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Sun F, Fang Y, Ho YF, Chow GCC, Yang Y, Huang K, Yu CCW, Liu D, Wong SHS, Siu PMF, Cooper SB. Effectiveness of a game-based high-intensity interval training on executive function and other health indicators of children with ADHD: A three-arm partially-blinded randomized controlled trial. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:408-416. [PMID: 39309731 PMCID: PMC11415844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2024.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Children with ADHD demand for effective intervention with minimum side effect to improve executive function (EF) and health well-being. Method This study used a three-arm partially-blinded randomized controlled trial to test the effects of two different kinds of 8-week game-based training programs (game-based HIIT program, GameHIIT; and game-based structured aerobic exercise program, GameSAE) on EF and other health indicators of children with ADHD, which was compared with a non-treatment control group. Results A total of 49 children with ADHD completed the program. Analyses of EF tests and parental survey indicated that (i) there is no significant intragroup difference among all measures between pre-/post-intervention tests for two game-based intervention groups. The only significant intergroup difference was observed in self-monitor score of parent-reported child's EF between GameSAE group and the control (large effect). Similarly, cerebral hemodynamic responses also found no significant group effect for all EF tests. However, the time effects were observed in several channels in the GameHIIT group in two EF tests (Color Words Stroop Test and Tower of London Test). No significant change of participants' overall ADHD symptoms was found in the pre-/post-tests for three groups. Nonetheless, further analyses revealed that both of two game-based training programs exhibited the significant positive effects on child's PA levels and the large effects on levels of physical fitness, when they were compared to the control. Conclusion By this study, a significant enhancement in physical fitness and PA levels were found in both game-based PA interventions when they were compared with control group. However, the effectiveness of game-based PA interventions on improving EF or reducing ADHD symptoms remains unclear. This implies that a larger intervention dosage or a tailored intervention design may be warranted to improve the EF of children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Integrated Centre for Wellbeing (I-WELL), The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ying Fung Ho
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gary Chi-Ching Chow
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yaxi Yang
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kunyi Huang
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clare Chung-Wah Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Duo Liu
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Parco Ming-Fai Siu
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon B. Cooper
- School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Chan WWY, Shum KKM, Downs J, Liu NT, Sonuga-Barke EJS. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in cultural context II: a comparison of the links between ADHD symptoms and waiting-related responses in Hong Kong and UK. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02506-7. [PMID: 38935132 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The concept of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered to have cross-cultural validity, but direct comparisons of its psychological characteristics across cultures are limited. This study investigates whether preschool children's ADHD symptoms expressed in two cultures with different views about child behaviour and parenting, Hong Kong and the UK, show the same pattern of associations with their waiting-related abilities and reactions, an important marker of early self-regulation. A community sample of 112 preschoolers (mean age = 46.22 months; 55 from UK, 57 from HK) completed three tasks measuring different waiting elements - waiting for rewards, choosing the amount of time to wait, and having to wait unexpectedly when a task is interrupted. Participants' waiting-related behavioural and emotional reactions were coded. Parents rated their children's ADHD symptoms and delay aversion. Our findings revealed that the associations between ADHD symptoms and waiting-related responses were comparable in both UK and HK samples. This suggests that the core psychological characteristics of ADHD, particularly in relation to waiting behaviours, may exhibit similarity across cultural contexts. Future research can extend this cross-cultural analysis to other ADHD-related psychological domains and explore additional cultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W Y Chan
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Johnny Downs
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ngai Tsit Liu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, DeCrespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Cesari A, Galeoto G, Panuccio F, Simeon R, Berardi A. Evaluation instruments for executive functions in children and adolescents: an update of a systematic review. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2024; 24:487-508. [PMID: 38294492 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2024.2311872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to update a systematic review of instruments for evaluating the executive functions (EFs) in a pediatric population to assess their measurement properties. AREA COVERED Studies describing evaluation tools of EFs were systematically searched on four electronic databases: PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, and Web of Science. To be included studies had to be on a population aged 0 to 18 were included. The individuals were either healthy or presented a neurodevelopment disorder. Risk of Bias was evaluated through the Consensus-based Standards to select the health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN). EXPERT OPINION The search was conducted on April 2023. Eighty-four papers met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study; the studies refer to 72 different evaluation tools of EFs. Most of the studies analyzed through a methodological quality analysis received an 'adequate' score. The instrument most mentioned was the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2 (BRIEF2) in seven articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Cesari
