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Schulz M, Gonzaga LV, Antunes ACN, Lubschinski T, Mohr ETB, Dalmarco EM, Deolindo CTP, Hoff RB, Zambonim FM, Costa ACO, Fett R. The Protective Effect of Juçara Fruit (Euterpe edulis Martius) Extracts on LPS-Activated J774 Macrophages. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 79:677-684. [PMID: 38976202 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-024-01204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts from juçara fruits (Euterpe edulis Martius) through measurement of nitric oxide (NOx) and cytokines (IL-12p70, TNF-α, INF-γ, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-10). J774 macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (1 µg/mL) and treated with various concentrations (1-100 µg/mL) of juçara fruits extracts from crude extracts, and hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions. Potential relationships between the phenolic composition of the extracts determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS and their anti-inflammatory capacity were also evaluated. Hexane and dichloromethane fractions inhibited NOx and IL-12p70 while increased IL-10. Hexane fractions also decreased IL-6 and IFN-γ production. Hexane and dichloromethane fractions showed a higher number of phenolic compounds (32 and 34, respectively) than the other extracts tested and were also the only ones that presented benzoic acid and pinocembrin. These results suggest juçara fruits compounds as potential anti-inflammatory agents, especially those of a more apolar nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Schulz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, Florianopolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Valdemiro Gonzaga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, Florianopolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Nascimento Antunes
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, Florianopolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Tainá Lubschinski
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carolina Turnes Pasini Deolindo
- Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, São José, SC, 91780-580, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, São José, SC, 91780-580, Brazil
| | - Fábio Martinho Zambonim
- Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina (Epagri)/ Environmental Resources and Hydrometeorology Information Center (Ciram), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira Costa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, Florianopolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Roseane Fett
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, Florianopolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil.
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Mohammadi N, Farrell M, O'Sullivan L, Langan A, Franchin M, Azevedo L, Granato D. Effectiveness of anthocyanin-containing foods and nutraceuticals in mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiovascular health-related biomarkers: a systematic review of animal and human interventions. Food Funct 2024; 15:3274-3299. [PMID: 38482946 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04579j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of chronic health disorders prevalent worldwide that claim millions of lives yearly. Inflammation and oxidative stress are intricately associated with myocardial tissue damage, endothelial dysfunction, and increased odds of heart failure. Thus, dietary strategies aimed at decreasing the odds of CVDs are paramount. In this regard, the consumption of anthocyanins, natural pigments found in edible flowers, fruits, and vegetables, has attracted attention due to their potential to promote cardiovascular health. The main mechanisms of action linked with their protective effects on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, serum lipid profile modulation, and other cardiovascular health parameters are explained and exemplified. However, little is known about the dose-dependency nature of the effects, which anthocyanin has better efficiency, and whether anthocyanin-containing foods display better in vivo efficacy than nutraceuticals (i.e., concentrated extracts containing higher levels of anthocyanins than foods). Thus, this systematic review focused on determining the effects of anthocyanin-containing foods and nutraceuticals on biomarkers associated with CVDs using animal studies and human interventions supported by in vitro mechanistic insights. Overall, the results showed that the regular consumption of anthocyanin-containing foods and nutraceuticals improved vascular function, lipid profile, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The daily dosage, the participants' health status, and the duration of the intervention also significantly influenced the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Mohammadi
- University of Limerick, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Bioactivity and Applications Lab, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Michelle Farrell
- University of Limerick, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Bioactivity and Applications Lab, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Laura O'Sullivan
- University of Limerick, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Bioactivity and Applications Lab, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Andrea Langan
- University of Limerick, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Bioactivity and Applications Lab, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Marcelo Franchin
- University of Limerick, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Bioactivity and Applications Lab, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- Federal University of Alfenas, In Vitro and In Vivo Nutritional and Toxicological Analysis Laboratory, Av. Jovino Fernandes Sales, 2600, Bairro Santa Clara - CEP 37133-840, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Granato
