other relationships examined. Targeting inhibition skills as a part of language intervention may improve subsequent morphological comprehension. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12014823.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Larson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - David Kaplan
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Margarita Kaushanskaya
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Susan Ellis Weismer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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21
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Delage H, Frauenfelder UH. Syntax and working memory in typically-developing children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1075/lia.18013.del] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A growing trend in developmental psycholinguistics is to relate linguistic development to the development of other
cognitive systems. Jakubowicz (2005, 2011)
in particular argued that the processing of a complex sentence requires considerable working memory (WM) resources and that these
resources are limited in young children, which would explain their non-adult grammar. The present research aims to clarify the
relationship between WM and complex syntax, in comprehension, repetition, and spontaneous production, in 48 typically-developing
children aged 5 to 12. Our results demonstrate a strong age effect for all measures of WM and syntax. They also reveal strong
correlations between scores on simple and complex spans and syntactic performance. Finally, we show the highly predictive value of
WM capacities on the acquisition of syntactic skills in both comprehension and production. In particular, the complex-span task,
measuring counting span, explains the largest part of the variance in the spontaneous production of embedded clauses.
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22
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Gray S, Fox AB, Green S, Alt M, Hogan TP, Petscher Y, Cowan N. Working Memory Profiles of Children With Dyslexia, Developmental Language Disorder, or Both. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:1839-1858. [PMID: 31112436 PMCID: PMC6808376 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-18-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Compared to children with typical development, children with dyslexia, developmental language disorder (DLD), or both often demonstrate working memory deficits. It is unclear how pervasive the deficits are or whether the deficits align with diagnostic category. The purpose of this study was to determine whether different working memory profiles would emerge on a comprehensive battery of central executive, phonological, visuospatial, and binding working memory tasks and whether these profiles were associated with group membership. Method Three hundred two 2nd graders with typical development, dyslexia, DLD, or dyslexia/DLD completed 13 tasks from the Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children-Working Memory ( Gray, Alt, Hogan, Green, & Cowan, n.d. ) that assessed central executive, phonological, and visuospatial/attention components of working memory. Results Latent class analyses yielded 4 distinct latent classes: low overall (21%), average with high number updating (30%), average with low number updating (12%), and high overall (37%). Children from each disability group and children from the typically developing group were present in each class. Discussion Findings highlight the importance of knowing an individual child's working memory profile because working memory profiles are not synonymous with learning disabilities diagnosis. Thus, working memory assessments could contribute important information about children's cognitive function over and above typical psychoeducational measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie B Fox
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Tiffany P Hogan
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, MA
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van Berkel-van Hoof L, Hermans D, Knoors H, Verhoeven L. Effects of Signs on Word Learning by Children With Developmental Language Disorder. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:1798-1812. [PMID: 31158060 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-18-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the effects of signs on word learning by children with developmental language disorder (DLD), in comparison with typically developing (TD) children, and the relation between a possible sign effect and children's linguistic and cognitive abilities. Method Nine- to 11-year-old children with DLD ( n = 40) and TD children ( n = 26) participated in a word learning experiment. Half of the spoken pseudowords were taught with a pseudosign with learning outcomes being assessed in accuracy and speed. To investigate whether sign effects would hold for children with varying linguistic and cognitive abilities, we measured children's linguistic (vocabulary, syntax) and cognitive (divided attention, working memory [WM], lexical access) skills. Results The children with DLD showed a positive sign effect in both accuracy and speed. For the TD children, there was no effect of signs on word learning. Principal component analyses of the linguistic and cognitive measures evidenced a 4-component solution (language skills, visual WM, verbal WM, and executive attention). Repeated-measures analyses of covariance with the component scores as covariates yielded no significant interactions with the linguistic and cognitive components. Conclusions Our results suggest that children with DLD benefit from signs for word learning, regardless of their linguistic and cognitive abilities. This implies that using sign-supported speech as a means to improve the vocabulary skills of children with DLD is effective, even still at the age of 9-11 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daan Hermans
- Royal Dutch Kentalis, Kentalis Academy, Sint-Michielsgestel, the Netherlands
| | - Harry Knoors
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Royal Dutch Kentalis, Kentalis Academy, Sint-Michielsgestel, the Netherlands
| | - Ludo Verhoeven
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Jackson E, Leitao S, Claessen M, Boyes M. Fast mapping short and long words: Examining the influence of phonological short-term memory and receptive vocabulary in children with developmental language disorder. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2019; 79:11-23. [PMID: 30851624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate factors that influence word learning in children with developmental language disorder (DLD). METHOD The participants were 23 children with DLD and 26 typically developing (TD) children, aged five. Participants completed a fast mapping task (assessed using a production measure), as well as tests of nonword repetition and receptive vocabulary. We explored the effect of word length on nonword repetition and fast mapping abilities while controlling for receptive vocabulary skills. RESULTS The results indicate that children with DLD demonstrate significant difficulties accurately repeating nonwords of all lengths relative to their TD peers. Children with DLD also exhibited significant difficulties with fast mapping, especially when learning longer novel words. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that children with DLD demonstrate an impaired capacity to encode phonological information; however, this differentially impacts their nonword repetition and fast mapping abilities. TD children may more effectively take advantage of receptive vocabulary to support performance on these tasks. LEARNING OUTCOMES Readers will understand how phonological short-term memory and receptive vocabulary contribute to fast mapping in children with DLD and in TD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jackson
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Australia.
