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Mansor M, Al-Obaidi JR, Ismail IH, Abidin MAZ, Zakaria AF, Lau BYC, Mohsin AZ, Sukor R, Selamat J, Mahmud NK, Jambari NN. Cross-reactivity analysis of milk proteins from different goat breeds with cow's milk allergens using a proteomic approach. Mol Immunol 2023; 155:44-57. [PMID: 36696839 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Goat's milk thought to be a good substitute for cow's milk protein allergic (CMPA) individuals. However, there is growing evidence that their proteins have cross-reactivities with cow's milk allergens. This study aimed to profile and compare milk proteins from different goat breeds that have cross-reactivity to cow's milk allergens. METHODOLOGY Proteomics was used to compare protein extracts of skim milk from Saanen, Jamnapari, and Toggenburg. Cow's milk was used as a control. IgE-immunoblotting and mass spectrometry were used to compare and identify proteins that cross-reacted with serum IgE from CMPA patients (n = 10). RESULTS The analysis of IgE-reactive proteins revealed that the protein spots identified with high confidence were proteins homologous to common cow's milk allergens such as α-S1-casein (αS1-CN), β-casein (β-CN), κ-casein (κ-CN), and beta-lactoglobulin (β-LG). Jamnapari's milk proteins were found to cross-react with four major milk allergens: α-S1-CN, β-CN, κ-CN, and β-LG. Saanen goat's milk proteins, on the other hand, cross-reacted with two major milk allergens, α-S1-CN and β-LG, whereas Toggenburg goat's milk proteins only react with one of the major milk allergens, κ-CN. CONCLUSION These findings may help in the development of hypoallergenic goat milk through cross-breeding strategies of goat breeds with lower allergenic milk protein contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammeer Mansor
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jameel R Al-Obaidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim 35900, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Intan Hakimah Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Atiqah Farah Zakaria
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Benjamin Yii Chung Lau
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, #6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aliah Zannierah Mohsin
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashidah Sukor
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Khaizura Mahmud
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nuzul Noorahya Jambari
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Are Physicochemical Properties Shaping the Allergenic Potency of Animal Allergens? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:1-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The similarity of mare's milk to breast milk makes it an interesting substrate for the creation of dairy beverages. The aim of this study was to determine the immunoreactivity of the digested mare's milk products carried out by lactic acid fermentation with Lactobacillus casei LCY, Streptococcus thermophilus MK10 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bi30. Simulation of digestion with saliva, pepsin and pancreatin/bile salts was carried out. The immunoreactivity of the milk proteins was assessed by competitive ELISA. The separation of proteins was studied using a tricine SDS-PAGE method. It has been demonstrated that lactic acid fermentation significantly decreases the immunoreactivity of β-lactoglobulin, β-casein, κ-casein and bovine serum albumin. The level of reduction was connected to the type of bacterial strain. The simulated digestion processes caused the decline of immunoreactivity, and the decreases obtained in the experiment were as follows: lactoferrin: 95%, β-lactoglobulin: 94%, β-casein: 93%, α-lactalbumin: 82%, α-casein: 82%, bovine serum albumin: 76% and κ-casein: 37%. The results of the study indicated that microbial fermentation with tested strains is a valuable method for reducing the immunoreactivity of mare's milk proteins. However, further studies with other bacterial strains are needed to gain a higher level of elimination or total reduction of mare's milk immunoreactivity to possibly introduce fermented mare's milk into the diet of patients with immune-mediated digestive problems.