- University of Limerick, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Bioactivity and Applications Lab, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Cardoso AL, Teixeira LDL, Hassimotto NMA, Baptista SDL, Copetti CLK, Rieger DK, Vieira FGK, Micke GA, Vitali L, Assis MAAD, Schulz M, Fett R, Silva ELD, Pietro PFD. Kinetic Profile of Urine Metabolites after Acute Intake of a Phenolic Compounds-Rich Juice of Juçara ( Euterpe edulis Mart.) and Antioxidant Capacity in Serum and Erythrocytes: A Human Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119555. [PMID: 37298506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The juçara palm tree produces a small spherical and black-purple fruit similar to açaí. It is rich in phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins. A clinical trial evaluated the absorption and excretion of the main bioactive compounds in urine and the antioxidant capacity in serum and erythrocytes of 10 healthy subjects after juçara juice intake. Blood samples were collected before (0.0 h) and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h after a single dose (400 mL) of juçara juice, while urine was collected at baseline and 0-3 and 3-6 h after juice intake. Seven phenolic acids and conjugated phenolic acids were identified in urine deriving from the degradation of anthocyanins: protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, vanillic acid glucuronide, hippuric acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and ferulic acid derivative. In addition, kaempferol glucuronide was also found in urine as a metabolite of the parent compound in juçara juice. Juçara juice caused a decrease in the total oxidant status of serum after 0.5 h in comparison to baseline values (p < 0.05) and increased the phenolic acid metabolites excretion. This study shows the relationship between the production of metabolites of juçara juice and the total antioxidant status in human serum, indicating evidence of its antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyne Lizane Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciane de Lira Teixeira
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sheyla de Liz Baptista
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Cândice Laís Knöner Copetti
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Debora Kurrler Rieger
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Amadeu Micke
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciano Vitali
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Altenburg de Assis
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Mayara Schulz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88034-001, SC, Brazil
| | - Roseane Fett
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88034-001, SC, Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz da Silva
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia Faria Di Pietro
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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Siqueira APS, Siqueira JM, Lopes MP, Pimentel GD. Effects of Juçara ( Euterpe edulis Martius) on Health: An Overview of Clinical and Experimental Studies and Call for Action. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081809. [PMID: 37111027 PMCID: PMC10145658 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Juçara is a fruit of ecological and nutritional importance. Its fruits represent an option for the sustainable use of the plant due to its vulnerability to extinction. Thus, the aim of this review was to analyze clinical and experimental studies and highlight the literature gaps regarding the effects of supplementation with Juçara on health. METHODS For this scoping review, we consulted the Medline (PubMed), Science Direct, and Scopus databases in March, April, and May 2022. Experimental studies and clinical trials published in the last ten years (2012-2022) were analyzed. Data were synthesized and reported. RESULTS A total of 27 studies were included, 18 of which were experimental studies. Of these, 33% evaluated inflammatory markers associated with fat accumulation. Most of these studies (83%) used pulp in lyophilized form, and the others (17%) involved juçara extract mixed in water. In addition, 78% of the studies showed positive results with respect to the lipid profile, reduction of oncological lesions, inflammation, microbiota modulation, and improvement in obesity and glycemia-related metabolic complications. Nine clinical trials with results similar to those of experimental trials were found. The majority (56%) were chronic (four to six weeks into the intervention), and 44% were acute. Three offered juçara supplementation in the form of juice, four used freeze-dried pulp, two used fresh pulp, and one used a 9% dilution. The dose was fixed at 5 g, but the dilution ranged from 200 to 450 mL. These trials assessed mainly healthy, physically active, and obese individual adults (19-56 years old), and cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as improvement in the lipid profile and prebiotic potential, were observed. CONCLUSION Juçara supplementation showed promising results with respect to its effect on health. However, further studies are needed to clarify these possible effects on health and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P S Siqueira
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74605-080, GO, Brazil
| | - Jéssika M Siqueira
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74605-080, GO, Brazil
| | - Mirella P Lopes
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74605-080, GO, Brazil
| | - Gustavo D Pimentel
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74605-080, GO, Brazil
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Vannuchi N, Jamar G, Pisani L, Braga ARC, de Rosso VV. Chemical composition, bioactive compounds extraction, and observed biological activities from jussara (Euterpe edulis): The exotic and endangered Brazilian superfruit. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3192-3224. [PMID: 34125477 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we reviewed studies on the fruits of the jussara palm (Euterpe edulis Martius), an endangered Brazilian Atlantic Forest palm tree, also coined as "Superfruit." We summarized the chemical components of the pulp and observed biological activities in murine and humans, as well as the best practices involving the extraction of its target compounds, bioavailability, and stability of extracts. Jussara has shown a rich phenolic profile that justifies its antioxidant properties, in addition to a considerable lipidic and energetic value. As the main feature, the fruit possesses large amounts of anthocyanins that can be commercially explored as a food additive or cosmetic colorants. Recent studies emphasized jussara's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective capabilities via reshaping of the gut microbiota. Further knowledge is needed to establish bioavailability and optimal serving size, as many of its antioxidant compounds go under chemical bioconversion in the intestinal tract. While extraction of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and oils have interesting results, more studies are required in order to reduce the use of conventional organic solvents and improve their stability and shelf life when added to food products, an area in which nanotechnology seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Vannuchi