| | - Suze Leitao
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Australia.
| | - Mary Claessen
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Australia.
| | - Mark Boyes
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Australia.
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Vugs B, Hendriks M, Cuperus J, Knoors H, Verhoeven L. Developmental Associations Between Working Memory and Language in Children With Specific Language Impairment: A Longitudinal Study. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2017; 60:3284-3294. [PMID: 29114769 DOI: 10.1044/2017_jslhr-l-17-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This longitudinal study examined differences in the development of working memory (WM) between children with specific language impairment (SLI) and typically developing (TD) children. Further, it explored to what extent language at ages 7-8 years could be predicted by measures of language and/or WM at ages 4-5 years. METHOD Thirty children with SLI and 33 TD children who were previously examined on measures of WM and language at ages 4-5 years (T1) were reexamined at ages 7-8 years (T2). RESULTS The developmental course of WM was mostly similar for the two groups; only the development of the verbal storage component differed. At T1, children with SLI performed significantly below their TD peers on all components of WM (verbal storage, verbal central executive [CE], visuospatial storage, and visuospatial CE), whereas at T2, the differences for the visuospatial components were no longer significant when age and intelligence were taken into account. Hierarchical regression showed language and verbal CE at T1 to be significant predictors of language at T2, with no differences in the developmental associations between language and WM for the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that particularly verbal CE is of importance for the acquisition of linguistic skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Vugs
- Royal Dutch Kentalis, Sint-Michielsgestel, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Hendriks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Academic Center for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands
| | - Juliane Cuperus
- Royal Dutch Kentalis, Sint-Michielsgestel, the Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry Knoors
- Royal Dutch Kentalis, Sint-Michielsgestel, the Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ludo Verhoeven
- Royal Dutch Kentalis, Sint-Michielsgestel, the Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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26
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Ellis Weismer S, Davidson MM, Gangopadhyay I, Sindberg H, Roebuck H, Kaushanskaya M. The role of nonverbal working memory in morphosyntactic processing by children with specific language impairment and autism spectrum disorders. J Neurodev Disord 2017; 9:28. [PMID: 28690687 PMCID: PMC5496437 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-017-9209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and children with specific language impairment (SLI) have been shown to have difficulties with grammatical processing. A comparison of these two populations with neurodevelopmental disorders was undertaken to examine similarities and differences in the mechanisms that may underlie grammatical processing. Research has shown that working memory (WM) is recruited during grammatical processing. The goal of this study was to examine morphosyntactic processing on a grammatical judgment task in children who varied in clinical diagnosis and language abilities and to assess the extent to which performance is predicted by nonverbal working memory (WM). Two theoretical perspectives were evaluated relative to performance on the grammatical judgment task-the "working memory" account and the "wrap-up" account. These accounts make contrasting predictions about the detection of grammatical errors occurring early versus late in the sentence. METHODS Participants were 84 school-age children with SLI (n = 21), ASD (n = 27), and typical development (TD, n = 36). Performance was analyzed based on diagnostic group as well as language status (normal language, NL, n = 54, and language impairment, LI, n = 30). A grammatical judgment task was used in which the position of the error in the sentence (early versus late) was manipulated. A visual WM task (N-back) was administered and the ability of WM to predict morphosyntactic processing was assessed. RESULTS Groups differed significantly in their sensitivity to grammatical errors (TD > SLI and NL > LI) but did not differ in nonverbal WM. Overall, children in all groups were more sensitive and quicker at detecting errors occurring late in the sentence than early in the sentence. Nonverbal WM predicted morphosyntactic processing across groups, but the specific profile of association between WM and early versus late error detection was reversed for children with and without language impairment. CONCLUSIONS Findings primarily support a "wrap up" account whereby the accumulating sentence context for errors positioned late in the sentence (rather than early) appeared to facilitate morphosyntactic processing. Although none of the groups displayed deficits in visual WM, individual differences in these nonverbal WM resources predicted proficiency in morphosyntactic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ellis Weismer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Meghan M. Davidson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Callier Center for Communication Disorders, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235 USA
