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Radomsky T, Anderson RC, Millar RP, Newton CL. Restoring function to inactivating G protein-coupled receptor variants in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis 1. J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13418. [PMID: 38852954 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are central to the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis) and include the rhodopsin-like GPCR family members, neurokinin 3 receptor, kappa-opioid receptor, kisspeptin 1 receptor, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, and the gonadotropin receptors, luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. Unsurprisingly, inactivating variants of these receptors have been implicated in a spectrum of reproductive phenotypes, including failure to undergo puberty, and infertility. Clinical induction of puberty in patients harbouring such variants is possible, but restoration of fertility is not always a realisable outcome, particularly for those patients suffering from primary hypogonadism. Thus, novel pharmaceuticals and/or a fundamental change in approach to treating these patients are required. The increasing wealth of data describing the effects of coding-region genetic variants on GPCR function has highlighted that the majority appear to be dysfunctional as a result of misfolding of the encoded receptor protein, which, in turn, results in impaired receptor trafficking through the secretory pathway to the cell surface. As such, these intracellularly retained receptors may be amenable to 'rescue' using a pharmacological chaperone (PC)-based approach. PCs are small, cell permeant molecules hypothesised to interact with misfolded intracellularly retained proteins, stabilising their folding and promoting their trafficking through the secretory pathway. In support of the use of this approach as a viable therapeutic option, it has been observed that many rescued variant GPCRs retain at least a degree of functionality when 'rescued' to the cell surface. In this review, we examine the GPCR PC research landscape, focussing on the rescue of inactivating variant GPCRs with important roles in the HPG axis, and describe what is known regarding the mechanisms by which PCs restore trafficking and function. We also discuss some of the merits and obstacles associated with taking this approach forward into a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Radomsky
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ross C Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Claire L Newton
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Mu Z, Shen S, Lei L. Resistant ovary syndrome: Pathogenesis and management strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1030004. [PMCID: PMC9626816 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1030004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant ovary syndrome (ROS) is a rare and difficult gynecological endocrine disorder that poses a serious risk to women’s reproductive health. The clinical features are normal sex characteristics, regular female karyotype, and usual ovarian reserve, but elevated endogenous gonadotropin levels and low estrogen levels with primary or secondary amenorrhea. Although there have been many case reports of the disease over the past 50 years, the pathogenesis of the disease is still poorly understood, and there are still no effective clinical management strategies. In this review, we have collected all the current reports on ROS and summarized the pathogenesis and treatment strategies for this disease, intending to provide some clinical references for the management and treatment of this group of patients and provide the foothold for future studies.
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The programmed death of fetal oocytes and the correlated surveillance mechanisms. REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/rd9.0000000000000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Hatırnaz Ş, Hatırnaz ES, Ellibeş Kaya A, Hatırnaz K, Soyer Çalışkan C, Sezer Ö, Dokuzeylül Güngor N, Demirel C, Baltacı V, Tan S, Dahan M. Oocyte maturation abnormalities - A systematic review of the evidence and mechanisms in a rare but difficult to manage fertility pheneomina. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 19:60-80. [PMID: 35343221 PMCID: PMC8966321 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2022.76329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A small proportion of infertile women experience repeated oocyte maturation abnormalities (OMAS). OMAS include degenerated and dysmorphic oocytes, empty follicle syndrome, oocyte maturation arrest (OMA), resistant ovary syndrome and maturation defects due to primary ovarian insufficiency. Genetic factors play an important role in OMAS but still need specifications. This review documents the spectrum of OMAS and to evaluate the multiple subtypes classified as OMAS. In this review, readers will be able to understand the oocyte maturation mechanism, gene expression and their regulation that lead to different subtypes of OMAs, and it will discuss the animal and human studies related to OMAS and lastly the treatment options for OMAs. Literature searches using PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence were performed to identify articles written in English focusing on Oocyte Maturation Abnormalities by looking for the following relevant keywords. A search was made with the specified keywords and included books and documents, clinical trials, animal studies, human studies, meta-analysis, randomized controlled trials, reviews, systematic reviews and options written in english. The search detected 3,953 sources published from 1961 to 2021. After title and abstract screening for study type, duplicates and relevancy, 2,914 studies were excluded. The remaining 1,039 records were assessed for eligibility by full-text reading and 886 records were then excluded. Two hundred and twenty seven full-text articles and 0 book chapters from the database were selected for inclusion. Overall, 227 articles, one unpublished and one abstract paper were included in this final review. In this review study, OMAS were classified and extensively evaluatedand possible treatment options under the light of current information, present literature and ongoing studies. Either genetic studies or in vitro maturation studies that will be handled in the future will lead more informations to be reached and may make it possible to obtain pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şafak Hatırnaz
- Medicana Samsun International Hospital, In Vitro Fertilization-In Vitro Maturation Unit, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ebru Saynur Hatırnaz
- Medicana Samsun International Hospital, In Vitro Fertilization-In Vitro Maturation Unit, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Aşkı Ellibeş Kaya
- Private Office, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology Specialist, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kaan Hatırnaz
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Canan Soyer Çalışkan
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Özlem Sezer
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Genetics, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | - Cem Demirel
- Memorial Ataşehir Hospital, In Vitro Fertilization Unit, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Seang Tan
- James Edmund Dodds Chair in ObGyn, Department of ObGyn, McGill University, OriginElle Fertility Clinic and Women, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Dahan