- School of Occupational Therapy, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galeoto
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | | | - Rachele Simeon
- School of Occupational Therapy, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Berardi
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
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Parhoon K, Aita SL, Parhoon H, Moradi A, Roth RM. Psychometric properties of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, second edition (BRIEF2) self-report form in Iranian adolescents. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2024; 13:1-7. [PMID: 35930392 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2106437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the psychometric properties of a Persian translation of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF2) Self-Report form. METHOD Participants were 589 typically developing adolescents (336 girls and 253 boys), ages 11-18 years old (M = 15.16; SD = 2.04), in Iran. They completed the Persian version of the BRIEF2 Self-Report form and Teenage Executive Functioning Inventory (TEXI). The Persian translated BRIEF2 psychometric properties were examined via internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity via associations with TEXI scores, and internal structure using structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate fit of the three-factor structure from the original English version BRIEF2. RESULTS Findings indicated the Persian version of BRIEF2 Self-Report form yielded scores with robust reliability, with internal consistency ranging from .87 to .93 and test-retest correlations ranging from .89 to .96, and adequate convergent validity, with correlations with the TEXI ranging from .48 to .79. SEM revealed that a three-factor solution was the best fitting model for the seven subscales of the Persian BRIEF2. CONCLUSION These findings support the clinical use of the Persian BRIEF2 in Iranian adolescents, including the interpretation of the BRIEF2 three-factor structure, as well as the multidimensional nature of executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Parhoon
- Postdoc Researcher in Cognitive Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Stephen L Aita
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Hadi Parhoon
- Department of Psychology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Moradi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert M Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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Albuquerque CP, Moura O, Vilar M, Seabra-Santos MJ, Pereira M, Major S, Moreira A, Lopes AF, Gaudêncio A, Simões MR. BRIEF-A: Factor structure and measurement invariance across self-report and informant forms. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37988689 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2283080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzes the psychometric properties of the two forms (self-report and informant) of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version (BRIEF-A) in a sample of healthy Portuguese adults. METHOD The participants were 608 adults, 304 of whom answered the self-report form (ages 18-59; 137 male and 167 female) and 304 who answered the informant form (ages 18-70; 110 male and 194 female). RESULTS The internal consistency for the indexes and the Global Executive Composite was very good (≥.90), whereas for the scales they were either acceptable (between .70 and .80) or good (≥.80), except for the Inhibit scale in both forms. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test seven competing factor models for each of the forms. The original two-factor model (Behavioral Regulation and Metacognition Indexes) showed a slightly better model fit than the three-factor model (Behavioral Regulation, Emotional Regulation, and Metacognition Indexes) in both forms. The multiple-group analysis of the two-correlated-factor model across forms was supported (configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the BRIEF-A showed adequate psychometric properties, suggesting that it is a useful instrument to assess everyday executive functioning in healthy Portuguese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina P Albuquerque
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Octávio Moura
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuela Vilar
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Seabra-Santos
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcelino Pereira
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Major
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of the Azores, Azores, Portugal
| | - André Moreira
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Lopes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Serviço de Psicologia do Hospital Garcia da Orta, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança Torrado da Silva, Almada, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Gaudêncio
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário R Simões