| | - Ishanti Gangopadhyay
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Heidi Sindberg
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Hettie Roebuck
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Margarita Kaushanskaya
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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Jongman SR, Roelofs A, Scheper AR, Meyer AS. Picture naming in typically developing and language-impaired children: the role of sustained attention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2017; 52:323-333. [PMID: 27531550 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with specific language impairment (SLI) have problems not only with language performance but also with sustained attention, which is the ability to maintain alertness over an extended period of time. Although there is consensus that this ability is impaired with respect to processing stimuli in the auditory perceptual modality, conflicting evidence exists concerning the visual modality. AIMS To address the outstanding issue whether the impairment in sustained attention is limited to the auditory domain, or if it is domain-general. Furthermore, to test whether children's sustained attention ability relates to their word-production skills. METHODS & PROCEDURES Groups of 7-9 year olds with SLI (N = 28) and typically developing (TD) children (N = 22) performed a picture-naming task and two sustained attention tasks, namely auditory and visual continuous performance tasks (CPTs). OUTCOMES & RESULTS Children with SLI performed worse than TD children on picture naming and on both the auditory and visual CPTs. Moreover, performance on both the CPTs correlated with picture-naming latencies across developmental groups. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS These results provide evidence for a deficit in both auditory and visual sustained attention in children with SLI. Moreover, the study indicates there is a relationship between domain-general sustained attention and picture-naming performance in both TD and language-impaired children. Future studies should establish whether this relationship is causal. If attention influences language, training of sustained attention may improve language production in children from both developmental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Jongman
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ardi Roelofs
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Annette R Scheper
- Royal Dutch Kentalis, Speech & Language Centre, Kentalis Academy, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Antje S Meyer
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Vissers C, Koolen S, Hermans D, Scheper A, Knoors H. Executive functioning in preschoolers with specific language impairment. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1574. [PMID: 26539136 PMCID: PMC4611093 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is still largely beyond our understanding. In this review, a neuropsychological perspective on language impairments in SLI is taken, focusing specifically on executive functioning (EF) in preschoolers (age range: 2.6-6.1 years) with SLI. Based on the studies described in this review, it can be concluded that similar to school-aged children with SLI, preschoolers with SLI show difficulties in working memory, inhibition and shifting, as revealed by both performance based measures and behavioral ratings. It seems plausible that a complex, reciprocal relationship exists between language and EF throughout development. Future research is needed to examine if, and if yes how, language and EF interact in SLI. Broad neuropsychological assessment in which both language and EF are taken into account may contribute to early detection of SLI. This in turn can lead to early and tailored treatment of children with (suspected) SLI aimed not only at stimulating language development but also at strengthening EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Vissers
- Kentalis Academy, Royal Dutch KentalisSint-Michielsgestel, Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sophieke Koolen
- Kentalis Academy, Royal Dutch KentalisSint-Michielsgestel, Netherlands
- Vincent van Gogh for PsychiatryVenray, Netherlands
| | - Daan Hermans
- Kentalis Academy, Royal Dutch KentalisSint-Michielsgestel, Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Annette Scheper
- Kentalis Academy, Royal Dutch KentalisSint-Michielsgestel, Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Harry Knoors
- Kentalis Academy, Royal Dutch KentalisSint-Michielsgestel, Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
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