- McGill Reproductive Centre, Department of ObGyn, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Chen X, Chen L, Wang Y, Shu C, Zhou Y, Wu R, Jin B, Yang L, Sun J, Qi M, Shu J. Identification and characterization of novel compound heterozygous variants in FSHR causing primary ovarian insufficiency with resistant ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1013894. [PMID: 36704038 PMCID: PMC9871476 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1013894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is among the foremost causes of women infertility due to premature partial or total loss of ovarian function. Resistant ovary syndrome (ROS) is a subtype of POI manifested as normal ovarian reserve but insensitive to gonadotropin stimulation. Inactivating variants of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), a class A G-protein coupled receptor, have been associated with POI and are inherited via an autosomal recessive pattern. In this study, we investigated the genetic causes of a primary infertility patient manifested as POI with ROS, and elucidated the structural and functional impact of variants of uncertain significance. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) combined with Sanger sequencing revealed novel compound heterozygous FSHR variants: c.1384G>C/p.Ala462Pro and c.1862C>T/p.Ala621Val, inherited from her father and mother, respectively. The two altered amino acid sequences, localized in the third and seventh transmembrane helix of FSHR, were predicted as deleterious by in silico prediction. In vitro experiments revealed that the p.Ala462Pro variant resulted in barely detectable levels of intracellular signaling both in cAMP-dependent CRE-reporter activity and ERK activation and displayed a severely reduced plasma membrane receptor expression. In contrast, the p.Ala621Val variant resulted in partial loss of receptor activation without disruption of cell surface expression. In conclusion, two unreported inactivating FSHR variants potentially responsible for POI with ROS were first identified. This study expands the current phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Shu, ; Xiaopan Chen,
| | - Linjie Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chongyi Shu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yier Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruifang Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bihui Jin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leixiang Yang
- Department of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhui Sun
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Qi
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Shu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Shu, ; Xiaopan Chen,
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Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is determined by exhaustion of follicles in the ovaries, which leads to infertility before the age of 40 years. It is characterized by a strong familial and heterogeneous genetic background. Therefore, we will mainly discuss the genetic basis of POI in this review. We identified 107 genes related to POI etiology in mammals described by several independent groups. Thirty-four of these genes (AARS2, AIRE, ANTXR1, ATM, BMPR1B, CLPP, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, DCAF17, EIF2B, ERAL1, FANCA, FANCC, FMR1, FOXL2, GALT, GNAS, HARS2, HSD17B4, LARS2, LMNA, MGME1, NBN, PMM2, POLG, PREPL, RCBTB1, RECQL2/3/4, STAR, TWNK, and XRCC4/9) have been linked to syndromic POI and are mainly implicated in metabolism function and meiosis/DNA repair. In addition, the majority of genes associated with nonsyndromic POI, widely expanded by high-throughput techniques over the last decade, have been implicated in ovarian development and meiosis/DNA repair pathways (ATG7, ATG9, ANKRD31, BMP8B, BMP15, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, BNC1, BRCA2, CPEB1, C14ORF39, DAZL, DIAPH2, DMC1, ERCC6, FANCL, FANCM, FIGLA, FSHR, GATA4, GDF9, GJA4, HELQ, HSF2BP, HFM1, INSL3, LHCGR, LHX8, MCM8, MCM9, MEIOB, MSH4, MSH5, NANOS3, NOBOX, NOTCH2, NR5A1, NUP107, PGRMC1, POLR3H, PRDM1, PRDM9, PSMC3IP, SOHLH1, SOHLH2, SPIDR, STAG3, SYCE1, TP63, UBR2, WDR62, and XRCC2), whereas a few are related to metabolic functions (EIF4ENIF1, KHDRBS1, MRPS22, POLR2C). Some genes, such as STRA8, FOXO3A, KIT, KITL, WNT4, and FANCE, have been shown to cause ovarian insufficiency in rodents, but mutations in these genes have yet to be elucidated in women affected by POI. Lastly, some genes have been rarely implicated in its etiology (AMH, AMHR2, ERRC2, ESR1, INHA, LMN4, POF1B, POU5F1, REC8, SMC1B). Considering the heterogeneous genetic and familial background of this disorder, we hope that an overview of literature data would reinforce that genetic screening of those patients is worthwhile and helpful for better genetic counseling and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Malheiros França
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Section of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Hanyroup S, Anderson RC, Nataraja S, Yu HN, Millar RP, Newton CL. Rescue of Cell Surface Expression and Signaling of Mutant Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptors. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6311857. [PMID: 34192304 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) underlie numerous diseases. Many cause receptor misfolding and failure to reach the cell surface. Pharmacological chaperones are cell-permeant small molecules that engage nascent mutant GPCRs in the endoplasmic reticulum, stabilizing folding and "rescuing" cell surface expression. We previously demonstrated rescue of cell surface expression of luteinizing hormone receptor mutants by an allosteric agonist. Here we demonstrate that a similar approach can be employed to rescue mutant follicle-stimulating hormone receptors (FSHRs) with poor cell surface expression using a small-molecule FSHR agonist, CAN1404. Seventeen FSHR mutations described in patients with reproductive dysfunction were expressed in HEK 293T cells, and cell surface expression was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of epitope-tagged FSHRs before/after treatment with CAN1404. Cell surface expression was severely reduced to ≤18% of wild-type (WT) for 11, modestly reduced to 66% to 84% of WT for 4, and not reduced for 2. Of the 11 with severely reduced cell surface expression, restoration to ≥57% of WT levels was achieved for 6 by treatment with 1 µM CAN1404 for 24 h, and a corresponding increase in FSH-induced signaling was observed for 4 of these, indicating restored functionality. Therefore, CAN1404 acts as a pharmacological chaperone and can rescue cell surface expression and function of certain mutant FSHRs with severely reduced cell surface expression. These findings aid in advancing the understanding of the effects of genetic mutations on GPCR function and provide a proof of therapeutic principle for FSHR pharmacological chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharika Hanyroup
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ross C Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Claire L Newton
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Live birth after in vitro maturation in women with gonadotropin resistance ovary syndrome: report of two cases. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:3243-3249. [PMID: 34846627 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome (GROS) is a rare endocrine disorder that causes hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, amenorrhea, and infertility. This study reports live birth in two women with GROS who underwent fertility treatment with in vitro maturation (IVM). METHODS Both patients had primary infertility, amenorrhea (primary and secondary), typical secondary sexual characters, elevated gonadotropin levels, normal ovarian reserve, normal chromosomal characteristics, and previous nonresponsiveness gonadotropin stimulations. One patient had polymorphism of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor, which is a predictor of poor ovarian response. Given unresponsiveness to exogenous gonadotropin stimulations, IVM with human chorionic gonadotropin priming (hCG-IVM) was performed in both patients. All transferrable embryos were vitrified. RESULTS Both patients achieved pregnancy after their first frozen embryos transfer, and each delivered a healthy baby boy. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IVM should be a first-line therapeutic option for patients with GROS.
