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Taylor M, Mayne C, Coutts L, Kinnane A, Avent I, Cho K, Tahtouh M, Roffey P. Kafka's beautiful eyes: Forensic intelligence utilisation of phenotypic information. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 361:112120. [PMID: 38996541 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Franz Kafka had beautiful eyes. So striking, that many of the famous author's friends and peers commented on them - but quite variously ('dark', 'brown', 'grey' & 'blue'). Eye colour as perceived by an observer is subjective, being influenced by physiological, environmental, and even sociocultural factors. In a policing context, this does not mean that trait information such as eye colour is not valuable (far from it), but that it must be managed carefully. The Australian Federal Police has recently implemented a forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP, aka. physical trait prediction or PTP) capability, utilising massively parallel sequencing DNA technology to predict an individual's eye colour, biogeographical ancestry and sex from a crime scene sample. This information alone is not itself 'intelligence', but can be used to generate intelligence through holistic analyses undertaken within a transdisciplinary, all-source forensic intelligence (FORINT) framework. FORINT outputs posit abductive propositions typically at the activity/offence level, to provide insight and influence decision making. However, the use of predicted traits requires that they are compared to something; all Australian police databases include fields for physical traits, but no uniform standard is applied across all agencies. Moreover, collection is inconsistent and no automated systems are in place to capture such data systematically. Consider the 'Kafka problem': his peers gave multiply divergent descriptions of his eyes. If a Biology unit had predicted the eye colour of an 'unidentified author' using DNA - how would Kafka be confidently nominated as the contributor? We posit three maxims for law enforcement: (1) To expand the operational utility of forensic science in line with police demands, forensic science should operationalise FDP (e.g. operationally to rank a list of persons of interest, focus lines of enquiry in serious & organised crime, or assist with human remains identification). (2) Such advanced biological techniques are best delivered through an all-source FORINT framework, to maximise opportunities and minimise risk. (3) One cannot pursue techno-scientific advancements in isolation; it is also necessary to influence the operational posture for their implementation. In this paper we explore these issues and provide recommendations relating to (a) police practices, (b) image capture systems, and (c) research opportunities. Phenotypic trait prediction has great potential and can be operationalised effectively through a rigorous FORINT framework. However, there is (continual) work to be done to enhance the operational capabilities that are complementary to - but necessary for - effective forensic science contribution to investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol Mayne
- Australian Federal Police, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Kaymann Cho
- Australian Federal Police, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Paul Roffey
- Australian Federal Police, Canberra, Australia
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Chevroulet C, Paterson HM, Yu A, Chew E, Kemp RI. The impact of recall timing on the preservation of eyewitness memory. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2021; 29:471-486. [PMID: 35756709 PMCID: PMC9225701 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.1926366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two studies investigated the impact of recall timing on eyewitness memory. In Study 1, participants viewed a crime video and then completed the Self-Administered Interview (SAI©) either immediately, after a 24-h delay, after a 1-week delay, or not at all. All participants completed a final recall questionnaire 2 weeks after they had viewed the stimulus video. Study 2 aimed to determine how long the beneficial impact of the SAI© on witnesses' long-term memory lasts. Participants watched a crime video and then either completed the SAI© or did not engage in an immediate recall attempt. Participants then completed a final recall questionnaire after a delay of 24 h, 1 week, 2 weeks, or 1 month. The results indicated that initial recall should be completed within 24 h of an incident and that under these conditions, the beneficial impact of early recall on long-term memory endures for at least 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angus Yu
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily Chew
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Wang B, Cheng C, Jin Z, Wu S, Xiang L. The influence of negative emotional intensity on dual-processing recognition. Biol Psychol 2021; 161:108083. [PMID: 33774133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual-processing theory assumes recognition memory involves two distinct processes: familiarity and recollection. Although the influence of emotional intensity on memory has been investigated, it remains unclear whether the influence of negative stimuli depends on familiarity or recollection. This study recorded event-related potentials as participants performed a modified remember/know procedure with highly negative, mildly negative, and neutral stimuli. The results showed that, relative to highly negative stimuli, mildly negative and neutral stimuli showed increased mean discrimination for responses of 'know' in the following pattern: highly negative < mildly negative < neutral. Neutral stimuli enhanced the frontal old/new effect. Relative to mildly negative and neutral stimuli, highly negative stimuli showed increased mean discrimination for responses of 'remember', and enhanced the parietal old/new effect. These results suggested negative emotional intensity influences recollection and familiarity differently, as recognition of highly negative stimuli depends on recollection, and recognition of neutral stimuli depends on familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Psychology and Cognition Science, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Psychology and Cognition Science, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Zhaohui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Psychology and Cognition Science, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Siyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Psychology and Cognition Science, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Ling Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Psychology and Cognition Science, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
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Dalton G, Milne R, Hope L, Vernham Z, Nunan J. ‘He was just your typical average guy’ Examining how person descriptions are elicited by frontline police officers. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Dalton
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Rebecca Milne
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Zarah Vernham
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Jordan Nunan
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
