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Lin J, Chen S, Zhang C, Liao J, Chen Y, Deng S, Mao Z, Zhang T, Tian N, Song Y, Zeng T. Recent advances in microfluidic technology of arterial thrombosis investigations. Platelets 2024; 35:2316743. [PMID: 38390892 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2024.2316743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has emerged as a powerful tool in studying arterial thrombosis, allowing researchers to construct artificial blood vessels and replicate the hemodynamics of blood flow. This technology has led to significant advancements in understanding thrombosis and platelet adhesion and aggregation. Microfluidic models have various types and functions, and by studying the fabrication methods and working principles of microfluidic chips, applicable methods can be selected according to specific needs. The rapid development of microfluidic integrated system and modular microfluidic system makes arterial thrombosis research more diversified and automated, but its standardization still needs to be solved urgently. One key advantage of microfluidic technology is the ability to precisely control fluid flow in microchannels and to analyze platelet behavior under different shear forces and flow rates. This allows researchers to study the physiological and pathological processes of blood flow, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of arterial thrombosis. In conclusion, microfluidic technology has revolutionized the study of arterial thrombosis by enabling the construction of artificial blood vessels and accurately reproducing hemodynamics. In the future, microfluidics will place greater emphasis on versatility and automation, holding great promise for advancing antithrombotic therapeutic and prophylactic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital/Shangjin Branch of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunying Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuemei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanying Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhigang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tonghao Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Na Tian
- Anesthesiology Department, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yali Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Echrish J, Pasca MI, Cabrera D, Yang Y, Harper AGS. Developing a Biomimetic 3D Neointimal Layer as a Prothrombotic Substrate for a Humanized In Vitro Model of Atherothrombosis. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:372. [PMID: 38921252 PMCID: PMC11201422 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9060372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute cardiovascular events result from clots caused by the rupture and erosion of atherosclerotic plaques. This paper aimed to produce a functional biomimetic hydrogel of the neointimal layer of the atherosclerotic plaque that can support thrombogenesis upon exposure to human blood. A biomimetic hydrogel of the neointima was produced by culturing THP-1-derived foam cells within 3D collagen hydrogels in the presence or absence of atorvastatin. Prothrombin time and platelet aggregation onset were measured after exposure of the neointimal models to platelet-poor plasma and washed platelet suspensions prepared from blood of healthy, medication-free volunteers. Activity of the extrinsic coagulation pathway was measured using the fluorogenic substrate SN-17. Foam cell formation was observed following preincubation of the neointimal biomimetic hydrogels with oxidized LDL, and this was inhibited by pretreatment with atorvastatin. The neointimal biomimetic hydrogel was able to trigger platelet aggregation and blood coagulation upon exposure to human blood products. Atorvastatin pretreatment of the neointimal biomimetic layer significantly reduced its pro-aggregatory and pro-coagulant properties. In the future, this 3D neointimal biomimetic hydrogel can be incorporated as an additional layer within our current thrombus-on-a-chip model to permit the study of atherosclerosis development and the screening of anti-thrombotic drugs as an alternative to current animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Cabrera
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK; (D.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK; (D.C.); (Y.Y.)
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Lemmens TP, Bröker V, Rijpkema M, Hughes CCW, Schurgers LJ, Cosemans JMEM. Fundamental considerations for designing endothelialized in vitro models of thrombosis. Thromb Res 2024; 236:179-190. [PMID: 38460307 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Endothelialized in vitro models for cardiovascular disease have contributed greatly to our current understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying thrombosis. To further elucidate these mechanisms, it is important to consider which fundamental aspects to incorporate into an in vitro model. In this review, we will focus on the design of in vitro endothelialized models of thrombosis. Expanding our understanding of the relation and interplay between the different pathways involved will rely in part on complex models that incorporate endothelial cells, blood, the extracellular matrix, and flow. Importantly, the use of tissue-specific endothelial cells will help in understanding the heterogeneity in thrombotic responses between different vascular beds. The dynamic and complex responses of endothelial cells to different shear rates underlines the importance of incorporating appropriate shear in in vitro models. Alterations in vascular extracellular matrix composition, availability of bioactive molecules, and gradients in concentration and composition of these molecules can all regulate the function of both endothelial cells and perivascular cells. Factors modulating these elements in in vitro models should therefore be considered carefully depending on the research question at hand. As the complexity of in vitro models increases, so can the variability. A bottom-up approach to designing such models will remain an important tool for researchers studying thrombosis. As new techniques are continuously being developed and new pathways are brought to light, research question-dependent considerations will have to be made regarding what aspects of thrombosis to include in in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus P Lemmens
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Bröker
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Minke Rijpkema