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Benammar A, Fanchin R, Filali-Baba M, Vialard F, Fossard C, Vandame J, Pirtea P, Racowsky C, Ayoubi JM, Poulain M. Utilization of in vitro maturation in cases with a FSH receptor mutation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:1311-1321. [PMID: 34089127 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the FSH receptor (FSHR) variant and efficacy of in vitro maturation (IVM) in a 28-year-old woman with secondary amenorrhea, primary infertility, and ovarian resistance to FSH, and to analyze the genotype-to-phenotype relationship in cases of FSHR mutation for the development of an IVM algorithm for use in patients with gonadotropin resistance syndrome (GRS). METHODS Oocytes retrieved after menstruation induction with norethisterone, followed by daily estrogen and an ovulatory trigger, underwent IVM, ICSI, and culture in a time-lapse (TL) incubator. Embryo transfers were performed on day 2, and after thawing on day 5. Genes associated with disorders of sex development were sequenced for both the patient and her parents. All reported cases of FSHR mutation were analyzed to investigate genotype/phenotypic relationships. RESULTS After ovum pickup, seven of 16 oocytes matured and all fertilized. After unsuccessful day 2 transfer, our patient delivered with a thawed day 5 blastocyst, the sole embryo without abnormal TL phenotypes. Genetic analysis revealed a new composite heterozygous FSHR variant. Analysis of our patient case with published cases of GRS revealed associations among FSHR variant genotype, location on the FSHR, functionality of tested variants, and type of amenorrhea. An algorithm for application of IVM for GRS patients was developed. CONCLUSIONS We report two novel variants of the FSHR. Although IVM successfully matured some oocytes, only one resulted in an embryo with normal TL phenotypes. We recommend FSHR genetic testing in GRS patients, which will help guide their suitability for IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf Benammar
- Department of Gyneacology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Hospital Foch, 92150, Suresnes, France.
| | - Renato Fanchin
- Department of Gyneacology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Hospital Foch, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Meryem Filali-Baba
- Department of Gyneacology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Hospital Foch, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - François Vialard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, ENVA, UVSQ, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Genetics Federation, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, 78303, Poissy, France
| | - Camille Fossard
- Department of Gyneacology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Hospital Foch, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Jessica Vandame
- Department of Gyneacology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Hospital Foch, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Paul Pirtea
- Department of Gyneacology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Hospital Foch, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Catherine Racowsky
- Department of Gyneacology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Hospital Foch, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ayoubi
- Department of Gyneacology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Hospital Foch, 92150, Suresnes, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, ENVA, UVSQ, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marine Poulain
- Department of Gyneacology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Hospital Foch, 92150, Suresnes, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, ENVA, UVSQ, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Banerjee AA, Joseph S, Mahale SD. From cell surface to signalling and back: the life of the mammalian FSH receptor. FEBS J 2020; 288:2673-2696. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antara A. Banerjee
- Division of Structural Biology National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) Parel India
| | - Shaini Joseph
- Genetic Research Center National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) Parel India
| | - Smita D. Mahale
- Division of Structural Biology National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) Parel India
- ICMR Biomedical Informatics Centre National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) Parel India
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Jiao SY, Yang YH, Chen SR. Molecular genetics of infertility: loss-of-function mutations in humans and corresponding knockout/mutated mice. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 27:154-189. [PMID: 33118031 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infertility is a major issue in human reproductive health, affecting an estimated 15% of couples worldwide. Infertility can result from disorders of sex development (DSD) or from reproductive endocrine disorders (REDs) with onset in infancy, early childhood or adolescence. Male infertility, accounting for roughly half of all infertility cases, generally manifests as decreased sperm count (azoospermia or oligozoospermia), attenuated sperm motility (asthenozoospermia) or a higher proportion of morphologically abnormal sperm (teratozoospermia). Female infertility can be divided into several classical types, including, but not limited to, oocyte maturation arrest, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), fertilization failure and early embryonic arrest. An estimated one half of infertility cases have a genetic component; however, most genetic causes of human infertility are currently uncharacterized. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies has greatly facilitated the identification of infertility-associated gene mutations in patients over the past 20 years. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review aims to conduct a narrative review of the genetic causes of human infertility. Loss-of-function mutation discoveries related to human infertility are summarized and further illustrated in tables. Corresponding knockout/mutated animal models of causative genes for infertility are also introduced. SEARCH METHODS A search of the PubMed database was performed to identify relevant studies published in English. The term 'mutation' was combined with a range of search terms related to the core focus of the review: infertility, DSD, REDs, azoospermia or oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF), primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), acephalic spermatozoa syndrome (ASS), globozoospermia, teratozoospermia, acrosome, oocyte maturation arrest, POI, zona pellucida, fertilization defects and early embryonic arrest. OUTCOMES Our search generated ∼2000 records. Overall, 350 articles were included in the final review. For genetic investigation of human infertility, the traditional candidate gene approach is proceeding slowly, whereas high-throughput sequencing technologies in larger cohorts of individuals is identifying an increasing number of causative genes linked to human infertility. This review provides a wide panel of gene mutations in several typical forms of human infertility, including DSD, REDs, male infertility (oligozoospermia, MMAF, PCD, ASS and globozoospermia) and female