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Shahvaroughi A, Bahrami Ehsan H, Hatami J, Monajem A, Paulo RM. Testing a modified cognitive interview with category clustering recall in Iran. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javad Hatami
- Department of Psychology University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Arash Monajem
- Department of Psychology University of Tehran Tehran Iran
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Kramer RSS, Gous G. Eyewitness descriptions without memory: The (f)utility of describing faces. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgina Gous
- School of PsychologyUniversity of Lincoln Lincoln UK
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Cunial KJ, Casey LM, Bell C, Kebbell MR. Police perceptions of the impact that ADHD has on conducting cognitive interviews with youth. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2018; 26:252-273. [PMID: 31984076 PMCID: PMC6762124 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2018.1504241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in youth witnesses, victims and suspects can significantly impact the investigative interviewing process. In this study, 102 Child Protection Investigation Unit (CPIU) detectives were asked to read four vignettes of adolescents being interviewed by police, two as witnesses and two as suspects, in which one witness and one suspect display ADHD-type behaviour. The detectives rated the degree to which the behaviour in each vignette would impact the interviewer's ability to use the 10 key components of the cognitive interview (CI). They perceived ADHD-type interviewee behaviour as significantly hampering the use of all 10 CI components. There is also a significant difference between the detectives' rated severity of each CI component; they rated Encourage Concentration, Mentally Recreate and Change Order as exerting the strongest impact on the interview process. Implications for police perceptions of training options, needs and preferences regarding interviewing youth with ADHD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leanne M. Casey
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clare Bell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark R. Kebbell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Kontogianni F, Hope L, Taylor PJ, Vrij A, Gabbert F. The Benefits of a Self-Generated Cue Mnemonic for Timeline Interviewing. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wheeler RL, Gabbert F. Using Self-Generated Cues to Facilitate Recall: A Narrative Review. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1830. [PMID: 29163254 PMCID: PMC5664228 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We draw upon the Associative Network model of memory, as well as the principles of encoding-retrieval specificity, and cue distinctiveness, to argue that self-generated cue mnemonics offer an intuitive means of facilitating reliable recall of personally experienced events. The use of a self-generated cue mnemonic allows for the spreading activation nature of memory, whilst also presenting an opportunity to capitalize upon cue distinctiveness. Here, we present the theoretical rationale behind the use of this technique, and highlight the distinction between a self-generated cue and a self-referent cue in autobiographical memory research. We contrast this mnemonic with a similar retrieval technique, Mental Reinstatement of Context, which is recognized as the most effective mnemonic component of the Cognitive Interview. Mental Reinstatement of Context is based upon the principle of encoding-retrieval specificity, whereby the overlap between encoded information and retrieval cue predicts the likelihood of accurate recall. However, it does not incorporate the potential additional benefit of self-generated retrieval cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wheeler
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Gabbert
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Paulo RM, Albuquerque PB, Bull R. Improving the Enhanced Cognitive Interview With a New Interview Strategy: Category Clustering Recall. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui M. Paulo
- School of Psychology; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
| | | | - Ray Bull
- School of Law and Criminology; University of Derby; Derby UK
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Methods and aims of investigative interviewing of adult witnesses: An analysis of professional practices. PRAT PSYCHOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prps.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kleider-Offutt HM, Cavrak SE, Knuycky LR. Do Police Officers' Beliefs About Emotional Witnesses Influence the Questions They Ask? APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Local Navon letter processing affects skilled behavior: A golf-putting experiment. Psychon Bull Rev 2014; 22:420-8. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-014-0702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Watts S, Buratto LG, Brotherhood EV, Barnacle GE, Schaefer A. The neural fate of neutral information in emotion-enhanced memory. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:673-84. [PMID: 24673606 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report evidence that neural activity reflecting the encoding of emotionally neutral information in memory is reduced when neutral and emotional stimuli are intermixed during encoding. Specifically, participants studied emotional and neutral pictures organized in mixed lists (in which emotional and neutral pictures were intermixed) or in pure lists (only-neutral or only-emotional pictures) and performed a recall test. To estimate encoding efficiency, we used the Dm effect, measured with event-related potentials. Recall for neutral items was lower in mixed compared to pure lists and posterior Dm activity for neutral items was reduced in mixed lists, whereas it remained robust in pure lists. These findings might be caused by an asymmetrical competition for attentional and working memory resources between emotional and neutral information, which could be a major determinant of emotional memory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Watts
- Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham, UK
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Brunel M, Py J. Questioning the acceptability of the Cognitive Interview to improve its use. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2013. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.133.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Demarchi S, Py J, Groud-Than S, Parain T, Brunel M. Describing a face without overshadowing effect: Another benefice of the Person Description Interview. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bensi L, Nori R, Gambetti E, Giusberti F. The Enhanced Cognitive Interview: A study on the efficacy of shortened variants and single techniques. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2011.497485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schaefer A, Pottage CL, Rickart AJ. Electrophysiological correlates of remembering emotional pictures. Neuroimage 2011; 54:714-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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