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Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of allergenic foods and food ingredients for labelling purposes. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Scientific Opinion on the assessment of allergenicity of GM plants and microorganisms and derived food and feed. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Visualization of clustered IgE epitopes on α-lactalbumin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:1279-1285.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Blanc F, Bernard H, Alessandri S, Bublin M, Paty E, Leung SA, Patient KA, Wal JM. Update on optimized purification and characterization of natural milk allergens. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 52 Suppl 2:S166-75. [PMID: 18504704 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Highly purified allergens namely cow's milk alpha-lactalbumin (ALA). (Bos d 4), beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) (Bos d 5) and casein (Bos d 8) and goat's milk casein were prepared from the raw milk from a single animal with a known genetic background. Consequently the natural isoforms are limited, constant and characterized. Purification included selective precipitations and chromatographical steps. Characterization of structure and allergenic activity assessment of milk allergens were carried out using physicochemical and immunochemical methods. Taken together data demonstrated the absence of impurities and of contamination by other milk allergens in each preparation. NMR and circular dichroism analyses confirmed the native conformation and proper folding of ALA and BLG and the expected absence of folding of bovine and caprine casein. Enzyme immuno assays confirmed the native conformation of BLG and the purity and immunoreactivity of all the proteins. The allergenic activity, e. g. the IgE binding capacity, of purified proteins was identical as that of those proteins when present in milk. The purified proteins also demonstrated the ability to provoke the degranulation of humanized rat basophilic leukaemia cells. All the data thus confirm the purity, identity, structural conformation and functionality of the prepared milk allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany Blanc
- INRA Food allergy Laboratory, IBiTecS-SPI, CEA de Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
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Jenkins JA, Breiteneder H, Mills ENC. Evolutionary distance from human homologs reflects allergenicity of animal food proteins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:1399-405. [PMID: 17935767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In silico analysis of allergens can identify putative relationships among protein sequence, structure, and allergenic properties. Such systematic analysis reveals that most plant food allergens belong to a restricted number of protein superfamilies, with pollen allergens behaving similarly. OBJECTIVE We have investigated the structural relationships of animal food allergens and their evolutionary relatedness to human homologs to define how closely a protein must resemble a human counterpart to lose its allergenic potential. METHODS Profile-based sequence homology methods were used to classify animal food allergens into Pfam families, and in silico analyses of their evolutionary and structural relationships were performed. RESULTS Animal food allergens could be classified into 3 main families--tropomyosins, EF-hand proteins, and caseins--along with 14 minor families each composed of 1 to 3 allergens. The evolutionary relationships of each of these allergen superfamilies showed that in general, proteins with a sequence identity to a human homolog above approximately 62% were rarely allergenic. Single substitutions in otherwise highly conserved regions containing IgE epitopes in EF-hand parvalbumins may modulate allergenicity. CONCLUSION These data support the premise that certain protein structures are more allergenic than others. Contrasting with plant food allergens, animal allergens, such as the highly conserved tropomyosins, challenge the capability of the human immune system to discriminate between foreign and self-proteins. Such immune responses run close to becoming autoimmune responses. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Exploiting the closeness between animal allergens and their human homologs in the development of recombinant allergens for immunotherapy will need to consider the potential for developing unanticipated autoimmune responses.
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Ah-Leung S, Bernard H, Bidat E, Paty E, Rancé F, Scheinmann P, Wal JM. Allergy to goat and sheep milk without allergy to cow's milk. Allergy 2006; 61:1358-65. [PMID: 17002714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow's milk (CM) allergy is the most frequent cause of food allergy in infants. Most children who are allergic to CM are also sensitized to whey proteins and/or to the casein fraction and many of them cannot tolerate goat's or sheep's milk (GSM) either. Conversely, the GSM allergies that are not associated with allergic cross-reactivity to CM are rare. METHODS Twenty-eight children who had severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, after consumption of GSM products but tolerated CM products were recruited in a retrospective study. Whole casein and whey proteins were fractionated from CM and GSM. beta-Lactoglobulin and the different caseins were isolated, purified and used to perform enzyme allergosorbent tests (EAST) and EAST inhibition studies with the sera of the allergic children. RESULTS Clinical observations, skin prick testing and immunoglobulin (Ig)E-binding studies confirmed the diagnosis of GSM allergy without associated CM allergy. EAST determinations demonstrated that GSM allergy involves the casein fraction and not whey proteins. Cow's milk caseins were not at all or poorly recognized by the patient's IgE, while alphaS(1)-, alphaS(2)- and beta-caseins from GSM were recognized with a high specificity and affinity. In all cases, increasing concentrations of CM caseins failed to inhibit the binding of patient's IgE to sheep or goat milk caseins, whereas this binding was completely inhibited by GSM caseins. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics of GSM allergy differ from those of the CM allergy because it affects older children and appears later. CM products do not elicit any clinical manifestation in GSM allergic patients, whereas CM allergic patients, usually cross-react to GSM. In all the GSM allergic children, the IgE antibodies recognized the caseins but not the whey proteins. Moreover, IgE specificity and affinity was high to GSM and lower to CM caseins despite their marked sequence homology. Doctors and allergic individuals should be aware that GSM allergy requires a strict avoidance of GSM and milk-derived products because reactions could be severe after ingestion of minimal doses of the offending food.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ah-Leung