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher C W Hughes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M E M Cosemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Shehjar F, Maktabi B, Rahman ZA, Bahader GA, James AW, Naqvi A, Mahajan R, Shah ZA. Stroke: Molecular mechanisms and therapies: Update on recent developments. Neurochem Int 2023; 162:105458. [PMID: 36460240 PMCID: PMC9839659 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Stroke, a neurological disease, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, resulting in long-term disability in most survivors. Annual stroke costs in the United States alone were estimated at $46 billion recently. Stroke pathophysiology is complex, involving multiple causal factors, among which atherosclerosis, thrombus, and embolus are prevalent. The molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology are essential to understanding targeted drug development. Some common mechanisms are excitotoxicity and calcium overload, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In addition, various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors increase the chances of stroke manifolds. Once a patient encounters a stroke, complete restoration of motor ability and cognitive skills is often rare. Therefore, shaping therapeutic strategies is paramount for finding a viable therapeutic agent. Apart from tPA, an FDA-approved therapy that is applied in most stroke cases, many other therapeutic strategies have been met with limited success. Stroke therapies often involve a combination of multiple strategies to restore the patient's normal function. Certain drugs like Gamma-aminobutyric receptor agonists (GABA), Glutamate Receptor inhibitors, Sodium, and Calcium channel blockers, and fibrinogen-depleting agents have shown promise in stroke treatment. Recently, a drug, DM199, a recombinant (synthetic) form of a naturally occurring protein called human tissue kallikrein-1 (KLK1), has shown great potential in treating stroke with fewer side effects. Furthermore, DM199 has been found to overcome the limitations presented when using tPA and/or mechanical thrombectomy. Cell-based therapies like Neural Stem Cells, Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUCB-MSCs) are also being explored as a treatment of choice for stroke. These therapeutic agents come with merits and demerits, but continuous research and efforts are being made to develop the best therapeutic strategies to minimize the damage post-stroke and restore complete neurological function in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Shehjar
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Briana Maktabi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zainab A Rahman
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ghaith A Bahader
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Antonisamy William James
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed Naqvi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Reetika Mahajan
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
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Lu TY, Chiang CY, Fan YJ, Jheng PR, Quiñones ED, Liu KT, Kuo SH, Hsieh HY, Tseng CL, Yu J, Chuang EY. Dual-Targeting Glycol Chitosan/Heparin-Decorated Polypyrrole Nanoparticle for Augmented Photothermal Thrombolytic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10287-10300. [PMID: 33615773 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR)-light-modulated photothermal thrombolysis has been investigated to overcome the hemorrhage danger posed by clinical clot-busting substances. A long-standing issue in thrombosis fibrinolytics is the lack of lesion-specific therapy, which should not be ignored. Herein, a novel thrombolysis therapy using photothermal disintegration of a fibrin clot was explored through dual-targeting glycol chitosan/heparin-decorated polypyrrole nanoparticles (GCS-PPY-H NPs) to enhance thrombus delivery and thrombolytic therapeutic efficacy. GCS-PPY-H NPs can target acidic/P-selectin high-expression inflammatory endothelial cells/thrombus sites for initiating lesion-site-specific thrombolysis by hyperthermia using NIR irradiation. A significant fibrin clot-clearance rate was achieved with thrombolysis using dual-targeting/modality photothermal clot disintegration in vivo. The molecular level mechanisms of the developed nanoformulations and interface properties were determined using multiple surface specific analytical techniques, such as particle size distribution, zeta potential, electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wavelength absorbance, photothermal, immunofluorescence, and histology. Owing to the augmented thrombus delivery of GCS-PPY-H NPs and swift treatment time, dual-targeting photothermal clot disintegration as a systematic treatment using GCS-PPY-H NPs can be effectively applied in thrombolysis. This novel approach possesses a promising future for thrombolytic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Fan
- School of Biomedical Engineering; and International Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Jheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering; and International Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Edgar Daniel Quiñones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Han Yun Hsieh
- School of Biomedical Engineering; and International Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Li Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering; and International Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Er-Yuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering; and International Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Coenen DM, Heinzmann ACA, Karel MFA, Cosemans JMEM, Koenen RR. The multifaceted contribution of platelets in the emergence and aftermath of acute cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis 2021; 319:132-141. [PMID: 33468314 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an underlying cause of a broad array of cardiovascular diseases characterized by plaques, arterial wall thickening initiated by hyperlipidemia, pro-inflammatory signals, endothelial dysfunction and the influx of inflammatory cells. By still incompletely characterized mechanisms, these plaques can destabilize or erode, leading to thrombosis and blood vessel occlusion and becomes clinically manifest as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke. Among the several blood cell types that are involved in the development of atherosclerosis, the role of platelets during the thrombotic occlusion of ruptured or eroded plaques is well established and clinically exploited as evident by the extensive use of platelet inhibitors. However, there is increasing evidence that platelets are also involved in the earlier stages of atheroma development by exhibiting pro-inflammatory activities. The scope of this review is to describe the role of platelets in the initiation and propagation stages of atherosclerosis and beyond; in atherothrombotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle M Coenen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandra C A Heinzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke F A Karel
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M E M Cosemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rory R Koenen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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