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Arauna D, Araya-Maturana R, Urra FA, García Á, Palomo I, Fuentes E. Altered dynamics of calcium fluxes and mitochondrial metabolism in platelet activation-related disease and aging. Life Sci 2024:122846. [PMID: 38880165 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms controlling platelet function is crucial for exploring potential therapeutic targets related to atherothrombotic pathologies and primary hemostasis disorders. Our research, which focuses on the role of platelet mitochondria and Ca2+ fluxes in platelet activation, the formation of the procoagulant phenotype, and thrombosis, has significant implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Traditionally, Ca2+-dependent cellular signaling has been recognized as a determinant process throughout the platelet activation, controlled primarily by store-operated Ca2+ entry and the PLC-PKC signaling pathway. However, despite the accumulated knowledge of these regulatory mechanisms, the effectiveness of therapy based on various commonly used antiplatelet drugs (such as acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel, among others) has faced challenges due to bleeding risks and reduced efficacy associated with the phenomenon of high platelet reactivity. Recent evidence suggests that platelet mitochondria could play a fundamental role in these aspects through Ca2+-dependent mechanisms linked to apoptosis and forming a procoagulant phenotype. In this context, the present review describes the latest advances regarding the role of platelet mitochondria and Ca2+ fluxes in platelet activation, the formation of the procoagulant phenotype, and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Arauna
- Thrombosis and Healthy Aging Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Interuniversity Center of Healthy Aging (CIES), MIBI: Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ramiro Araya-Maturana
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, MIBI: Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Félix A Urra
- Laboratory of Metabolic Plasticity and Bioenergetics, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Interuniversity Center of Healthy Aging (CIES), MIBI: Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ángel García
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iván Palomo
- Thrombosis and Healthy Aging Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Interuniversity Center of Healthy Aging (CIES), MIBI: Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Eduardo Fuentes
- Thrombosis and Healthy Aging Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Interuniversity Center of Healthy Aging (CIES), MIBI: Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
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Ma Y, Jiang Q, Yang B, Hu X, Shen G, Shen W, Xu J. Platelet mitochondria, a potent immune mediator in neurological diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1210509. [PMID: 37719457 PMCID: PMC10502307 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1210509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the immune response is regarded as a prominent feature of neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, malignant tumors, acute neurotraumatic insult, and cerebral ischemic/hemorrhagic diseases. Platelets play a fundamental role in normal hemostasis and thrombosis. Beyond those normal functions, platelets are hyperactivated and contribute crucially to inflammation and immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS). Mitochondria are pivotal organelles in platelets and are responsible for generating most of the ATP that is used for platelet activation and aggregation (clumping). Notably, platelet mitochondria show marked morphological and functional alterations under heightened inflammatory/oxidative stimulation. Mitochondrial dysfunction not only leads to platelet damage and apoptosis but also further aggravates immune responses. Improving mitochondrial function is hopefully an effective strategy for treating neurological diseases. In this review, the authors discuss the immunomodulatory roles of platelet-derived mitochondria (PLT-mitos) in neurological diseases and summarize the neuroprotective effects of platelet mitochondria transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Transfusion Research Department, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Blood Transfusion of Hubei Province, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Transfusion Research Department, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Blood Transfusion of Hubei Province, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingxin Yang
- Wuhan Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Transfusion Research Department, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Blood Transfusion of Hubei Province, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Shen
- Transfusion Research Department, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Blood Transfusion of Hubei Province, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Wuhan Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zekri-Nechar K, Zamorano-León JJ, Reche C, Giner M, López-de-Andrés A, Jiménez-García R, López-Farré AJ, Martínez-Martínez CH. Spike Protein Subunits of SARS-CoV-2 Alter Mitochondrial Metabolism in Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells: Involvement of Factor Xa. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1118195. [PMID: 36438904 PMCID: PMC9699787 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1118195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria have been involved in host defense upon viral infections. Factor Xa (FXa), a coagulating factor, may also have influence on mitochondrial functionalities. The aim was to analyze if in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC), the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) spike protein subunits, S1 and S2 (S1+S2), could alter mitochondrial metabolism and what is the role of FXA. METHODS HPMEC were incubated with and without recombinants S1+S2 (10 nmol/L each). RESULTS In control conditions, S1+S2 failed to modify FXa expression. However, in LPS (1 μg/mL)-incubated HPMEC, S1+S2 significantly increased FXa production. LPS tended to reduce mitochondrial membrane potential with respect to control, but in higher and significant degree, it was reduced when S1+S2 were present. LPS did not significantly modify cytochrome c oxidase activity as compared with control. Addition of S1+S2 spike subunits to LPS-incubated HPMEC significantly increased cytochrome c oxidase activity with respect to control. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was also increased by S1+S2 with respect to control and LPS alone. Protein expression level of uncoupled protein-2 (UCP-2) was markedly expressed when S1+S2 were added together to LPS. Rivaroxaban (50 nmol/L), a specific FXa inhibitor, significantly reduced all the above-mentioned alterations induced by S1+S2 including UCP-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS In HPMEC undergoing to preinflammatory condition, COVID-19 S1+S2 spike subunits promoted alterations in mitochondria metabolism suggesting a shift from aerobic towards anaerobic metabolism that was accompanied of high FXa production. Rivaroxaban prevented all the mitochondrial metabolic changes mediated by the present COVID-19 S1 and S2 spike subunits suggesting the involvement of endogenous FXa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José J. Zamorano-León
- Public Health and Maternal, Child Health Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Reche
- Gomez Ulla Central Defense Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Giner
- Surgical Departments, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana López-de-Andrés
- Public Health and Maternal, Child Health Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Jiménez-García
- Public Health and Maternal, Child Health Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
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Zekri-Nechar K, Zamorano-León JJ, Cortina-Gredilla M, López-de-Andrés A, Jiménez-García R, Navarro-Cuellar C, López-Farré A, Martínez-Martínez CH. Mitochondrial mitophagy protection combining rivaroxaban and aspirin in high glucose-exposed human coronary artery endothelial cell. An in vitro study. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2022; 19:14791641221129877. [PMID: 36250331 PMCID: PMC9578168 DOI: 10.1177/14791641221129877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Combination of Rivaroxaban plus Aspirin improved cardiovascular outcome in patients with stable cardiovascular disease. The aim was to determine if Rivaroxaban and acetylsalicylic acid alone or in combination may protect mitochondrial mitophagy in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) exposed to D-glucose. METHODS HCAEC were incubated under different conditions: 5 mmol/L glucose D-glucose (control), 30 mmol/L D-Glucose with and without 50 nmol/L Rivaroxaban (Rivaroxaban), 0.33 mmol/L ASA (ASA) or Rivaroxaban (12.5 nmol/L)+ASA (0.33 mmol/L; (Riva+ASA). RESULTS HCAEC incubated with D-glucose showed an increased Factor Xa expression. The mitochondrial content of Pink-1 and Parkin were significantly reduced in high glucose-incubated HCAEC compared to control. Rivaroxaban+ASA significantly increased the mitochondrial content of Pink-1 and Parkin, and the mitochondrial membrane potential compared to D-Glucose group. Both ASA alone and Riva+ASA reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tissue factor production induced by high glucose exposure. CONCLUSION Under high glucose condition combining Rivaroxaban+ASA increased the mitochondrial content of Pink-1 and Parkin, restored mitochondria membrane potential and reduced ROS and tissue factor expression in HCAEC. It suggests potential effects induced by dual use of Rivaroxaban and ASA on the coronary endothelium subjected to high glucose condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Zekri-Nechar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, IdISSC. Madrid, Spain
| | - José Javier Zamorano-León
- Department of Public Health and Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, IdISSC. Madrid, Spain
- José Javier Zamorano-León, Public Health and Maternal and Child Health Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Cortina-Gredilla
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, IdISSC. Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana López-de-Andrés
- Department of Public Health and Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, IdISSC. Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Jiménez-García
- Department of Public Health and Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, IdISSC. Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Navarro-Cuellar
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Farré
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, IdISSC. Madrid, Spain
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PAR4-Mediated PI3K/Akt and RhoA/ROCK Signaling Pathways Are Essential for Thrombin-Induced Morphological Changes in MEG-01 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020776. [PMID: 35054966 PMCID: PMC8775998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombin stimulates platelets via a dual receptor system of protease-activated receptors (PARs): PAR1 and PAR4. PAR1 activation induces a rapid and transient signal associated with the initiation of platelet aggregation, whereas PAR4 activation results in a prolonged signal, required for later phases, that regulates the stable formation of thrombus. In this study, we observed differential signaling pathways for thrombin-induced PAR1 and PAR4 activation in a human megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line, MEG-01. Interestingly, thrombin induced both calcium signaling and morphological changes in MEG-01 cells via the activation of PAR1 and PAR4, and these intracellular events were very similar to those observed in platelets shown in previous studies. We developed a novel image-based assay to quantitatively measure the morphological changes in living cells, and observed the underlying mechanism for PAR1- and PAR4-mediated morphological changes in MEG-01 cells. Selective inhibition of PAR1 and PAR4 by vorapaxar and BMS-986120, respectively, showed that thrombin-induced morphological changes were primarily mediated by PAR4 activation. Treatment of a set of kinase inhibitors and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) revealed that thrombin-mediated morphological changes were primarily regulated by calcium-independent pathways and PAR4 activation-induced PI3K/Akt and RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways in MEG-01 cells. These results indicate the importance of PAR4-mediated signaling pathways in thrombin-induced morphological changes in MEG-01 cells and provide a useful in vitro cellular model for platelet research.
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