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire INRA, CEA-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
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Fiocchi A, Restani P, Bernardini R, Lucarelli S, Lombardi G, Magazzù G, Marseglia GL, Pittschieler K, Tripodi S, Troncone R, Ranzini C. A hydrolysed rice-based formula is tolerated by children with cow's milk allergy: a multi-centre study. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:311-6. [PMID: 16499641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children allergic to cow's milk are fed a soy- or a hydrolysed cow's milk-based substitute. Neither can rule out a sensitization risk. Previous studies have shown that hydrolysed rice is tolerated by animals and children with multiple food hypersensitivities. OBJECTIVE A prospective clinical assessment of tolerance to a rice-based hydrolysed formula was carried out in children allergic to cow's milk. Patients and methods One hundred children (42 girls and 58 boys, mean age 3.17+/-2.93 years, median 2.20, range 0.18-14.6 years) with a history of immediate reactions to cow's milk and confirmed at double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) when not contraindicated were assessed for clinical tolerance to cow's milk proteins. Their allergy work-up included skin prick tests with whole milk, alpha-lactalbumin (ALA), beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) and total caseins, and specific IgE determinations using CAP technology were performed against whole milk, ALA, BLG and casein. Sensitization to rice and rice-based hydrolysed formula was similarly investigated. Patients' sera were evaluated at immunoblotting for specific IgE to cow's milk proteins, rice and rice-based hydrolysed formula. DBPCFC was carried out with increasing doses of a rice-based hydrolysed formula. RESULTS All patients were sensitized to cow's milk and/or at least one cow's milk protein fraction. Eighty-seven out of 99 were positive to cow's milk and/or a cow's milk protein fraction at skin prick test. Positive (>0.35 kUA/L) specific IgE determinations were found for cow's milk and/or milk fractions (92/95), rice (21/91) and hydrolysed rice infant formula (4/91). At immunoblotting, sera from 96 children were positive to alpha-casein (n=54), beta-casein (n=38), ALA (n=57), BLG (n=37) and bovine serum albumin (n=61). Similarly, although patients' sera often contained specific IgE against rice proteins at CAP (21/91) and immunoblotting (70/96), only six very weakly positive responses were observed against rice-based hydrolysed formula. All DBPCFC with rice-based hydrolysed formula were negative. CONCLUSIONS Rice-based hydrolysed formula is a possible alternative not only for children with multiple allergies, but also for children with cow's milk allergy.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide updated data on the characteristics (eg, structure, function, stability) of the main milk proteins identified as allergens and on the characterization of their epitopes. DATA SOURCES Basic literature and the most relevant original recent publications on clinical and epidemiologic aspects of milk allergy and the biochemistry and immunochemistry of milk proteins. STUDY SELECTION The expert opinion of the author was used to select the relevant data for the review. RESULTS Most milk proteins, even proteins present at low concentrations, are potential allergens. Epitopes on milk proteins are both conformational and linear epitopes, widely spread throughout the protein molecules. They may be short fragments, located in hydrophobic parts of the molecule, that comprise highly conserved sequences responsible for IgE cross-reactivity with corresponding milk proteins of other mammals, including humans. Those sequential epitopes have also been proposed as good markers of persistent allergy to milk proteins and may be of particular clinical significance. CONCLUSIONS No specific structure or function is associated with allergenicity of milk proteins. Due to the great variability and heterogeneity of the human IgE response, no single allergen or particular structure can account for a major part of milk allergenicity. Furthermore, the available evidence is not sufficient to establish an intake threshold below which allergic reactions are not triggered or to predict reliably the effect of food processing on allergenic potential of milk proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Wal
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic products, nutrition and allergies [NDA] on a request from the Commission relating to the evaluation of allergenic foods for labelling purposes. EFSA J 2004. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2004.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Paty E, Chedevergne F, Scheinmann P, Wal JM, Bernard H. Allergie au lait de chèvre et de brebis sans allergie associée au lait de vache. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0335-7457(03)00239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this review is to provide updated data on the structure and function of the main cow's milk proteins (CMPs) identified as allergens and on the characterization of their epitopes. DATA SOURCES The review represents a synthesis of basic literature and most relevant original recent publications on both topics of clinical and epidemiologic aspects of milk allergy and of milk protein's bio- and immunochemistry. STUDY SELECTION The expert opinion of the author was used to select the relevant data for the review. RESULTS Most CMPs are potential allergens, even the proteins present at very low concentration. There are both conformational and linear epitopes, widely spread all along the protein molecules. They may be short fragments, located in hydrophobic parts of the molecule which comprise highly conserved sequences responsible for immunoglobulin E cross-reactivity with corresponding milk proteins of other mammals, including human beings. Those sequential epitopes have also been proposed as good markers of persistent allergy to CMPs. CONCLUSIONS No specific structure nor function is associated with allergenicity of CMPs. Variability and heterogeneity of the human immunoglobulin E response preclude anticipating the allergenic potential of any CMP or fragment thereof, as well as justify the need for being careful before using peptides for desensitization or proposing any milk protein hydrolysate in a diet for highly allergenic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Wal
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, INRA-CEA, CEA de Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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