infertility (oocyte maturation arrest, POI, fertilization failure and early embryonic arrest). The causative genes, their identified mutations, mutation rate, studied population and their corresponding knockout/mutated mice of non-obstructive azoospermia, MMAF, ASS, globozoospermia, oocyte maturation arrest, POI, fertilization failure and early embryonic arrest are further illustrated by tables. In this review, we suggest that (i) our current knowledge of infertility is largely obtained from knockout mouse models; (ii) larger cohorts of clinical cases with distinct clinical characteristics need to be recruited in future studies; (iii) the whole picture of genetic causes of human infertility relies on both the identification of more mutations for distinct types of infertility and the integration of known mutation information; (iv) knockout/mutated animal models are needed to show whether the phenotypes of genetically altered animals are consistent with findings in human infertile patients carrying a deleterious mutation of the homologous gene; and (v) the molecular mechanisms underlying human infertility caused by pathogenic mutations are largely unclear in most current studies. WILDER IMPLICATIONS It is important to use our current understanding to identify avenues and priorities for future research in the field of genetic causes of infertility as well as to apply mutation knowledge to risk prediction, genetic diagnosis and potential treatment for human infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ya Jiao
- Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Hong Yang
- Reproduction Medical Center of West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Su-Ren Chen
- Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
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12
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Sassi A, Désir J, Janssens V, Marangoni M, Daneels D, Gheldof A, Bonduelle M, Van Dooren S, Costagliola S, Delbaere A. Novel inactivating follicle-stimulating hormone receptor mutations in a patient with premature ovarian insufficiency identified by next-generation sequencing gene panel analysis. F S Rep 2020; 1:193-201. [PMID: 34223243 PMCID: PMC8244262 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfre.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To find the genetic etiology of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) in a patient with primary amenorrhea and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Design Case report. Setting University hospital. Patient(s) A Belgian woman aged 32 years with POI at the age of 17, her parents, and her sister whose POI was diagnosed at age 29. Intervention(s) Analysis of a panel of 31 genes implicated in POI (POIGP) using next-generation sequencing (NGS), Sanger sequencing, and in vitro functional study. Main Outcome Measure(s) Gene variants, family mutational segregation, and in vitro functional impact of the mutant proteins. Result(s) The analysis of the gene panel using NGS identified the presence of two novel follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) missense mutations at a compound heterozygous state in the affected patient: c.646 G>A, p.Gly216Arg, and c.1313C>T, p.Thr438Ile. Sanger sequencing showed the presence of each mutation at heterozygous state in the patient’s parents and at heterozygous compound state in the affected sister. Both substituted amino acids (Gly216 and Thr438) were conserved in FSHR of several vertebrate species as well as in other glycoproteins receptors (TSHR and LHCGHR), suggesting a potentially important role in glycoprotein receptor function. An in vitro functional study showed similar results for both variants with more than 90% reduction of their cell surface expression and a 55% reduction of their FSH-induced cyclic adenosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (cAMP) production compared with the wild-type FSHR. Conclusion(s) The analysis of a gene panel of 31 genes implicated in POI allowed us to identify two novel partially inactivating mutations of FSHR that are likely responsible for the POI phenotype of the proband and of her affected sister.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Sassi
- Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Désir
- Department of Genetics, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Janssens
- IRIBHM, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martina Marangoni
- Department of Genetics, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dorien Daneels
- Brussels Interuniversity Genomics High Throughput Core (Bright Core), Brussels, Belgium.,Centre for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Cluster, Reproduction and Genetics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexander Gheldof
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Cluster, Reproduction and Genetics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maryse Bonduelle
- Brussels Interuniversity Genomics High Throughput Core (Bright Core), Brussels, Belgium.,Centre for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Cluster, Reproduction and Genetics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sonia Van Dooren
- Brussels Interuniversity Genomics High Throughput Core (Bright Core), Brussels, Belgium.,Centre for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Cluster, Reproduction and Genetics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine Costagliola
- IRIBHM, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Delbaere
- Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Khor S, Lyu Q, Kuang Y, Lu X. Novel FSHR variants causing female resistant ovary syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 8:e1082. [PMID: 31830376 PMCID: PMC7005632 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogenic variants of follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) are known to cause amenorrhea and infertility in women. However, only a limited number of pathogenic FSHR variants have been reported, and few reports described detailed characteristics of patients with pathogenic FSHR variants. Methods The affected siblings and both parents were subjected to whole‐genome exon sequencing. Transient transfection of HEK 293T cells was performed with constructed vectors. The cellular localization of the FSHR protein was evaluated using confocal microscopy, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production was detected with a cAMP ELISA kit. Results A Chinese family with two siblings carrying compound heterozygous pathogenic variants of FSHR: c.182T>A (p.Ile61Asn) and c.2062C>A (p.Pro688Thr). Both siblings had amenorrhea, infertility, and resistance to gonadotropin (Gn) stimulation but showed high anti‐Müllerian hormone levels and early antral follicles. Molecular dynamics simulations of the FSHR variants revealed significant changes in structural characteristics and electrostatic potential. In vitro analysis indicated that the p.Ile61Asn variant lacked cell surface localization and completely abolished the cAMP second messenger response. The p.Pro688Thr variant retained cell surface localization but caused decreased FSH‐induced cAMP production. Conclusion We found two novel pathogenic FSHR variants causing resistant ovarian syndrome. This study expands the genotypic spectrum of pathogenic FSHR variants and our knowledge of phenotype–genotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzin Khor