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Cheung YT, To KKW, Hua R, Lee CP, Chan ASY, Li CK. Association of markers of inflammation on attention and neurobehavioral outcomes in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1117096. [PMID: 37416531 PMCID: PMC10320851 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1117096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at-risk of developing cognitive impairment and neurobehavioral symptoms. Inflammation induced by a compromised health status during cancer survivorship is proposed as a pathophysiological mechanism underlying cognitive impairment in cancer survivors. Objectives To evaluate the associations of biomarkers of inflammation with attention and neurobehavioral outcomes in survivors of childhood ALL, and to identify clinical factors associated with biomarkers of inflammation in this cohort. Methods We recruited patients who were diagnosed with ALL at ≤ 18 years old and were currently ≥5 years post-cancer diagnosis. The study outcomes were attention (Conners Continuous Performance Test) and self-reported behavioral symptoms (Adult Self-Report [ASR] checklist). Using a commercial screening kit, survivors' plasma (5ml) was assayed for 17 cytokines/chemokine cell-signaling molecules that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The final panel of the targeted markers included interleukin (IL)-8, IL-13, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Biomarker levels were rank-ordered into tertiles based on the sample distribution. Multivariable general linear modeling was used to test for associations between biomarkers and study outcomes in the overall cohort and stratified by gender. Results This study included 102 survivors (55.9% males, mean[SD] age 26.2[5.9] years; 19.3[7.1] years post-diagnosis). Survivors within top tertiles of IFN-γ (Estimate =6.74, SE=2.26; P=0.0037) and IL-13 (Estimate =5.10, SE=2.27; P=0.027) demonstrated more inattentiveness. Adjusting for age, gender and treatment, more self-reported thought (Estimate=3.53, SE=1.78; P=0.050) and internalizing problems (Estimate =6.52, SE=2.91; P=0.027) correlated with higher IL-8. Higher levels of IL-13 (RR = 4.58, 95% CI: 1.01-11.10) and TNF-α (RR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.03-4.07) were observed in survivors had developed chronic health conditions (n=26, 25.5%). The stratified analysis showed that association of IFN-γ with attention was stronger in male survivors than in female survivors. Conclusion Inflammation due to cancer-related late effects may potentially be mechanistic mediators of neurobehavioral problems in pediatric ALL survivors. Markers of inflammation can potentially be applied to assess or monitor the effectiveness of interventions, particularly behavioral interventions, in improving cognitive outcomes in survivors. Future work includes understanding the underlying gender-specific pathophysiology behind functional outcomes in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ting Cheung
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenneth Kin-Wah To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rong Hua
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chui Ping Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Agnes Sui-Ying Chan
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Kong Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Moura O, P Albuquerque C, Pereira M, Major S, Lopes AF, Vilar M, Seabra-Santos MJ, Simões MR. Factor structure and measurement invariance of the BRIEF2 Parent Form across gender in a Portuguese sample. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:628-643. [PMID: 35913265 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the factor structure and the measurement invariance across gender of the BRIEF2 Parent Form in Portuguese typically developing children. Participants were 700 typically developing children (n = 352 girls and n = 348 boys) aged 6-16 years. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test five competing factor models. Consistent with the BRIEF2 original dimensional structure, the three-factor model demonstrated the most adequate fit to the data. The measurement invariance of the three-factor model across gender was supported (configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance). Overall, the BRIEF2 Parent Form showed adequate psychometric properties, suggesting that it is a useful instrument to assess everyday executive functioning based on reports of behaviors observed by parents in healthy Portuguese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octávio Moura
- University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Albuquerque
- University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcelino Pereira
- University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Major
- University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of the Azores, Azores, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Lopes
- University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuela Vilar
- University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Seabra-Santos
- University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário R Simões
- University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
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Tschida JE, Yerys BE. Real-world executive functioning for autistic children in school and home settings. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2022; 26:1095-1107. [PMID: 34465230 PMCID: PMC8882695 DOI: 10.1177/13623613211041189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Executive functioning skills are important for children to be able to control thoughts, emotions, and actions, and for their ability to adapt to different settings. Previous studies have found that autistic children have difficulty with executive functioning, but most of these studies took place in the home setting. Executive functioning skills in autistic children have not yet been fully examined in the school setting. This is a knowledge gap that needs to be addressed because the school setting is potentially one of the most demanding in terms of executive functioning and is a setting where executive function interventions are already being used for autistic children. In order to learn more about executive functioning for autistic children in the school setting, this study compared ratings of executive function from autistic children's caregivers and school professionals. The study found that autistic children experience similar but not identical executive function challenges across school and home settings and that supports may differ in each setting. Having information about differences in executive functioning challenges and supports for autistic children across settings can help lead to development of supports that are tailored to each setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Tschida