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Santos, Brazil
| | - Giovana Jamar
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Santos, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pisani
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Santos, Brazil
| | - Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Santos, Brazil.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau 210, Diadema, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Vera de Rosso
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Santos, Brazil.,Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Santos, Brazil
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Schulz M, Tischer Seraglio SK, Gonzaga LV, Costa ACO, Fett R. Phenolic Compounds in Euterpe Fruits: Composition, Digestibility, and Stability – A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1909060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Schulz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Valdemiro Gonzaga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira Costa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Roseane Fett
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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7
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Schulz M, Gonzaga LV, Costa ACO, Fett R. Antioxidant and juçara fruits (Euterpe edulis Martius): Potential applications in toxicology. Toxicology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819092-0.00032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schulz M, Seraglio SKT, Brugnerotto P, Gonzaga LV, Costa ACO, Fett R. Composition and potential health effects of dark-colored underutilized Brazilian fruits – A review. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jamar G, Santamarina AB, Flygare AC, Gagliardi A, de Rosso VV, Dourado VZ, Pisani LP. Effects of the juçara fruit supplementation on metabolic parameters in individuals with obesity: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 83:108430. [PMID: 32615488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation has been proposed as a central mechanism connecting obesity with its metabolic and vascular complications due to the imbalance in the expression of several hormones and adipokines. Berries rich in polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids have been able to prevent both obesity and adipose tissue inflammation, improving metabolic functions in human subjects and animal models of obesity. Juçara has been considered a super fruit owing to its nutritional composition and relevant biological activities with an interesting response in animals. Thus, we aimed to verify the potential antiobesogenic effect of juçara supplementation in humans. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with 35 adults with obesity of both sexes. They were assessed for resting metabolic rate, anthropometry and body composition, blood pressure, metabolic parameters and adipokines. Subsequently, they were randomized into two groups to use or not (placebo) 5 g lyophilized juçara for 6 weeks. Supplementation with juçara was significantly effective in reducing body fat, increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and doubling serum adiponectin. Besides, juçara supplementation, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and neck circumference were predictors to explain the enhancement in adiponectin. Juçara supplementation was determinant to improve adiponectin levels, and it may be considered a novel strategy for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Jamar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Nutrição e Fisiologia Endócrina (LaNFE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Boveto Santamarina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Nutrição e Fisiologia Endócrina (LaNFE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Flygare
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Gagliardi
- Departamento de Medicina Cardiovascular, Angiocorpore Instituto de Medicina Cardiovascular, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Vera de Rosso
- Departamento de Biociências, Instituto de Saúde e Sociedade, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Zuniga Dourado
- Departamento de Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pellegrini Pisani
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Fisiologia Endócrina (LaNFE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências, Instituto de Saúde e Sociedade, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Wang Y, Guo X, Sun H, Qi W, Li A. Bilberry anthocyanin-rich extract protects against retinal photooxidative damage via activation of HO-1 and inhibition of NF-κB. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2019.1637825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Guo
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentao Qi
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aike Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Zhou Q, Jian Y, Yi P, Sun J, Zhou X, Chen S, Wang W. A Comprehensive Review on
Pronephrium penangianum. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201800141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of PharmacyHunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha 410208 China
| | - Yuqing Jian
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of PharmacyHunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha 410208 China
| | - Pan Yi
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of PharmacyHunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha 410208 China
| | - Jing Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Basic and New Herbal Medicament Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medical Recourse IndustrializationShaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang 712046 China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Department of GastroenterologyLiuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital Liuzhou 545001 China
| | - Shenghuang Chen
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of PharmacyHunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha 410208 China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of PharmacyHunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha 410208 China
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