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Lyu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Kuang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Matsushima N, Takatsuka S, Miyashita H, Kretsinger RH. Leucine Rich Repeat Proteins: Sequences, Mutations, Structures and Diseases. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:108-131. [PMID: 30526451 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666181208170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) containing proteins are associated with over sixty human diseases; these include high myopia, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, and Crohn's disease. These mutations occur frequently within the LRR domains and within the regions that shield the hydrophobic core of the LRR domain. The amino acid sequences of fifty-five LRR proteins have been published. They include Nod-Like Receptors (NLRs) such as NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP14, and Nod-2, Small Leucine Rich Repeat Proteoglycans (SLRPs) such as keratocan, lumican, fibromodulin, PRELP, biglycan, and nyctalopin, and F-box/LRR-repeat proteins such as FBXL2, FBXL4, and FBXL12. For example, 363 missense mutations have been identified. Replacement of arginine, proline, or cysteine by another amino acid, or the reverse, is frequently observed. The diverse effects of the mutations are discussed based on the known structures of LRR proteins. These mutations influence protein folding, aggregation, oligomerization, stability, protein-ligand interactions, disulfide bond formation, and glycosylation. Most of the mutations cause loss of function and a few, gain of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Matsushima
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.,Institute of Tandem Repeats, Noboribetsu 059-0464, Japan
| | - Shintaro Takatsuka
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miyashita
- Institute of Tandem Repeats, Noboribetsu 059-0464, Japan.,Hokubu Rinsho Co., Ltd, Sapporo 060-0061, Japan
| | - Robert H Kretsinger
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
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15
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Hsueh AJ, He J. Gonadotropins and their receptors: coevolution, genetic variants, receptor imaging, and functional antagonists. Biol Reprod 2019; 99:3-12. [PMID: 29462242 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropins belong to the family of dimeric glycoprotein hormones and regulate gonadal physiology mediated by G protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane receptors. These glycoprotein hormones are widely used in the clinic to promote ovarian follicle development and for treating some cases of male infertility. We traced the coevolution of dimeric gonadotropin hormones and their receptors, together with thyrotropin and its receptor. We updated recent findings on human genetic variants of these genes and their association with dizygotic twining, polycystic ovarian syndrome, primary ovarian insufficiency, male-limited precocious puberty, and infertility. In addition to the known physiological roles of gonadotropin-receptor signaling in gonadal tissues, we also discussed emerging understanding of extragonadal functions of gonadotropins in bones and adipose tissues, together with recent advances in in vivo imaging of gonadotropin receptors in live animals. Recent development of gonadotropin receptor agonists and antagonists were summarized with an emphasis on the development of functional antagonists for FSH receptors to alleviate osteoporosis and obesity associated with menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Hsueh
- Program of Reproductive and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jiahuan He
- Program of Reproductive and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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16
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Liu H, Guo T, Gong Z, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Qin Y. Novel FSHR mutations in Han Chinese women with sporadic premature ovarian insufficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 492:110446. [PMID: 31077743 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by amenorrhea and elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, usually > 25 IU/L) before 40 years of age. To identify the relationship between FSHR mutations and sporadic POI patients of Han Chinese descent, we performed Sanger sequencing of FSHR gene in 192 sporadic POI patients and 192 matched controls of Han Chinese descent. Two heterozygous missense variants, c.793A > G (p.M265V) and c.1789C > A (p.L597I), were identified exclusively in POI patients. Functional studies showed that both mutants were expressed on the cell surface, while p.L597I showed decreased membrane localization compared with wild-type FSHR. Moreover, FSH-induced cAMP production and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were reduced in the cells transfected with p.L597I mutant, but not in the cells transfected with p.M265V mutant. In addition, two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs1394205 (c.-29G > A) and rs140106399 (c.*111 T > C), were identified in both POI group and control group with significantly different genotypic and allelic distributions. These results indicated that dysfunctional FSHR due to mutation or SNPs might explain a fraction of sporadic POI cases in Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yongze Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shidou Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China.
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China.
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17
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Szymańska K, Kałafut J, Rivero-Müller A. The gonadotropin system, lessons from animal models and clinical cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:561-587. [PMID: 30264954 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4784.18.04307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review article centers upon family of gonadotropin hormones which consists of two pituitary hormones - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) as well as one non-pituitary hormone - human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by placenta, and their receptors. Gonadotropins play an essential role in proper sexual development, puberty, gametogenesis, maintenance of pregnancy and male sexual differentiation during the fetal development. They belong to the family of glycoprotein hormones thus they constitute heterodimeric proteins built of common α subunit and hormone-specific β-subunit. Hitherto, several mutations in genes encoding both gonadotropins and their receptors have been identified in humans. Their occurrence resulted in a number of different phenotypes including delayed puberty, primary amenorrhea, hermaphroditism, infertility and hypogonadism. In order to understand the effects of mutations on the phenotype observed in affected patients, detailed molecular studies are required to map the relationship between the structure and function of gonadotropins and their receptors. Nonetheless, in vitro assays are often insufficient to understand physiology. Therefore, several animal models have been developed to unravel the physiological roles of gonadotropins and their receptors.