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Yerys
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Parental corporal punishment and children’s executive functions in Chinese migrant families: The mediating role of child anxiety. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zheng Q, Cheng YY, Sonuga-Barke E, Shum KKM. Do Executive Dysfunction, Delay Aversion, and Time Perception Deficit Predict ADHD Symptoms and Early Academic Performance in Preschoolers. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1381-1397. [PMID: 35689730 PMCID: PMC9187895 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are commonly observed to have learning difficulties. This study examined how three neuropsychological constructs—executive dysfunction, delay aversion, and time perception—were associated with ADHD symptoms and early academic performance in preschoolers at risk of ADHD. One hundred and thirty-one preschoolers (70 boys, 53%) aged 4 to 6 (M = 5.31 years) were assessed on their ADHD-related behaviors, neuropsychological functioning, word reading, and math abilities at two time points one year apart. Factor analysis indicated that inhibitory and attentional control deficit, delay aversion, and time perception/working memory deficit were three dissociable factors. Among the three factors, inhibitory and attentional control measured at Time 1 was the strongest predictor of ADHD symptoms at both Time 1 and Time 2. Time perception was closely related to working memory, and they predicted word reading and numeration across time most strongly among other neuropsychological constructs. Our findings suggested that inhibitory and attentional control, delay aversion, and time perception are dissociable neuropsychological deficits underlying ADHD symptoms in preschoolers. Poor time perception may serve as a marker for the early identification of preschoolers with potential learning problems, and a possible target of intervention for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que Zheng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Yan Cheng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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11
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Jiang K, Xu Y, Li Y, Li L, Yang M, Xue P. How aerobic exercise improves executive function in ADHD children: a resting-state fMRI study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2022; 82:295-302. [PMID: 35274372 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to explore the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) characteristics of the improvement in executive function by aerobic exercise in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Seventeen children with ADHD were selected for 8 weeks of rope skipping aerobic training, and fMRI findings and executive function were examined before and after training. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) and degree centrality (DC) indexes were used in fMRI analysis, while the flanker task was used to test executive function. A paired t-test was used to compare the fMRI indexes and response time of executive function before and after training. After aerobic exercise, the brain regions in which the ReHo value of ADHD children significantly increased included the left middle frontal gyrus and the right superior frontal gyrus; the brain region in which the DC value increased was the right posterior cingulate cortex. The flanker task response time decreased significantly (P<0.05, after correction) after aerobic exercise. The study findings support the hypothesis that aerobic exercise can improve the executive function of ADHD children, and the brain mechanism involved is mainly related to the enhancement of spontaneous pre-frontal lobe activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzhou Children's Hospital of Nantong University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzhou Children's Hospital of Nantong University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yamin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzhou Children's Hospital of Nantong University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzhou Children's Hospital of Nantong University, Changzhou, China
| | - Mingmei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzhou Children's Hospital of Nantong University, Changzhou, China
| | - Peng Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzhou Children's Hospital of Nantong University, Changzhou, China
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Parhoon K, Moradi A, Alizadeh H, Parhoon H, Sadaphal DP, Coolidge FL. Psychometric properties of the behavior rating inventory of executive function, second edition (BRIEF2) in a sample of children with ADHD in Iran. Child Neuropsychol 2021; 28:427-436. [PMID: 34488557 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1975669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the psychometric properties of a Persian translation of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function(BRIEF2) in 253 children with ADHD in Iran (137 boys, 116 girls)ages 8 to 12 years old (M = 10.04; SD = 1.42). The parents of the children completed the Persian BRIEF2 and the Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI). The findings indicated that the Persian version of BRIEF2 had good reliability (internal and test-retest) and satisfactory to good validity (convergent and construct). With respect to its construct validity, confirmatory factor analysis revealed that a three-factor solution was the best model fit for the nine subscales of the BRIEF2, which supports the valid interpretation of the three BRIEF2 indexes in the Persian BRIEF2. These findings support the clinical relevance of the Persian BRIEF in Iranian children with ADHD, as well as the multidimensional nature of executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Parhoon
- Department of Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Moradi
- Department of Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Parhoon
- Department of Psychology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Dhwani P Sadaphal
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, India
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