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18
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Zilaitiene B, Dirzauskas M, Verkauskiene R, Ostrauskas R, Gromoll J, Nieschlag E. The impact of FSH receptor polymorphism on time-to-pregnancy: a cross-sectional single-centre study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18:272. [PMID: 29954364 PMCID: PMC6025715 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-1910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Single nucleotide polymorphism of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor (FSHR) is an important marker of ovarian function. However, its role in female fecundity remains debatable. The aim of the study to assess the relationship of FSHR polymorphism of Serine/Serine, Asparagine/Asparagine and Asparagine/Serine variants directly against the time-to-pregnancy (TTP) in women. Methods Data were collected from 291 consecutive selected post-partum Caucasians using this criterion: ethnicity, age between 21 and 34-year-old new mothers and, 0–3 days after delivery of newborns in the Klaipeda University Hospital, Lithuania. Questionnaires on factors associated with conception were given to patients, and blood samples were collected for genomic DNA extractions as well as for analysis of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene polymorphism. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for time-to-pregnancy were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. Women with unplanned pregnancies and those who received assisted reproductive technologies were not included in the study. Results After adjustment for other possible factors, increased risk for time-to-pregnancy of 12 or more months was associated with: Serine/Serine polymorphism variant (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.56–2.71, p = 0.007), age of 30 or more years (OR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.25–2.71, p = 0.015), gynaecological diseases in the past (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.12–5.74, p = 0.027), prior contraception use (OR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.14–3.64, p = 0.016), and fertility problems in the past (OR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.16–4.76, p = 0.019). Conclusion The results suggest a possible relationship of FSH receptor gene Serine/Serine variant for the lower possibility of conception during the first 12 months of planned conception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birute Zilaitiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Marius Dirzauskas
- Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Verkauskiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rytas Ostrauskas
- Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Joerg Gromoll
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eberhard Nieschlag
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Münster, Germany
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Santi D, Potì F, Simoni M, Casarini L. Pharmacogenetics of G-protein-coupled receptors variants: FSH receptor and infertility treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:189-200. [PMID: 29678285 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infertility treatment may represent a paradigmatic example of precision medicine. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) has been proposed as a valuable therapeutic option both in males and in females, even if a standardized approach is far to be established. To date, several genetic mutations as well as polymorphisms have been demonstrated to significantly affect the pathophysiology of FSH-FSH receptor (FSHR) interaction, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This review aims to highlight possible aspects of FSH therapy that could benefit from a pharmacogenetic approach, providing an up-to-date overview of the variability of the response to FSH treatment in both sexes. Specific sections are dedicated to the clinical use of FSH in infertility and how FSHR polymorphisms may affect the therapeutic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesco Potì
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy
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20
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Zariñán T, Gutiérrez-Sagal R, Dias JA. Intracellular Trafficking of Gonadotropin Receptors in Health and Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 245:1-39. [PMID: 29063275 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin receptors belong to the highly conserved subfamily of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, the so-called Rhodopsin-like family (class A), which is the largest class of GPCRs and currently a major drug target. Both the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and the luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin hormone receptor (LHCGR) are mainly located in the gonads where they play key functions associated to essential reproductive functions. As any other protein, gonadotropin receptors must be properly folded into a mature tertiary conformation compatible with quaternary assembly and endoplasmic reticulum export to the cell surface plasma membrane. Several primary and secondary structural features, including presence of particular amino acid residues and short motifs and in addition, posttranslational modifications, regulate intracellular trafficking of gonadotropin receptors to the plasma membrane as well as internalization and recycling of the receptor back to the cell surface after activation by agonist. Inactivating mutations of gonadotropin receptors may derive from receptor misfolding and lead to absent or reduced plasma membrane expression of the altered receptor, thereby manifesting an array of phenotypical abnormalities mostly characterized by reproductive failure and/or abnormal or absence of development of secondary sex characteristics. In this chapter we review the structural requirements necessary for intracellular trafficking of the gonadotropin receptors, and describe how mutations in these receptors may lead to receptor misfolding and disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico.
| | - Teresa Zariñán
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Rubén Gutiérrez-Sagal
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - James A Dias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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A novel homozygous mutation in the FSHR gene is causative for primary ovarian insufficiency. Fertil Steril 2017; 108:1050-1055.e2. [PMID: 29157895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the potential FSHR mutation in a Chinese woman with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). DESIGN Genetic and functional studies. SETTING University-based reproductive medicine center. PATIENT(S) A POI patient, her family members, and another 192 control women with regular menstruation. INTERVENTION(S) Ovarian biopsy was performed in the patient. Sanger sequencing was carried out for the patient, her sister, and parents. The novel variant identified was further confirmed with the use of control subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Sanger sequencing and genotype analysis to identify the potential variant of the FSHR gene; hematoxylin and eosin staining of the ovarian section to observe the follicular development; Western blotting and immunofluorescence to detect FSH receptor (FSHR) expression; and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) assay to monitor FSH-induced signaling. RESULT(S) Histologic examination of the ovaries in the patient revealed follicular development up to the early antral stage. Mutational screening and genotype analysis of the FSHR gene identified a novel homozygous mutation c.175C>T (p.R59X) in exon 2, which was inherited in the autosomal recessive mode from her heterozygous parents but was absent in her sister and the 192 control women. Functional studies demonstrated that in vitro the nonsense mutation caused the loss of full-length FSHR expression and that p.R59X mutant showed no response to FSH stimulation in the cAMP level. CONCLUSION(S) The mutation p.R59X in FSHR is causative for POI by means of arresting folliculogenesis.
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22
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Banerjee AA, Achrekar SK, Joseph S, Pathak BR, Mahale SD. Functional characterization of two naturally occurring mutations V 221G and T 449N in the follicle stimulating hormone receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 440:69-79. [PMID: 27889471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring mutations in follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) affect the receptor function. Here, we characterized two such previously reported mutations, V221G and T449N, in the extracellular domain and transmembrane helix 3, of FSHR, respectively. Functional studies with the V221G mutant demonstrated an impairment in FSH binding and signaling. Validation of X-ray crystallography data indicating the contribution of FSHR specific residues in the vicinity of V221 to contribute to FSH-FSHR interaction was carried out. In vitro mutational studies showed that these residues are determinants of both FSH binding and FSH induced signaling. Analysis of the T449N mutation revealed that it results in an increase in FSH binding and high cAMP response at lower doses of FSH. A marginal hCG induced and no TSH induced cAMP production was also observed. These findings corroborated with the clinical manifestations of primary amenorrhea (V221G) and spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (T449N) in women harbouring these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara A Banerjee
- Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Swati K Achrekar
- ICMR Biomedical Informatics Centre, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Shaini Joseph
- ICMR Biomedical Informatics Centre, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Bhakti R Pathak
- Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Smita D Mahale
- Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India; ICMR Biomedical Informatics Centre, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India.
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Bramble MS, Goldstein EH, Lipson A, Ngun T, Eskin A, Gosschalk JE, Roach L, Vashist N, Barseghyan H, Lee E, Arboleda VA, Vaiman D, Yuksel Z, Fellous M, Vilain E. A novel follicle-stimulating hormone receptor mutation causing primary ovarian failure: a fertility application of whole exome sequencing. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:905-14. [PMID: 26911863 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can whole exome sequencing (WES) and in vitro validation studies be used to find the causative genetic etiology in a patient with primary ovarian failure and infertility? SUMMARY ANSWER A novel follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) mutation was found by WES and shown, via in vitro flow cytometry studies, to affect membrane trafficking. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY WES may diagnose up to 25-35% of patients with suspected disorders of sex development (DSD). FSHR mutations are an extremely rare cause of 46, XX gonadal dysgenesis with primary amenorrhea due to hypergonadotropic ovarian failure. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A WES study was followed by flow cytometry studies of mutant protein function. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The study subjects were two Turkish sisters with hypergonadotropic primary amenorrhea, their parents and two unaffected sisters. The affected siblings and both parents were sequenced (trio-WES). Transient transfection of HEK 293T cells was performed with a vector containing wild-type FSHR as well as the novel FSHR variant that was discovered by WES. Cellular localization of FSHR protein as well as FSH-stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) production was evaluated using flow cytometry. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Both affected sisters were homozygous for a previously unreported missense mutation (c.1222G>T, p.Asp408Tyr) in the second transmembrane domain of FSHR. Modeling predicted disrupted secondary structure. Flow cytometry demonstrated an average of 48% reduction in cell-surface signal detection (P < 0.01). The mean fluorescent signal for cAMP (second messenger of FSHR), stimulated by FSH, was reduced by 50% in the mutant-transfected cells (P < 0.01). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This is an in vitro validation. All novel purported genetic variants can be clinically reported only as 'variants of uncertain significance' until more patients with a similar phenotype are discovered with the same variant. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS We report the first WES-discovered FSHR mutation, validated by quantitative flow cytometry. WES is a valuable tool for diagnosis of rare genetic diseases, and flow cytometry allows for quantitative characterization of purported variants. WES-assisted diagnosis allows for treatments aimed at the underlying molecular etiology of disease. Future studies should focus on pharmacological and assisted reproductive treatments aimed at the disrupted FSHR, so that patients with FSH resistance can be treated by personalized medicine. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS E.V. is partially funded by the DSD Translational Research Network (NICHD 1R01HD068138). M.S.B. is funded by the Neuroendocrinology, Sex Differences and Reproduction training grant (NICHD 5T32HD007228). The authors have no competing interests to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Bramble
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ellen H Goldstein
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Room 24-130 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Allen Lipson
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tuck Ngun
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ascia Eskin
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jason E Gosschalk
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lara Roach
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Neerja Vashist
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hayk Barseghyan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eric Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Valerie A Arboleda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Vaiman
- Department of Development, Reproduction, and Cancer, Institut Cochin, U1016 Inserm, University Sorbonne Paris, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Zafer Yuksel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Women and Children Hospital, Halkkent Mh. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Boulevard No. 23, Mersin 33240, Turkey
| | - Marc Fellous
- Department of Development, Reproduction, and Cancer, Institut Cochin, U1016 Inserm, University Sorbonne Paris, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Eric Vilain
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Association between two polymorphisms of follicle stimulating hormone receptor gene and susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 30:44-50. [PMID: 25837360 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(15)30008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between two polymorphisms of follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) susceptibility. METHODS Case-control studies on relationship of Thr307Ala and Asn680Ser polymorphisms in FSHR gene and PCOS susceptibility were searched from PubMed, ISI web of knowledge, EBSCO, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases up to March 21, 2013. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using fixed- or random-effect model based on heterogeneity test in 5 genotype models analyses. RESULTS A total of 11 studies were included in the Meta-analysis. The random-effect analysis showed Asn680Ser was significantly associated with the reduced susceptibility to PCOS with dominant model (Asn/Asn+Asn/Ser vs. Ser/Ser, OR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.69-1.00), recessive model (Asn/Asn vs. Asn/Ser+ Ser/Ser, OR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.98), homozygote comparison (Asn/Asn vs. Ser/Ser, OR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.63-0.98), and the allele contrast (Asn vs. Ser, OR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.79-0.97) respectively(P=0.02, I(2)=56.0%), being protective factors for PCOS. However, no significant associations were found between Thr307Ala and PCOS. CONCLUSION There might be a significant association between Asn680Ser polymorphism and PCOS.
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Zariñán T, Dias JA, Conn PM. Mutations in G protein-coupled receptors that impact receptor trafficking and reproductive function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:411-423. [PMID: 23806559 PMCID: PMC3844050 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large superfamily of integral cell surface plasma membrane proteins that play key roles in transducing extracellular signals, including sensory stimuli, hormones, neurotransmitters, or paracrine factors into the intracellular environment through the activation of one or more heterotrimeric G proteins. Structural alterations provoked by mutations or variations in the genes coding for GPCRs may lead to misfolding, altered plasma membrane expression of the receptor protein and frequently to disease. A number of GPCRs regulate reproductive function at different levels; these receptors include the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) and the gonadotropin receptors (follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and luteinizing hormone receptor), which regulate the function of the pituitary-gonadal axis. Loss-of-function mutations in these receptors may lead to hypogonadotropic or hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, which encompass a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes. In this review we describe mutations that provoke misfolding and failure of these receptors to traffick from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. We also discuss some aspects related to the therapeutic potential of some target-specific drugs that selectively bind to and rescue function of misfolded mutant GnRHR and gonadotropin receptors, and that represent potentially valuable strategies to treat diseases caused by inactivating mutations of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Division of Reproductive Health, Research Center in Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Divisions of Reproductive Sciences and Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Teresa Zariñán
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, UMAE Hospital de Ginecobstetricia "Luis Castelazo Ayala", Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - James A Dias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - P Michael Conn
- Divisions of Reproductive Sciences and Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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Desai SS, Roy BS, Mahale SD. Mutations and polymorphisms in FSH receptor: functional implications in human reproduction. Reproduction 2013; 146:R235-48. [PMID: 24051057 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
FSH brings about its physiological actions by activating a specific receptor located on target cells. Normal functioning of the FSH receptor (FSHR) is crucial for follicular development and estradiol production in females and for the regulation of Sertoli cell function and spermatogenesis in males. In the last two decades, the number of inactivating and activating mutations, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and spliced variants of FSHR gene has been identified in selected infertile cases. Information on genotype-phenotype correlation and in vitro functional characterization of the mutants has helped in understanding the possible genetic cause for female infertility in affected individuals. The information is also being used to dissect various extracellular and intracellular events involved in hormone-receptor interaction by studying the differences in the properties of the mutant receptor when compared with WT receptor. Studies on polymorphisms in the FSHR gene have shown variability in clinical outcome among women treated with FSH. These observations are being explored to develop molecular markers to predict the optimum dose of FSH required for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Pharmacogenetics is an emerging field in this area that aims at designing individual treatment protocols for reproductive abnormalities based on FSHR gene polymorphisms. The present review discusses the current knowledge of various genetic alterations in FSHR and their impact on receptor function in the female reproductive system.
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Menon KMJ, Menon B. Structure, function and regulation of gonadotropin receptors - a perspective. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 356:88-97. [PMID: 22342845 PMCID: PMC3327826 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone receptor and follicle stimulating hormone receptor play a crucial role in female and male reproduction. Significant new information has emerged about the structure, mechanism of activation, and regulation of expression of these receptors. Here we provide an overview of the current information on those aspects with an in-depth discussion of the recent developments in the post-transcriptional mechanism of LH receptor expression mediated by a specific LH receptor mRNA binding protein, designated as LRBP. LRBP was identified by electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay using cytosolic fractions from ovaries in the down regulated state. LRBP was purified, its binding site on LH receptor mRNA was identified and characterized. During ligand-induced down regulation, LRBP expression is increased through the cAMP/PKA and ERK signaling pathway, is translocated to translating ribosomes, binds LH receptor mRNA and forms an untranslatable ribonucleoprotein complex. This complex is then routed to the mRNA degradation machinery resulting in diminished levels of both LHR mRNA and cell surface expression of LH receptor. The studies leading to these conclusions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M J Menon
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0617, United States.
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Binder H, Strick R, Zaherdoust O, Dittrich R, Hamori M, Beckmann MW, Oppelt PG. Assessment of FSHR variants and antimüllerian hormone in infertility patients with a reduced ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation. Fertil Steril 2012; 97:1169-75.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Follicle stimulating hormone receptor gene variants in women with primary and secondary amenorrhea. J Assist Reprod Genet 2010; 27:317-26. [PMID: 20237833 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-010-9404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This retrospective study was designed to analyze the FSHR gene variants in subjects with primary and secondary amenorrhea with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty six women with primary or secondary amenorrhea and 100 normally cycling proven fertile women of Indian origin were retrospectively studied. These subjects were systematically screened for entire FSHR gene. RESULTS The frequency distribution of polymorphism at -29 position of FSHR gene is altered in women with primary and secondary amenorrhea as compared to controls. AA genotype at -29 position of FSHR gene seems to be associated with increased serum FSH levels in the study subjects. We have identified a novel homozygous mutation C(1723)T (Ala(575)Val) in one woman with primary amenorrhea. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that increased serum FSH levels in subjects with primary amenorrhea correlated to FSHR genotype at position -29. We identified a novel homozygous mutation C(1723)T (Ala(575)Val) in a woman with primary amenorrhea.
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An unbalanced translocation unmasks a recessive mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene and causes FSH resistance. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:656-61. [PMID: 20087398 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) mediated by its receptor (FSHR) is pivotal for normal gametogenesis. Inactivating FSHR mutations are known to cause hypergonadotropic hypogonadism with disturbed follicular maturation in females. So far, only very few recessive point mutations have been described. We report on a 17-year-old female with primary amenorrhea, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and disturbed folliculogenesis. Chromosome analysis detected a seemingly balanced translocation 46,XX,t(2;8)(p16.3or21;p23.1)mat. FSHR sequence analysis revealed a novel non-synonymous point mutation in exon 10 (c.1760C>A, p.Pro587His), but no wild-type allele. The mutation was also found in the father, but not in the mother. Furthermore, molecular-cytogenetic analyses of the breakpoint region on chromosome 2 showed the translocation to be unbalanced, containing a deletion with one breakpoint within the FSHR gene. The deletion size was narrowed down by array analysis to approximately 163 kb, involving exons 9 and 10 of the FSHR gene. Functional studies of the mutation revealed the complete lack of signal transduction presumably caused by a changed conformational structure of transmembrane helix 6. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a compound heterozygosity of an inactivating FSHR point mutation unmasked by a partial deletion. This coincidence of two rare changes caused clinical signs consistent with FSH resistance.
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Alfirevic A, Alfirevic Z, Pirmohamed M. Pharmacogenetics in reproductive and perinatal medicine. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:65-79. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of pharmacogenetics has been well accepted by some medical specialties, but not all. The aim of this review is to discuss the current use of pharmacogenetics in reproductive and perinatal medicine and to highlight areas where pharmacogenetics may be able to help in the future to predict response to medicines in terms of efficacy and safety. This applies to drugs that are specific to pregnancy and reproduction, as well as drugs prescribed for the treatment of medical disorders in pregnancy. Our review points out the need for well-designed clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of medicines used in women of childbearing age in order to define the additional utility provided by pharmacogenetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alfirevic
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 3GE, UK
| | | | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 3GE, UK
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Tao YX, Segaloff DL. Follicle stimulating hormone receptor mutations and reproductive disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 89:115-31. [PMID: 20374735 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)89005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) plays a critical role in reproductive function. In the males, FSH supports spermatogenesis, whereas in females, FSH is absolutely required for ovarian follicle growth. In females, inactivating mutations in the FSHR result in ovarian dysgenesis with amenorrhea and infertility. The few males reported with severe inactivating mutations exhibited varying spermatogenic defects, but not azoospermia. While these findings may potentially suggest that FSH action is not absolutely required for spermatogenesis, it cannot be ruled out that these individuals have some residual FSHR activity. Gain-of-function mutations in the FSHR cause spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in females due to the inappropriate stimulation of the mutant FSHR by human choriogonadotropin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA
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Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor polymorphisms and polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2009; 92:e55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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